[Effects of lotus leaf on inflammatory factors and liver AdipoR2 expressions in rats with NAFLD induced by high fat diet and high glucose].

Lotus leaf (LL) is one of the traditional Chinese herbs which can be used for both pharmaceutical and food application, and it posses lipid regulating efficacy. To observe the effect of LL on experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its potential mechanism, a NAFLD model was established by feeding SD rat with high-fat and high-glucose diet. LL was administrated to rats in experiment group at the same time. AST,ALT,Cr,BUN,GLU levels in serum were determined by automatic biochemical analyser and TNF-α,IL-6,INS,ADPN,LEP and liver NF-κB,TGF-ß1 levels were determined by ELISA according to the specification of the kits. HE staining was applied for histopathological examination and RT-PCR,Western blot was applied for AdipoR2 mRNA and protein expression．Results have shown that LL could significantly decrease ALT,AST,IL-6 level in serum and NF-κB,TGF-ß1 level in liver,promote adiponectin content in serum and AdipoR2 protein expression in liver and could alleviate hepatocyte lipid degeneration. These results indicating that LL has protective effect for NAFLD induced by high-fat and high-glucose diet via promoting AdipoR2 expression, improving insulin resistance and inhibiting inflammatory reaction.

Hepatocellular carcinoma progression in hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis patients receiving nucleoside (acid) analogs therapy: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Antiviral therapy cannot completely block the progression of hepatitis B to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, there are few predictors of early HCC progression and limited strategies to prevent progression in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis who receive nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) therapy. AIM: The study aim was to clarify risk factors and the diagnostic value of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for HCC progression in NA-treated hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis patients. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we analyzed the clinical data of 266 patients with HBV-related cirrhosis who received NA treatment between February 2014 and April 2020 at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups, 145 who did not progress to HCC (No-HCC group), and 121 who progressed to HCC during NA treatment (HCC group). The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of HCC progression. The diagnostic value of AFP for HCC was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years (P = 0.001), hepatitis B and alcoholic etiology (P = 0.007), smoking history (P < 0.001), family history of HBV-related HCC (P = 0.002), lamivudine resistance (P = 0.011), HBV DNA negative (P = 0.023), aspartate aminotransferase > 80 U/L (P = 0.002), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase > 120 U/L (P = 0.001), alkaline phosphatase > 250 U/L (P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 6.16 (mmol/L) (P = 0.001) and Child-Pugh class C (P = 0.005) were correlated with HCC progression. In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 60 years [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.089, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.437-6.631, P = 0.004], smoking history (HR = 4.001, 95%CI: 1.836-8.716, P < 0.01), family history of HBV-related HCC (HR = 6.763, 95%CI: 1.253-36.499, P < 0.05), lamivudine resistance (HR = 2.949, 95%CI: 1.207-7.208, P = 0.018), HBV DNA negative (HR = 0.026, 95%CI: 0.007-0.139, P < 0.01), FBG ≥ 6.16 mmol/L (HR = 7.219, 95%CI: 3.716-14.024, P < 0.01) were independent risk factors of HCC progression. ROC of AFP for diagnosis of HCC was 0.746 (95%CI: 0.674-0.818). A cutoff value of AFP of 9.00 ug/L had a sensitivity of 0.609, and specificity of 0.818 for diagnosing HCC. CONCLUSION: Age ≥ 60 years, smoking history, family history of HCC, lamivudine resistance, HBV DNA negative, FBG ≥ 6.16 mmol/L were risk factors of HCC progression. Serum AFP had limited diagnostic value for HCC.

Identification of potential metabolic biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluids that differentiate tuberculous meningitis from other types of meningitis by a metabolomics study.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is caused by tuberculosis infection of of the meninges, which are the membrane systems that encircle the brain, with a high morbidity and mortality rate. It is challenging to diagnose TBM among other types of meningitis, such as viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis. We aimed to identify metabolites that are differentially expressed between TBM and the other types of meningitis by a global metabolomics analysis. The cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from 50 patients with TBM, 17 with viral meningitis, 17 with bacterial meningitis, and 16 with cryptococcal meningitis were analyzed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). A total of 1161 and 512 features were determined in positive and negative electrospray ionization mode, respectively. A clear separation between TBM and viral, bacterial or cryptococcal meningitis was achieved by orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) analysis. Potential metabolic markers and related pathways were identified, which were mainly involved in the metabolism of amino acid, lipids and nucleosides. In summary, differential metabolic profiles of the CSF exist between TBM and other types of meningitis, and potential metabolic biomarkers were identified to differentiate TBM from other types of meningitis.

Old age and hydrocephalus are associated with poor prognosis in patients with tuberculous meningitis: A retrospective study in a Chinese adult population.

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of central nervous system tuberculosis with a very poor prognosis. We aimed at assessing risk factors related to the prognosis of patients with TBM.Forty-five inpatients with TBM in our institution from January 2013 to December 2015 were enrolled retrospectively. The good or poor prognosis in the patients was defined, based on Glasgow Outcome Scale System at discharge. Patients with a GOS score less than 5 were defined as "poor prognosis." Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the predictors for TBM outcome.Among 45 TBM patients, 35 (77.8%) and 10 (22.2%) were in good, poor prognoses, respectively. Old age, disturbance of consciousness, moderate to severe electroencephalogram abnormality, hydrocephalus, remarkable increase of protein (≥ 236 mg/dL) and white blood cell counts (≥ 243 /µL) in cerebral spinal fluid were associated with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis indicated that old age (odds ratio (OR) = 18.395, P = .036) and hydrocephalus (OR = 32.995, P = .049) were independent factors for a poor outcome of TBM.In conclusion, old age and hydrocephalus are the predictors for poor prognosis of TBM. Patients with these risk factors should be treated promptly with a special care paid to improve their outcomes.

Peliosis hepatis: 2 case reports of a rare liver disorder and its differential diagnosis.

RATIONALE: Peliosis hepatis (PH) is a rare tumor-like liver lesion composed of multiple blood-filled cavities within the liver parenchyma. It is hard to differentiate PH from other liver lesions by imaging, such as carcinoma, metastases, or abscess. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here, we reported 2 cases that presented with liver lesions under ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scanning, without any history of liver diseases or drug usage traced back. DIAGNOSES: Liver biopsy and laparoscopy were processed, and the lesions were eventually diagnosed as PH by histopathology, which microscopically presented with multiple sinusoidal dilatations with blood-filled cystic spaces. INTERVENTIONS: After the liver biopsy or laparoscopy, the patients were discharged and followed up in the clinic. OUTCOMES: Both patients were followed up for at least 1 year with good recovery. LESSONS: PH should always be recognized in the differentiation of liver lesions, particularly indistinctive lesion(s) without any history of liver-related diseases.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is superior to lamivudine plus adefovir in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B patients.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in lamivudine (LAM)-resistant patients with a suboptimal response to LAM plus adefovir (ADV). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of switching to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in suboptimal responders to lamivudine plus adefovir. Charts were reviewed for LAM-resistant chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who visited the Zhejiang Province People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, from June 2009 to May 2013. Patients whose serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA remained detectable despite at least 6 mo of LAM plus ADV combination therapy were included. Patients with a suboptimal response to LAM plus ADV were randomized to switch to TDF monotherapy (300 mg/d orally; TDF group) or to continuation with LAM (100 mg/d orally) plus ADV (10 mg/d orally; LAM plus ADV group) and were followed for 48 wk. Serum HBV DNA was determined at baseline and weeks 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48. HBV serological markers and biochemistry were assessed at baseline and weeks 12, 24, and 48. Resistance surveillance and side effects were monitored during therapy. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patient were randomized to switch to TDF (n = 28) or continuation with LAM plus ADV (n = 31). No significant differences were found between the groups at baseline. Prior to TDF therapy, all patients had been exposed to LAM plus ADV for a median of 11 mo (range: 6-24 mo). No difference was seen in baseline serum HBV DNA between the two groups [5.13 ± 1.08 log10 copies/mL (TDF) vs 5.04 ± 31.16 log10 copies/mL (LAM + ADV), P = 0.639]. There was no significant difference in the rates of achieving complete virological response (CVR) at week 4 between the TDF and LAM + ADV groups (17.86% vs 6.45%, P = 0.24). The rate of achieving CVR in the TDF and LAM plus ADV groups was 75% vs 16.13% at week 12, 82.14% vs 22.58% at week 24, 89.29% vs 25.81% at week 36, and 96.43% vs 29.03% at week 48, respectively (P < 0.001). The rate of alanine aminotransferase normalization was significantly higher in the TDF than in the LAM plus ADV group at week 12 (75% vs 17.86%, P < 0.001), but not at week 24 (78.57% vs 54.84%, P = 0.097) or 48 (89.26% vs 67.74%, P = 0.062). Patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive at baseline. There was no significant difference in HBeAg negativity between the TDF and LAM plus ADV groups at week 48 (4% vs 0%, P = 0.481). There were no drug-related adverse effects at week 48 in either group. CONCLUSION: Switching to TDF monotherapy was superior to continuous add-on therapy in patients with LAM-resistant CHB with a suboptimal response to LAM plus ADV.

Efficacy and safety of lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B in pregnancy.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B disease in pregnancy. METHODS: The study group was comprised of 38 chronic HBV patients who were diagnosed pregnant during lamivudine treatment and voluntary to continue the same therapy. The control group was from documented patient data in the literatures. We compared the following parameters with those of a control group: anti-HBV efficacy, complications of pregnancy (abortion, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, fetal death, and congenital anomaly), incidence of HBV-positive babies and developmental anomalies in pregnant women treated with lamivudine. RESULTS: The blocking rate of lamivudine treatment was significantly higher than that of active vaccine immunization for babies with double-positive (HBsAg/HBeAg) mothers with 30-30-10 mug doses of vaccine (74.07%) and with 30-20-10 mug (64.87%). The natural vertical HBV transmission from mother to infant of "double-positive" mothers was 100% (10/10). No pregnancy complication was noted during the observation period, but in the control group the incidences of pregnancy complication were 16.67% (abortion), 43.02%(preterm), 15.62% (neonatal asphyxia), and 4.49% (fetal death), 10.0% (congenital anomaly). No HBV-positive newborn was detected and no developmental anomaly was found in the study group. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine is helpful to prevent maternal-infant HBV transmission and may reduce the complications of HBV-infected pregnant patients.

PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism in detection of YMDD variants of viral polymerase in hepatitis B virus patients treated with lamivudine.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the emergence of YMDD motif (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate) variants in patients with hepatitis B treated with lamivudine. METHODS: The amino acid substitution from methionine or isoleucine at the YMDD motif at the HBV polymerase gene is a main mutation resistant to lamivudine treatment. Generated from a fragment of domain C of the polymerase gene, patients' HBV DNA, which had been positive previously became positive again ever since it had been negative during lamivudine therapy. Variants were detected by cleavage of the products of the three PCRs with following enzymes: FokI, SspI, Alw441. The results of PCR-RELP were analysed by 8.4% polypropylene acidemide gel electrophoresis. PCR-RFLP assay was compared to direct sequencing. RESULTS: HBV DNA was positive again in 33 patients and positive for one year in 2 patients. YMDD variants were detected in serum 14 of 35 patients, YIDD variants in 4, YVDD variants in 6, and YI/MDD variants in 1; all were in concordance with the results of direct sequencing. The samples of other 3 patients showed YI/VDD mutations, as shown by direct sequencing. The results of PCR-RFLP assay of the mixed sera of YIDD and YVDD variants were similar to those sera of YI/VDD variants. CONCLUSION: PCR-RFLP is suitable for rapid detection of YMDD variants of viral polymerase in hepatitis B virus patients treated with lamivudine.

[Distribution of lamivudine- resistant variants in hepatitis B virus].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution of HBV variants resistant to lamivudine and their relation to clinical manifestations of chronic hepatitis. METHODS: Using direct sequencing, YMDD (tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate) variants in patients with chronic HBV were detected before and during treatment with lamivudine. A statistical analysis of the distribution of HBV strains resistant to lamivudine was performed. RESULT: Four variant strains existed in patients before lamivudine treatment, 128 variant resistant strains were noted after 6 mouths of lamivudine treatment including 42 YVDD (valine) variants, 20 YIDD (isoleusine) variants and 66 non-YMDD variants. According to the hepatitis severity, 8 patients were mild, 108 moderate and 12 severe. Viral loading was higher and clinical types were more severe in no-YMDD variants. CONCLUSION: Variant strains including strains resistant to lamivudine exist naturally before lamivudine treatment, but lamivudine-resistant ones become more dominant after treatment. Liver inflammation is more severe in non-YMDD group.

[Types and emergence time of YMDD motif mutation in hepatitis B virus polymerase gene during lamivudine treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To study the types and emergence time of YMDD motif mutation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene during lamivudine treatment. METHODS: The serum samples were collected from 33 patients with HBV DNA rebounding and 2 non-responders after at least one year lamivudine treatment. HBV polymerase gene was amplificated by PCR, then the products were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and by direct sequence analysis. RESULTS: The variants with YMDD mutation were 14 out of the 35 patients. Mutation patterns detected in these patients included four YIDD, six YVDD, three YI/VDD and one YI/MDD. The mean emergence time of YMDD variants was 11.07+/-3.65 months after the treatment, and the earliest one and the latest one occurred 5 months and 17 months after the treatment respectively. The emergence times of YIDD, YVDD, YI/VDD were (10.00 +/- 1.41) months, (11.67 +/- 4.41) months and (13.33 +/- 3.31) months respectively, which had no statistical significance (F = 0.543, P < 0.05). Three patients treated with lamivudine 200 mg every day after the mutation were followed up for 6 months, whose HBV variants had not vanished. CONCLUSIONS: There are many kinds of HBV variants after lamivudine treatment, including YIDD, YVDD, YI/VDD and YI/MDD. The emergence time of variants is quite variable between different types and the mean time is (11.07 +/- 3.65) months after treatment, and there is no relationship between the type of YMDD mutation and the time of lamivudine administration.

Effect of salvianolate on intestinal epithelium tight junction protein zonula occludens protein 1 in cirrhotic rats.

AIM: To study the effect of salvianolate on tight junctions (TJs) and zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) in small intestinal mucosa of cirrhotic rats. METHODS: Cirrhosis was induced using carbon tetrachloride. Rats were randomly divided into the untreated group, low-dose salvianolate (12 mg/kg) treatment group, medium-dose salvianolate (24 mg/kg) treatment group, and high-dose salvianolate (48 mg/kg) treatment group, and were treated for 2 wk. Another 10 healthy rats served as the normal control group. Histological changes in liver tissue samples were observed under a light microscope. We evaluated morphologic indices of ileal mucosa including intestinal villi width and thickness of mucosa and intestinal wall using a pathological image analysis system. Ultrastructural changes in small intestinal mucosa were investigated in the five groups using transmission electron microscopy. The changes in ZO-1 expression, a tight junction protein, were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. The staining index was calculated as the product of the staining intensity score and the proportion of positive cells. RESULTS: In the untreated group, hepatocytes showed a disordered arrangement, fatty degeneration was extensive, swelling was obvious, and disorganized lobules were divided by collagen fibers in hepatic tissue, which were partly improved in the salvianolate treated groups. In the untreated group, abundant lymphocytes infiltrated the fibrous tissue with proliferation of bile ducts, and collagen fibers gradually decreased and damaged hepatic lobules were partly repaired following salvianolate treatment. Compared with the untreated group, no differences in intestinal villi width between the five groups were observed. The villi height as well as mucosa and intestinal wall thickness gradually thickened with salvianolate treatment and were significantly shorter in the untreated group compared with those in the salvianolate treatment groups and normal group (P < 0.01). The number of microvilli decreased and showed irregular lengths and arrangements in the untreated group. The intercellular space between epithelial cells was wider. The TJs were discontinuous, which indicated disruption in TJ morphology in the untreated group. In the treated groups, the microvilli in the intestinal epithelium were regular and the TJs were gradually integrated and distinct. The expression of ZO-1 decreased in the small intestine of the untreated cirrhotic rats. The high expression rate of ZO-1 in ileal mucosa in the untreated group was significantly lower than that in the medium-dose salvianolate group (21.43% vs 64.29%, χ(2) = 5.25, P < 0.05), high-dose salvianolate group (21.43% vs 76.92%, χ(2) = 8.315, P < 0.01) and normal group (21.43% vs 90%, χ(2) = 10.98, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Salvianolate improves liver histopathological changes, repairs intestinal mucosa and TJ structure, and enhances ZO-1 expression in the small intestinal mucosa in cirrhotic rats.

Combination of acupuncture and chinese medicinal herbs in treating model rats with polycystic ovary syndrome.

We explored the effects of combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicinal herbs in treating model rats with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to explore whether acupuncture has positive effects on the absorption of salvianolic acid B in the extracts of a Chinese medicine formula when treating the model rats. 60 female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into Groups A, B, C, D, E and F, with ten rats in each group. Except Group F, all of the other rats were induced to PCOS with oral administration of letrozole. The rats in Group F served as normal controls. Group A was treated with acupuncture. Group B was treated with oral administration of the extracts of the Chinese medicine formula. Group C was treated with a combination of oral administration of the extracts of Chinese medicine and acupuncture. Group D received western medicine as positive controls. After treatment, the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone(LH) and testosterone (T) in each group were detected with the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and the serum concentration of salvianolic acid B were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The serum levels of T and the ratio of LH/FSH in Group A, B. C, D, and F were significantly lower than those of Group E, indicating the model rats with PCOS were successfully established. Compared with Groups A, B, D and E, the serum levels of T and the ratio of LH/FSH in Group C were significantly lower respectively, indicating combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicinal herbs can significantly enhance curative effects in treating model rats with PCOS. The concentration of serum salvianolic acid Group C was significantly higher than Group B, indicating that acupuncture might improve the absorption of salvianolic acid B from the extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge in the Chinese medicine formula. Combination of acupuncture and Chinese medicinal herbs significantly enhance curative effects in treating model rats with PCOS and acupuncture has positive effects in improving the absorption of salvianolic acid B in the extracts of the Chinese medicine formula when treating the model rats with PCOS.

Salvianolate inhibits cytokine gene expression in small intestine of cirrhotic rats.

AIM: To study the effect of salvianolate on expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA in small intestine of cirrhotic rats. METHODS: Cirrhosis in rats was induced using CCl4 (0.3 mL/kg). Rats were randomly divided into non-treatment group, low-dose salvianolate (12 mg/kg) treatment group, medium-dose salvianolate (24 mg/kg) treatment group, and high-dose salvianolate (48 mg/kg) treatment group, and treated for 2 wk. Another 10 healthy rats served as a normal control group. Mortality of cirrhotic rats in each group was evaluated after treatment with salvianolate. Serum samples were taken from portal vein for the detection of endotoxin. Morphological changes in tissue samples from the ileocecum were observed under a light microscope. Expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in the small intestine of rats was analyzed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The mortality of cirrhotic rats in the non-treatment group was 37.5%. No cirrhotic rat died in the high-dose salvianolate treatment group. The serum endotoxin level was significantly higher in the non-treatment group than in the salvianolate treatment and normal control groups. The intestinal mucosal and villous atrophy, necrosis and shedding of the intestinal mucosal epithelium, observed in the non-treatment group, were reversed in different salvianolate treatment groups. The TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression levels in small intestine were significantly lower in different salvianolate treatment groups than in the non-treatment group. CONCLUSION: Salvianolate can reduce the endotoxin level, ameliorate the injury of intestinal mucosa, and inhibit the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in small intestine of cirrhotic rats.