TGF-ß Tumor Suppression through a Lethal EMT.

TGF-ß signaling can be pro-tumorigenic or tumor suppressive. We investigated this duality in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), which, with other gastrointestinal cancers, exhibits frequent inactivation of the TGF-ß mediator Smad4. We show that TGF-ß induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), generally considered a pro-tumorigenic event. However, in TGF-ß-sensitive PDA cells, EMT becomes lethal by converting TGF-ß-induced Sox4 from an enforcer of tumorigenesis into a promoter of apoptosis. This is the result of an EMT-linked remodeling of the cellular transcription factor landscape, including the repression of the gastrointestinal lineage-master regulator Klf5. Klf5 cooperates with Sox4 in oncogenesis and prevents Sox4-induced apoptosis. Smad4 is required for EMT but dispensable for Sox4 induction by TGF-ß. TGF-ß-induced Sox4 is thus geared to bolster progenitor identity, whereas simultaneous Smad4-dependent EMT strips Sox4 of an essential partner in oncogenesis. Our work demonstrates that TGF-ß tumor suppression functions through an EMT-mediated disruption of a lineage-specific transcriptional network.

Publisher Correction: TGF-ß orchestrates fibrogenic and developmental EMTs via the RAS effector RREB1.

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

TGF-ß orchestrates fibrogenic and developmental EMTs via the RAS effector RREB1.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are phenotypic plasticity processes that confer migratory and invasive properties to epithelial cells during development, wound-healing, fibrosis and cancer1-4. EMTs are driven by SNAIL, ZEB and TWIST transcription factors5,6 together with microRNAs that balance this regulatory network7,8. Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) is a potent inducer of developmental and fibrogenic EMTs4,9,10. Aberrant TGF-ß signalling and EMT are implicated in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis and cancer4,11. TGF-ß depends on RAS and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway inputs for the induction of EMTs12-19. Here we show how these signals coordinately trigger EMTs and integrate them with broader pathophysiological processes. We identify RAS-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1), a RAS transcriptional effector20,21, as a key partner of TGF-ß-activated SMAD transcription factors in EMT. MAPK-activated RREB1 recruits TGF-ß-activated SMAD factors to SNAIL. Context-dependent chromatin accessibility dictates the ability of RREB1 and SMAD to activate additional genes that determine the nature of the resulting EMT. In carcinoma cells, TGF-ß-SMAD and RREB1 directly drive expression of SNAIL and fibrogenic factors stimulating myofibroblasts, promoting intratumoral fibrosis and supporting tumour growth. In mouse epiblast progenitors, Nodal-SMAD and RREB1 combine to induce expression of SNAIL and mesendoderm-differentiation genes that drive gastrulation. Thus, RREB1 provides a molecular link between RAS and TGF-ß pathways for coordinated induction of developmental and fibrogenic EMTs. These insights increase our understanding of the regulation of epithelial plasticity and its pathophysiological consequences in development, fibrosis and cancer.

Novel 5-HT7 receptor antagonists modulate intestinal immune responses and reduce severity of colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses several debilitating chronic gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In both conditions, mucosal inflammation is a key clinical presentation associated with altered serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) signaling. This altered 5-HT signaling is also found across various animal models of colitis. Of the 14 known receptor subtypes, 5-HT receptor type 7 (5-HT7) is one of the most recently discovered. We previously reported that blocking 5-HT signaling with either a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist (SB-269970) or genetic ablation alleviated intestinal inflammation in murine experimental models of colitis. Here, we developed novel antagonists, namely, MC-170073 and MC-230078, which target 5-HT7 receptors with high selectivity. We also investigated the in vivo efficacy of these antagonists in experimental colitis by using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and the transfer of CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells to induce intestinal inflammation. Inhibition of 5-HT7 receptor signaling with the antagonists, MC-170073 and MC-230078, ameliorated intestinal inflammation in both acute and chronic colitis models, which was accompanied by lower histopathological damage and diminished levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared with vehicle-treated controls. Together, the data reveal that the pharmacological inhibition of 5-HT7 receptors by these selective antagonists ameliorates the severity of colitis across various experimental models and may, in the future, serve as a potential treatment option for patients with IBD. In addition, these findings support that 5-HT7 is a viable therapeutic target for IBD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the novel highly selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonists, MC-170073 and MC-230078, significantly alleviated the severity of colitis across models of experimental colitis. These findings suggest that inhibition of 5-HT7 receptor signaling by these new antagonists may serve as an alternative mode of treatment to diminish symptomology in those with inflammatory bowel disease.

Wavy water-to-air optical camera communication system using rolling shutter image sensor and long short term memory neural network.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate for the first time up to the authors' knowledge a wide field-of-view (FOV) water-to-air optical transmission using rolling-shutter (RS) based optical camera communication (OCC). Here, we evaluate the proposed OCC system without water ripple and with different percentage increases of water ripple. Long short term memory neural network (LSTM-NN) is utilized to mitigate the wavy water turbulence induced link outage and to decode 4-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM4) RS pattern by meeting the pre-forward error correction bit-error-rate (pre-FEC BER = 3.8 × 10-3). We also evaluate the FOVs of the proposed water-to-air RS-based OCC system. This can be implemented by using different angular rotations of the camera. Experimental results show that the proposed OCC system can support ±70°, ± 30°, and ±30° rotations around the z-, y- and x-directions, respectively when operated at 6 kbit/s and decoded using LSTM-NN.

Theoretical efficiency limit of diffractive input couplers in augmented reality waveguides.

Considerable efforts have been devoted to augmented reality (AR) displays to enable the immersive user experience in the wearable glasses form factor. Transparent waveguide combiners offer a compact solution to guide light from the microdisplay to the front of eyes while maintaining the see-through optical path to view the real world simultaneously. To deliver a realistic virtual image with low power consumption, the waveguide combiners need to have high efficiency and good image quality. One important limiting factor for the efficiency of diffractive waveguide combiners is the out-coupling problem in the input couplers, where the guided light interacts with the input gratings again and get partially out-coupled. In this study, we introduce a theoretical model to deterministically find the upper bound of the input efficiency of a uniform input grating, constrained only by Lorentz reciprocity and energy conservation. Our model considers the polarization management at the input coupler and can work for arbitrary input polarization state ensemble. Our model also provides the corresponding characteristics of the input coupler, such as the grating diffraction efficiencies and the Jones matrix of the polarization management components, to achieve the optimal input efficiency. Equipped with this theoretical model, we investigate how the upper bound of input efficiency varies with geometric parameters including the waveguide thickness, the projector pupil size, and the projector pupil relief distance. Our study shines light on the fundamental efficiency limit of input couplers in diffractive waveguide combiners and highlights the benefits of polarization control in improving the input efficiency.

Water-Regulated Evolution of Inversion, Reinversion, and Amplification of Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Supramolecular Organogels Based on Glutamide-Cyanostilbene Amphiphile.

Water incorporated with supramolecular building blocks in organic solvents can play a key role in the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) inversion and amplification of supramolecular assemblies. Herein, we demonstrate that fine-tuning the water content regulated the assembly structure evolution and made the circular dichroism and CPL sign of the system undergo intriguing inversion, reinversion, and amplification processes based on a unique and interesting glutamide-cyanostilbene system, as supported by morphology, spectroscopic observations, and time-dependent density functional theory calculation.

Mucoadhesive, antioxidant, and lubricant catechol-functionalized poly(phosphobetaine) as biomaterial nanotherapeutics for treating ocular dryness.

Dry eye disease (DED) is associated with ocular hyperosmolarity and inflammation. The marketed topical eye drops for DED treatment often lack bioavailability and precorneal residence time. In this study, we investigated catechol-functionalized polyzwitterion p(MPC-co-DMA), composed of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) monomers, as potential topical nanotherapeutics for DED. The copolymers were synthesized via random free-radical copolymerization, producing different proportions of catecholic functionalization. All as-prepared polymer compositions displayed good ocular biocompatibility. At a feeding ratio of 1:1, p(MPC1-co-DMA1) can facilitate a robust mucoadhesion via Michael addition and/or Schiff base reaction, thus prolonging ocular residence time after 4 days of topical instillation. The hydration lubrication of MPC and radical-scavenging DMA endow the nano-agent to ease tear-film hyperosmolarity and corneal inflammation. A single dose of p(MPC1-co-DMA1) (1 mg/mL) after 4 days post-instillation can protect the cornea against reactive oxygen species, inhibiting cell apoptosis and the over-expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α). In clinical assessment, DED-induced rabbit eyes receiving p(MPC1-co-DMA1) could increase lacrimal fluid secretion by 5-fold higher than cyclosporine A. The catechol-functionalized polyzwitterion with enhanced lubricity, mucoadhesion, and anti-oxidation/anti-inflammation properties has shown high promise as a bioactive eye drop formulation for treating DED.

The effect of diet quality and body mass index on depression in older adults: a growth curve analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition not only plays an important role in one's physical health, but also mental health. The causal association between nutrition and mental health remains unclear. While a healthy dietary pattern may protect one against mental illness, it is also possible that poor mental health could lead to unhealthy eating habits or choices. Furthermore, emerging studies suggest that a higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms in older adults, contrasting the effect observed in other populations. With an ageing population, this study aimed to investigate the long-term impact of a healthy dietary pattern, BMI, and other covariates on depressive symptoms in older adults. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study between 2014 and 2017, with each follow-up assessment being one year apart. A total of 2081 participants above 65 years old (M = 79.65, SD = 7.94) completed the baseline assessment in 2014, which included basic demographics, self-reported eating habits, depressive symptoms, and the measurement of height and weight. Distance to supermarkets and fast food was calculated based on participants' residential addresses. Two growth models were performed to assess the trajectory of change in depressive symptoms over time. RESULTS: Older adults experienced a significant decrease in depressive symptoms over time (intercept = 2.68, p < .001; slope = -0.25, p < .001). At baseline, a higher diet quality (B = -0.95, p < .001), higher BMI (B = -0.09, p < .001), younger age (B = 0.40, p = .001), being a male (B = 0.76, p < .001), and having fewer chronic diseases (B = 0.39, p < .001) were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Over time, a higher diet quality (B = 0.14, p = .05), higher BMI (B = 0.02, p = .04), and fewer chronic diseases (B = -0.08, p < .001) predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms over time. CONCLUSIONS: A higher diet quality and higher BMI may serve as protective factors for depressive symptoms in older adults. Potential implications are being discussed.

Enantioselectivity in Vanadium-Dependent Haloperoxidases of Different Marine Sources for Sulfide Oxidation to Sulfoxides.

This study explores the reasons behind the variations in the enantioselectivity of the sulfoxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide by marine-derived vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases (VHPOs). Twelve new VHPOs of marine organisms were overexpressed, purified, and tested for their ability to oxidize sulfide. Most of these marine enzymes exhibited nonenantioselective behavior, underscoring the uniqueness of AnVBPO from the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and CpVBPO from the red seaweed Corallina pilulifera, which produce (R)- and (S)-sulfoxides, respectively. The enantioselective sulfoxidation pathway is likely due to direct oxygen transfer within the VHPO active site. This was demonstrated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed differences in the positioning of sulfide within AnVBPO and CpVBPO, thus explaining their distinct enantioselectivities. Nonenantioselective VHPOs probably follow a different oxidation pathway, initiating with sulfide oxidation to form a positively charged radical. Further insights were gained from studying the catalytic effect of VO43- on H2O2-driven sulfoxidation. This research improves the understanding of VHPO-mediated sulfoxidation and aids in developing biocatalysts for sulfoxide synthesis.

Real-Time Indoor Visible Light Positioning (VLP) Using Long Short Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM-NN) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

New applications such as augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR), Internet-of-Things (IOT), autonomous mobile robot (AMR) services, etc., require high reliability and high accuracy real-time positioning and tracking of persons and devices in indoor areas. Among the different visible-light-positioning (VLP) schemes, such as proximity, time-of-arrival (TOA), time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), and received-signal-strength (RSS), the RSS scheme is relatively easy to implement. Among these VLP methods, the RSS method is simple and efficient. As the received optical power has an inverse relationship with the distance between the LED transmitter (Tx) and the photodiode (PD) receiver (Rx), position information can be estimated by studying the received optical power from different Txs. In this work, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a real-time VLP system utilizing long short-term memory neural network (LSTM-NN) with principal component analysis (PCA) to mitigate high positioning error, particularly at the positioning unit cell boundaries. Experimental results show that in a positioning unit cell of 100 × 100 × 250 cm3, the average positioning error is 5.912 cm when using LSTM-NN only. By utilizing the PCA, we can observe that the positioning accuracy can be significantly enhanced to 1.806 cm, particularly at the unit cell boundaries and cell corners, showing a positioning error reduction of 69.45%. In the cumulative distribution function (CDF) measurements, when using only the LSTM-NN model, the positioning error of 95% of the experimental data is >15 cm; while using the LSTM-NN with PCA model, the error is reduced to <5 cm. In addition, we also experimentally demonstrate that the proposed real-time VLP system can also be used to predict the direction and the trajectory of the moving Rx.

Xanthine oxidase inhibition study of isolated secondary metabolites from Dolichandrone spathacea (Bignoniaceae): In vitro and in silico approach.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been widely recognized as a pivotal enzyme in developing hyperuricemia, primarily contributing to the excessive production of uric acid during purine metabolism in the liver. One of the standard treatment approaches involves reducing uric acid levels by inhibiting XO activity. In this study, the leaf extract of Dolichandrone spathacea, traditionally used in folk medicine, was found to inhibit XO activity in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, their values were 78.57 ± 3.85 % (IC50 = 55.93 ± 5.73 µg/ml) and 69.43 ± 8.68 % (IC50 = 70.17 ± 7.98 µg/ml), respectively. The potential XO inhibitory components were isolated by bioactivity assays and the HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectra system. The main constituents of leaf extracts of Dolichandrone spathacea, six compounds, namely trans-4-methoxycinnamic acid (3), trans-3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (4), p-coumaric acid (5), martynoside (6), 6-O-(p-methoxy-E-cinnamoyl)-ajugol (7), and scolymoside (17), were identified as potent XO inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 19.34 ± 1.63 µM to 64.50 ± 0.94 µM. The enzyme kinetics indicated that compounds 3-5, 7, and 17 displayed competitive inhibition like allopurinol, while compound 6 displayed a mixed-type inhibition. Computational studies corroborated these experimental results, highlighting the interactions between potential metabolites and XO enzyme. The hydrogen bonds played crucial roles in the binding interaction, especially, scolymoside (17) forms a hydrogen bond with Mos3004, exhibited the lowest binding energy (-18.3286 kcal/mol) corresponding to the lowest IC50 (19.34 ± 1.63 µM). Furthermore, nine compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant. In conclusion, Dolichandrone spathacea and its constituents possess the potential to modulate the xanthine oxidase enzyme involved in metabolism.

Unmanned-aerial-vehicle based optical camera communication system using light-diffusing fiber and rolling-shutter image-sensor.

We put forward and demonstrate a light-diffusing fiber equipped unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) to provide a large field-of-view (FOV) optical camera communication (OCC) system. The light-diffusing fiber can act as a bendable, lightweight, extended and large FOV light source for the UAV-assisted optical wireless communication (OWC). During UAV flying, the light-diffusing fiber light source could be tilted or bended; hence, offering large FOV as well as supporting large receiver (Rx) tilting angle are particularly important for the UAV-assisted OWC systems. To improve the transmission capacity of the OCC system, one method based on the camera shutter mechanism, which is known as rolling-shuttering is utilized. The rolling-shuttering method makes use of the feature of complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to extract signal pixel-row by pixel-row. The data rate can be significantly increased since the capture start time for each pixel-row is different. As the light-diffusing fiber is thin and occupies only a few pixels in the CMOS image frame, Long-short-term-memory neural-network (LSTM-NN) is used to enhance the rolling-shutter decoding. Experimental results show that the light-diffusing fiber can satisfactorily act as an "omnidirectional optical antenna" providing wide FOVs and 3.6 kbit/s can be achieved, accomplishing the pre-forward error correction bit-error-rate (pre-FEC BER = 3.8 × 10-3).

Emulation of deep-ultraviolet lithography using rapid-prototyping, electron-beam lithography for silicon photonics design.

We demonstrate a method to emulate the optical performance of silicon photonic devices fabricated using advanced deep-ultraviolet lithography (DUV) processes on a rapid-prototyping electron-beam lithography process. The method is enabled by a computational lithography predictive model generated by processing SEM image data of the DUV lithography process. We experimentally demonstrate the emulation method's accuracy on integrated silicon Bragg grating waveguides and grating-based, add-drop filter devices, two devices that are particularly susceptible to DUV lithography effects. The emulation method allows silicon photonic device and system designers to experimentally observe the effects of DUV lithography on device performance in a low-cost, rapid-prototyping, electron-beam lithography process to enable a first-time-right design flow.

Microbulbifer zhoushanensis sp. nov., Microbulbifer sediminum sp. nov. and Microbulbifer guangxiensis sp. nov., three marine bacteria isolated from a tidal flat.

Three strains, TT30T, TT37T and L3T, were isolated from tidal flat samples. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod shaped. Cells of strains TT30T and TT37T were able to grow in a medium containing 1.0-15.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0 and 4.0 %, respectively), and cells of strain L3T was able to grow in a medium containing 1.0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Growth of the three strains was observed at pH 6.0-10.0 and at 10-40 °C. Strains TT30T, TT37T and L3T showed the highest similarity to Microbulbifer hydrolyticus DSM 11525T (97.7 %), M. yueqingensis CGMCC 1.10658T (98.0 %) and M. elongatus DSM 6810T (97.9 %), respectively. Results of phylogenetic analyses indicated that the three isolates represented two distinct lineages within the genus Microbulbifer. The DNA G+C contents of strains TT30T, TT37T and L3T were 61.3, 60.9 and 60.2%, respectively. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values among strains TT30T, TT37T and L3T and the reference strains were 84.4-87.4 and 19.6-28.9 %, respectively. Differential phenotypic properties, chemotaxonomic differences, phylogenetic distinctiveness, together with the genomic data, demonstrated that strains TT30T, TT37 T and L3T represent novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, which are named Microbulbifer zhoushanensis sp. nov. (TT30T=KCTC 92167T=MCCC 1K07276T), Microbulbifer sediminum sp. nov. (TT37T=KCTC 92168T=MCCC 1K07277T) and Microbulbifer guangxiensis sp. nov. (L3T=KCTC 92165T=MCCC 1K07278T).

Vascular and metabolic effects of ipragliflozin versus sitagliptin (IVS) in type 2 diabetes treated with sulphonylurea and metformin: IVS study.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with type 2 diabetes who were inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea, we compared the glucose-lowering efficacy, cardiometabolic parameters and safety of two drugs, ipragliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, and sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with 7.5%-9.0% glycated haemoglobin treated with metformin and sulphonylurea were randomly assigned to ipragliflozin (50 mg, n = 70) or sitagliptin (100 mg, n = 70) therapy for 24 weeks. Measures of glycaemic control, fatty liver indices, other metabolic parameters and subclinical atherosclerosis were compared by a paired t-test before and after 24 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Mean glycated haemoglobin levels decreased from 8.5% to 7.5% in the ipragliflozin group and from 8.5% to 7.8% in the sitagliptin group, resulting in a 0.34% between-group difference (95% confidence interval, 0.10%-0.43%, p = .088). Fasting and postprandial 2-h glucose levels also showed a similar trend, with a greater reduction with ipragliflozin therapy. An increase of over 70% in ketone levels and a decrease in whole body and abdominal fat masses were observed with ipragliflozin treatment. Fatty liver indices also improved with ipragliflozin treatment. Despite no difference in carotid intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial index, ipragliflozin therapy improved flow-mediated vasodilation, reflecting endothelial function, while sitagliptin did not. The safety profile did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ipragliflozin add-on therapy can be a viable option for better glycaemic control with multiple vascular and metabolic benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Baduanjin Exercise for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We, the Editors and Publisher of the journal Behavioral Sleep Medicine, have retracted the following article:Title: Baduanjin Exercise for Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisAuthors: Yun-Han Jiang, Cheng Tan & Shuai YuanDOI: 10.1080/15402002.2017.1363042Since publication, significant concerns have been raised about the appropriateness of references and reported conclusions in the article. As verifying the validity of published work is core to the integrity of the scholarly record, we are therefore retracting the article. The corresponding author listed in this publication has been informed.We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions.The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as "Retracted."

Identification and genomic characterization of Baculovirus penaei in Litopenaeus vannamei in Taiwan.

Baculovirus penaei (BP), the causative agent of tetrahedral baculovirosis, causes the death of penaeid genera at the larval and post-larval stages. BP has been reported in the Western Pacific, South-East Atlantic, and the State of Hawaii, but never in Asia. The clinical features of BP infection are non-specific, and diagnosis relies on histological and molecular methods. In the present study, we report the first identification of BP infection in a shrimp farm in Northern Taiwan in 2022. Histopathologically, several tetrahedral eosinophilic intranuclear occlusion bodies were observed in or budding out of the nuclei of the degenerative hepatopancreatic cells. In situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction confirmed tetrahedral baculovirosis infection caused by BP. Sequence alignment of the TW BP-1 with the USA BP strain reported in 1995 revealed 94.81% identity in the partial gene. The possibility of the emergence of USA-like BP in Taiwan highlights the importance of further epidemiological investigations on the prevalence and impact of BP in Asia.

Bi-Directional Free-Space Visible Light Communication Supporting Multiple Moveable Clients Using Light Diffusing Optical Fiber.

In this work, we put forward and demonstrate a bi-direction free-space visible light communication (VLC) system supporting multiple moveable receivers (Rxs) using a light-diffusing optical fiber (LDOF). The downlink (DL) signal is launched from a head-end or central office (CO) far away to the LDOF at the client side via a free-space transmission. When the DL signal is launched to the LDOF, which acts as an optical antenna to re-transmit the DL signal to different moveable Rxs. The uplink (UL) signal is sent via the LDOF towards the CO. In a proof-of-concept demonstration, the LDOF is 100 cm long, and the free space VLC transmission between the CO and the LDOF is 100 cm. 210 Mbit/s DL and 850 Mbit/s UL transmissions meet the pre-forward-error-correction bit error rate (pre-FEC BER = 3.8 × 10-3) threshold.

Peripheral serotonin: cultivating companionship with gut microbiota in intestinal homeostasis.

Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is an evolutionarily ancient and phylogenetically conserved monoamine that regulates multifaceted physiological functions in mammals. 5-HT was, at one time, most extensively studied as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system but is now known to regulate nonneuronal functions including immune responses in an autocrine-paracrine-endocrine manner. Compelling evidence from intervention studies using germ-free mice or antibiotic-associated microbiota perturbation suggests that novel interactions between 5-HT and the gut microbiota are essential in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, recent studies reveal that bidirectional host-microbial interactions mediated by the host serotonergic system can promote distinct changes within the gut microbiota. These changes may potentially lead to a state known as "dysbiosis" that has been strongly associated with various gut pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this review, we update the current understanding of host-microbiota interaction by focusing on the impact of peripheral 5-HT signaling within this dynamic. We also briefly highlight key environmental risk factors for IBD, such as the Western diet, and draw attention to the interaction of synthetic food colorants with 5-HT signaling that may facilitate future research.