Early Intervention of Gastrodin Improved Motor Learning in Diabetic Rats Through Ameliorating Vascular Dysfunction.

The mechanism of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes is still unclear. Recently, studies have shown that the cerebellum is involved in cognition. Furthermore, diabetes-induced cerebellar alterations is related to vascular changes. Therefore, we aimed to explore the roles of vascular function in diabetes-induced cerebellar damage and motor learning deficits. Type 1 diabetes was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Motor learning was assessed by beam walk test and beam balance test. The pathological changes of the cerebellum were assessed by Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining. Apoptosis was evaluated by anti-caspase-3 immunostaining. Protein expression was evaluated by western blotting and double immunofluorescence. Our results have shown that motor learning was impaired in diabetic rats, coupled with damaged Purkinje cells and decreased capillary density in the cerebellum. In addition, the protein expression of neuronal NOS, inducible NOS, endothelial NOS, total nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor and its cognate receptor Flk-1 was decreased in the cerebellum. Gastrodin treatment ameliorated neuronal damage and restored protein expression of relevant factors. Arising from the above, it is suggested that vascular dysfunction and NO signaling deficits in the cerebellum may be the underlying mechanism of early manifestations of cognitive impairment in diabetes, which could be ameliorated by gastrodin intervention.

[Dissolution determination of Shuanghuanglian capsules by HPLC analysis assisted with principal component analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a quality analysis method based on self-reference principal for dissolution determination of Shuanghuanglian capsules. METHOD: Dissolution of Shuanghuanglian capsules was determined by principal component analysis consociated HPLC method. RESULT: The liner of regression equation was good. The average recovery rates of quality assurance samples (QA) and quality control samples (QC) were all no less than 96. 0%. Dissolution curves of Shuanghuanlian capsules of different manufacturers and different batches of the same manufacturer had obvious disparity. CONCLUSION: The method can better evaluate the dissolution conditions of Shuanghuanglian capsules. The prospect of the method is expected for assessing the dissolution of other oral solid dosage of traditional Chinese medicines.

SMAC exhibits anti-tumor effects in ECA109 cells by regulating expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein family.

BACKGROUND: The poor prognosis and rising incidence of esophageal cancer highlight the need for improved therapeutics that are essential prior to treatment. LCL161 is an SMAC (second mitochondrial activator of caspases) mimic and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist which exhibits anti-tumor effects and improves the chemical sensitivity of many cancers. AIM: To ascertain the effects and mechanisms of the SMAC analog LCL161 on esophageal cancer cells. METHODS: MTT assay and TUNEL assay were used to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to study the molecular mechanisms of LCL161-induced death of ECA109 cells. RESULTS: LCL161 decreased ECA109 cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis of ECA109 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, LCL161 induced a significant decrease in the expression of the XIAP and significant increase in the expression of Caspase-3. In addition, Bax increased significantly with increasing concentrations of LCL161, and the relative expression of Bax was significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that LCL161 can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells by regulating the expression of IAP family members, suggesting that it has potential to be an effective treatment for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Alterations of fecal bacterial communities in patients with lung cancer.

Emerging evidence suggests the microbiome may affect a number of diseases, including lung cancer. However, the direct relationship between gut bacteria and lung cancer remains uncharacterized. In this study, we directly sequenced the hypervariable V1-V2 regions of the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples from patients with lung cancer and healthy volunteers. Unweighted principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed a clear difference in the bacterial community membership between the lung cancer group and the healthy control group. The lung cancer group had remarkably higher levels of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Lentisphaerae but dramatically lower levels of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia than the healthy control group (P < 0.05). Despite significant interindividual variation, eight predominant genera were significantly different between the two groups. The lung cancer group had higher levels of Bacteroides, Veillonella, and Fusobacterium but lower levels of Escherichia-Shigella, Kluyvera, Fecalibacterium, Enterobacter, and Dialister than the healthy control group (P < 0.05). Most notably, correlations between certain specific bacteria and serum inflammatory biomarkers were identified. Our findings demonstrated an altered bacterial community in patients with lung cancer, providing a significant step in understanding the relationship between gut bacteria and lung cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the correlations between certain specific bacteria and inflammatory indicators. To better understand this relationship, further studies should investigate the underlying mechanisms of gut bacteria in lung cancer animal models.

Group-velocity-matched optical parametric oscillator in tilted quasi-phase-matched gratings.

An achromatic phase-matching scheme is reported for an optical parametric oscillator in tilted quasi-phase-matched gratings. The spectral angular dispersion is introduced in interaction waves such that each wave component satisfies the two-dimensional (noncollinear) quasi-phase matching. This is equivalent to simultaneous quasi-phase matching and group-velocity matching for ultrashort pulses. The phase-matching bandwidth for 10 mm periodically poled KTP increases by a factor of 12 at lambdas = 1.7 microm compared with one-dimensional quasi-phase matching. The effective interaction length will increase as a result of the matching.

Optimum operation of femtosecond parametric oscillation of a noncollinear phase match in KTP.

For group-velocity (GV) matching, tunable femtosecond parametric oscillation must use noncollinear phase matching (PM). The tuning curves of femtosecond parametric oscillation are described; tuning can be continuous from the visible to the mid infrared. We demonstrate that GV matching and PM can be satisfied in type II PM for KTP. The effective nonlinear coefficient, the walk-off angles, the acceptance angles (a and theta(s)), the acceptance spectral width, and the duration of the output idler pulse are calculated. Consequently, optimum femtosecond parametric oscillation of noncollinear phase matching is obtained in KTP.

Femtosecond optical parametric generation of noncollinear phase matching for a biaxial crystal.

In an optical parametric generation of a femtosecond pulse for a biaxial crystal, the interaction of three waves can be used as a model of noncollinear phase matching in which the group velocities of the interacting pulses are suitably linked to each other. For satisfaction of group-velocity matching, the tunable parametric generation of femtosecond pulses must use noncollinear phase matching. We consider three conditions of group-velocity matching for femtosecond pulses. Signal and idler pulses can be obtained when the coupled-wave equations, including the group-velocity mismatch and group-velocity dispersion effects, are solved. A Fourier method is an effective method for solving the equations, and from the solution of the equations the relation between duration of output pulses and wavelengths can be obtained. In a comparison of collinear and noncollinear matches, when the latter is group-velocity matched, the duration of its outpulses are smaller, and the outpulses can be continually tuned from the visible to the mid-infrared.