RESUMO
Wnt signaling is a crucial component of the cell machinery orchestrating a series of physiological processes such as cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Among the plethora of roles that Wnt signaling plays, its canonical branch regulates eye organogenesis and angiogenesis. Mutations in the genes encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor protein 5 (LRP5) and frizzled 4 (FZD4), acting as coreceptors for Wnt ligands, cause familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). Moreover, mutations in the gene encoding NDP, a ligand for these Wnt receptors, cause Norrie disease and FEVR. Both FEVR and Norrie disease share similar phenotypic characteristics, including abnormal vascularization of the peripheral retina and formation of fibrovascular masses in the eye that can lead to blindness. In this mutation update, we report 21 novel variants for FZD4, LRP5, and NDP, and discuss the putative functional consequences of missense mutations. In addition, we provide a comprehensive overview of all previously published variants in the aforementioned genes and summarize the phenotypic characteristics in mouse models carrying mutations in the orthologous genes. The increasing molecular understanding of Wnt signaling, related to ocular development and blood supply, offers more tools for accurate disease diagnosis that may be important in the development of therapeutic interventions.
Assuntos
Receptores Frizzled/genética , Proteínas Relacionadas a Receptor de LDL/genética , Mutação , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Doenças Retinianas/genética , Vitreorretinopatia Proliferativa/genética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas do Olho/química , Proteínas do Olho/genética , Proteínas do Olho/metabolismo , Saúde da Família , Receptores Frizzled/química , Receptores Frizzled/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas Relacionadas a Receptor de LDL/química , Proteínas Relacionadas a Receptor de LDL/metabolismo , Proteína-5 Relacionada a Receptor de Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/química , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary cause of serious lower respiratory tract illness for which there is still no safe and effective vaccine available. Using reverse genetics, recombinant (r)RSV and an rRSV lacking the G gene (DeltaG) were constructed based on a clinical RSV isolate (strain 98-25147-X). RESULTS: Growth of both recombinant viruses was equivalent to that of wild type virus in Vero cells, but was reduced in human epithelial cells like Hep-2. Replication in cotton rat lungs could not be detected for DeltaG, while rRSV was 100-fold attenuated compared to wild type virus. Upon single dose intranasal administration in cotton rats, both recombinant viruses developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies and conferred comparable long-lasting protection against RSV challenge; protection against replication in the lungs lasted at least 147 days and protection against pulmonary inflammation lasted at least 75 days. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the data indicate that a single dose immunization with the highly attenuated DeltaG as well as the attenuated rRSV conferred long term protection in the cotton rat against subsequent RSV challenge, without inducing vaccine enhanced pathology. Since DeltaG is not likely to revert to a less attenuated phenotype, we plan to evaluate this deletion mutant further and to investigate its potential as a vaccine candidate against RSV infection.