Role of a gitogenin-type steroidal saponin (3-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-ß-d-glucopyranosyl (1→4)-ß-d-galactopyranoside-25R,5α-spirostane-2α,3ß-diol), isolated from the leaves of Malvastrum coromandelianum in regulating thyrotoxicosis in rats.

The hitherto unknown role of saponin in the regulation of thyrotoxicosis has been revealed in chemically-induced thyrotoxic rats. l-T4 (l-thyroxine) administration at pre-standardized dose of 500-µg/kg body weight for 12days increased the levels of thyroid hormones, enhanced the activity of hepatic 5'-monodeiodinase I (5'DI) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6Pase) as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) with a parallel decrease in the levels of antioxidative enzymes. However, administration of the isolated saponin for 15days ameliorated the T4-induced alterations in serum thyroid hormones, hepatic LPO, G-6-Pase and 5'DI activity, and improved the cellular antioxidant status, indicating its antithyroidal and antioxidative potential. These effects of the test compound were comparable to a reference antithyroid drug, Propylthiouracil (PTU), suggesting that the test saponin may act as a potent anti-thyroid agent.

Synergic actions of polyphenols and cyanogens of peanut seed coat (Arachis hypogaea) on cytological, biochemical and functional changes in thyroid.

In animals, long-term feeding with peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed coats causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland. However, to date there have been no detailed studies. Here, we explored the thyroidal effects of dietary peanut seed coats (PSC) in rats. The PSC has high levels of pro-goitrogenic substances including phenolic and other cyanogenic constituents. The PSC was mixed with a standard diet and fed to rats for 30 and 60 days, respectively. Animals fed with the PSC-supplemented diet showed a significant increase in urinary excretion of thiocyanate and iodine, thyroid enlargement, and hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of thyroid follicles. In addition, there was inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity, 5'-deiodinase-I (DIO1) activity, and (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity in the experimental groups of rats as compared to controls. Furthermore, the PSC fed animals exhibited decreased serum circulating total T4 and T3 levels, severe in the group treated for longer duration. These data indicate that PSC could be a novel disruptor of thyroid function, due to synergistic actions of phenolic as well as cyanogenic constituents.

[Determination of the thyreostats in animal muscle tissue by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. / Zastosowanie metody ekstrakcji rozpraszania próbki w fazie stalej (MSPD) do oznaczania tyreostatyków w tkance miesniowej zwierzat metoda chromatografii cieczowej-tandem spektometrii mas.

BACKGROUND: The residues ofthyreostats must not be present in the edible animal tissues. The proposed in the EU minimum required performance limit (MPRL) in the animal tissues is 10 microg/kg. This implies the decision limit (CCalpha) and decision capability (CCbeta) of the analytical methods used for the determination of these compounds lower than 10 microg/kg. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at the development, basing on the literature data and own studies the analytical method allowing for the identification and quantification of five thyreostats: tapazole (TAP), thiouracil (TU), methylotiouracil (MTU), propylothiouracil (PTU) and phenylotiouracil (FTU)) in the bovine muscle tissue, which would meet the criteria set in the Commission Decision No 2002/657/EC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The developed method used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The sample was extracted and cleaned using the matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method. The LC was equipped with column Luna C18 Phenomenex. Dimetylotiouracyl was used as internal standard. The samples were fortified at levels: 5, 10 and 20 microg/kg. The method was validated according to the criteria laid down in Commission Decision No. 2002/657/EC. RESULTS: At the levels, mean relative recoveries was in the range 90 - 109% and repeatability (CV %) was less than 10%. Decision limit (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta) calculated for all thyreostats were below the recommended minimum required performance limit (MRPL) - 10 microg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: The developed and validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method allows for the identification and quantification of five thyreostats in the bovine muscle tissue in the quantities below 10 microg/kg. Analytical procedure meets the criteria of Commission Decision No 2002/657/EC.

Determination of methimazole in urine with the iodine-azide detection system following its separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

The iodine-azide detection system to determine methimazole following its separation by RP-HPLC is described in this paper. The reaction between iodine and azide ions induced by methimazole was applied as a post-column reaction detection system. Neither extraction nor preconcentration of the sample was necessary. The methimazole standards added to normal urine show that the response of the detector, set at 350 nm (corresponding to unreacted iodine in the post-column iodine-azide reaction), was linear within the concentration range 2-10 nmol/mL of urine. The relative standard deviation values for precision and recovery within the calibration range were from 0.3 to 3.2% and from 97 to 102%, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 1 and 2 nmol/mL of urine, respectively. The method was applied to the separation and determination of patient urine samples and the analytical results were satisfactory.

Polyethyleneimine-modified hybrid silica sorbent for hydrophilic solid-phase extraction of thyreostats in animal tissues.

In this work, a novel polyethyleneimine-modified hybrid silica material was developed and utilized as a solid support for hydrophilic solid-phase extraction (HILIC SPE) of thyreostats in animal tissue samples. The effects of critical parameters of extraction, including acetonitrile content, pH, sample loading volume, elution volume, sample loading flow rate and elution flow rate were completely optimized. It was found that the polyethyleneimine-modified hybrid silica sorbent displayed a high adsorption capacity of 15.8 mg/g, and the breakthrough volume was up to 40 mL. The proposed HILIC SPE method provided low detection limits of 0.5-2.2 µg/kg, and excellent recoveries of 93.4-103.1% with relative standard deviations of 3.6-9.6% (n = 3). Importantly, compared with the traditional clean-up methods for determination of thyreostats in complex matrices, the developed HILIC SPE method eliminated drying and redissolving steps. In the further, the proposed HILIC SPE method is expected to be widely applied for the clean-up of small polar and hydrophilic compounds in complex matrices.

Subcritical water extraction of thyreostats from bovine muscle followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Thyreostats can be used fraudulently to promote a rapid increase in weight of breeding animals at low cost. Their severe toxicological effects impose the development of reliable analytical methods to be used in monitoring plans. This work describes an alternative approach to isolate residues of thiouracil, methyl-thiouracil, propyl-thiouracil, phenyl-thiouracil, tapazole and mercaptobenzimidazole from bovine muscle tissue. The developed procedure is based on the following three steps: i) matrix solid-phase dispersion with C18 for the preliminary sample preparation; ii) subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 160°C and 100 bar; iii) clean-up on an Oasis HLB cartridge. The quantitative determination was performed by LC-MS/MS in dual polarity ionization by using internal standardization. The SWE-LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the identification criteria of the Commission decision 2002/657/EC. The relative recoveries ranged from 72 to 97%; within-lab reproducibility was less than 18%. The decision limit and the detection capability of all analytes were below the recommended concentration, set at 10 µg kg-1, but the validation results demonstrated that this method could only be applied for screening of thiouracil and methyl-thiouracil. Besides the analytical advantages related to the use of water as solvent extraction, the procedure allowed significant removal of lipids, whose detrimental effects on instrumentation and MS sensitivity are well-known.

Simultaneous determination of thyreostatic residues in animal tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A method for determination of thyreostatic residues in animal tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion detection mode was developed. Thyreostatic compounds in different matrices were extracted and purified by combination of MSPD and subsequent solid-phase extraction. Silica gel was selected as the solid support of both procedures and the conditions of the procedures were optimized. Thyreostats were derivatized with pentafluorobenzylbromide (PFBBr) in strong basic medium and then with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), which can improve the yields of derivatization for thyreostats, the repeatability, and therefore the limits of detection (LOD) of thyreostats. The limits of detection reached 10 microg/kg (2-thiouracil, 6-methyl-2-thiouracil and 6-propyl-2-thiouracil), 20 microg/kg (6-phenyl-2-thiouracil) and 50 microg/kg (tapazole) with high recoveries (more than 70% for most of thyreostats) and relative standard deviations between 4.5% and 8.7%.

Antithyroid drug detection using an enzyme cascade blocking in a nanoparticle-based lab-on-a-chip system.

A methimazole (MT) biosensor based on a nanocomposite of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrOx NPs) and tyrosinase (Tyr) immobilized onto screen printed electrode (SPE) by using a permanent magnet is presented. This system is evaluated in batch mode via chelating copper at the active site of tyrosinase and in flow mode by thioquinone formation. The MT detection in flow mode is achieved using a hybrid polydimethylsiloxane/polyester amperometric lab-on-a-chip (LOC) microsystem with an integrated SPE. Both systems are very sensitive with low limit of detection (LOD): 0.006 µM and 0.004 µM for batch and flow modes, respectively. Nevertheless, the flow mode has advantages such as its reusability, automation, low sample volume (6 µL), and fast response (20 s). Optimization and validation parameters such as enzyme-substrate amount, flow rate, inhibition conditions, repeatability and reproducibility of the biosensor have been performed. The proposed methods have been applied in MT detection in spiked human serum and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Solubilities of phenazopyridine, propranolol, and methimazole in supercritical carbon dioxide.

The equilibrium solubilities of three drugs (phenazopyridine, propranolol and methimazole) were determined at temperatures ranging from 308 to 348 K and pressures from 122 to 355 bar in supercritical CO2 by a simple and reliable static method. The crossover region was observed for phenazopyridine, propranolol and methimazole at 180 bar. The solubilities were correlated using a semi empirical model. Correlation of the results shows good self-consistency of the data obtained.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with ion trap and triple quadrupole analyzers for determination of thyreostatic drugs in urine and muscle tissue.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed and validated to screen for and confirm residues of the thyreostatic drugs: tapazole, thiouracil, methylthiouracil, propylthiouracil, and phenylthiouracil in bovine and porcine urine and muscle tissues using dimethylthiouracil as internal standard. Thyreostats were extracted from urine samples with diethyl ether after derivatisation with 3-iodobenzylbromide in basic medium (pH 8.0) and analyzed by gradient elution on a Nucleosil C18 column with ion trap mass spectrometry detection using an electrospray source and triple quadrupole MS detection with turbo spray source. Thyreostats were extracted from muscle tissue with methanol, the denaturation of matrix protein was performed and then the same steps as for the urine samples were carried out. The methods were validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Good thyreostats recoveries were obtained (from 82% to 117%) as well as acceptable within-lab reproducibility. The values of the decision limit CCα and the detection capability CCß of five thyreostatic drugs are found to be below the recommended concentration set at 10 µg L(-1) (kg(-1)). The results of the validation demonstrate that liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with ion trap detection does not meet the criteria for confirmation for some thyreostats and therefore was applied for screening purpose only.

Determination of perchlorate in infant formula by isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and selective isotope dilution ion chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID IC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of perchlorate in infant formula. The perchlorate was extracted from infant formula by using 20 ml of methanol and 5 ml of 1% acetic acid. All samples were spiked with (18)O(4) isotope-labelled perchlorate internal standard prior to extraction. After purification on a graphitised carbon solid-phase extraction column, the extracts were injected into an ion chromatography system equipped with an Ionpac AS20 column for separation of perchlorate from other anions. The presence of perchlorate in samples was quantified by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Analysis of both perchlorate and its isotope-labelled internal standard was carried out on a Waters Quattro Ultima triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) negative ionisation mode. The method was validated for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and matrix effects. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.4 µg l(-1) for liquid infant formula and 0.95 µg kg(-1) for powdered infant formula. The recovery ranged from 94% to 110% with an average of 98%. This method was used to analyse 39 infant formula, and perchlorate concentrations ranging from

Analysis of thyreostats: a history of 35 years.

Thyreostatic drugs (TS), illegally administrated to livestock for fattening purposes, are banned in the European Union since 1981 (Council Directive 81/602/EC). This paper reviews the trends in the analytical approaches for the determination of TS drugs in biological matrices. After a brief introduction on the different groups of compounds with a thyreostatic action, the most relevant legislation regarding the residue control of these compounds is presented. An overview of the analytical possibilities for the determination of TS in animal matrices, covering sample extraction, purification, separation techniques and detection methods is provided. Additionally, a brief outline of animal experiments is described that illustrates the excretion and distribution profiles of TS residues. Finally, the novel developments in TS analysis are highlighted. Also the possible semi-endogenous status of thiouracil is discussed.

Thyroid inhibitory, antiperoxidative and hypoglycemic effects of stigmasterol isolated from Butea monosperma.

Stigmasterol, isolated from the bark of Butea monosperma was evaluated for its thyroid hormone and glucose regulatory efficacy in mice. Its administration at 2.6 mg/kg/d for 20 days reduced serum triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxin (T(4)) and glucose concentrations as well as the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phophatase (G-6-Pase) with a concomitant increase in insulin indicating its thyroid inhibiting and hypoglycemic properties. A decrease in the hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) suggested its antioxidative potential. The highest concentration tested (5.2 mg/kg) evoked pro-oxidative activity.

An ultrasensitive method for the determination of thiouracil and phenylthiouracil using capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection.

This paper reports the development of a method based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for the simultaneous determination of thiouracil (TU) and phenylthiouracil (PhTU) with high sensitivity (nanomolar range, i.e., attomoles detected). After derivatization with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein, the analytes were separated by capillary zone electrophoresis using 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 10.0) and quantified by fluorescence detection. The linearity range, precision, recovery, and detection limits were determined, and the method was shown to be applicable for the determination of TU and PhTU in spiked feed samples and urine.