RESUMO
TP53 mutation is one of the most common genetic alterations in urothelial carcinoma (UrCa), and heterogeneity of TP53 mutants leads to heterogeneous clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of specific TP53 mutations in UrCa. In this study, a total of eight cohorts were enrolled, along with matched clinical annotation. TP53 mutations were classified as disruptive and nondisruptive according to the degree of disturbance of p53 protein function and structure. We evaluated the clinical significance of TP53 mutations in our local datasets and publicly available datasets. The co-occurring events of TP53 mutations in UrCa, along with their therapeutic indications, functional effects, and the tumor immune microenvironment, were also investigated. TP53 mutations were identified in 49.7% of the UrCa patients. Within this group, 25.1% of patients carried TP53Disruptive mutations, a genetic alteration correlated with a significantly poorer overall survival (OS) when compared to individuals with TP53Nondisruptive mutations and those with wild-type TP53. Significantly, patients with TP53Disruptive mutations exhibit an increased probability of responding favorably to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and chemoimmunotherapy. Meanwhile, there was no noteworthy distinction in OS among patients with varying TP53 mutation status who underwent chemotherapy. Samples with TP53Disruptive mutations showed an enriched APOBEC- and POLE-related mutational signature, as well as an elevated tumor mutation burden. The sensitivity to immunotherapy in tumors carrying TP53Disruptive mutation may be attributed to the inflamed tumor microenvironment characterized by increased CD8+T cell infiltration and interferon-gamma signaling activation. In conclusion, UrCa patients with TP53Disruptive mutations have shown reduced survival rates, yet they may respond well to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy and chemoimmunotherapy. By distinguishing specific TP53 mutations, we can improve risk stratification and offer personalized genomics-guided therapy to UrCa patients. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1 , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Mutação , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Masculino , Feminino , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are essential for urothelial carcinoma (UC) treatment. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alterations, as common oncogenic drivers in UC, have been reported to drive T cell depletion of UC immune microenvironment via up-regulating FGFR signaling, which indicated FGFR alterations potentially result in reduced response to ICIs. In addition, the selective pan-FGFR inhibitor showed better clinical benefit in clinical trials, indicating FGFR has emerged as critical therapeutic target via inhibiting FGFR signaling. The present study aims to evaluate prognosis and response to ICIs between FGFR-altered UC patients and FGFR-wildtype UC patients via 1963 UC patients and offers new insights into personalized precision therapy and combination therapy for UC.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/antagonistas & inibidores , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Prognóstico , Feminino , Masculino , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologiaRESUMO
The limited response rate of immunotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) might be attributed to additional immunosuppressive mechanisms in vivo. As a promising immune checkpoint target, the expression and prognostic role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in UTUC remains unknown. In this study, the expression and prognostic value of IDO1 was analyzed in 251 patients from 3 independent cohorts. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model was used to construct an IDO1-based immune classifier and external validation was performed to further validate the classifier. RNA sequencing and immunofluorescence were used to explore the immune contexture of different risk groups stratified by classifier. We found that high IDO1 expression on tumor cells (TC) indicated a poorer overall survival and disease-free survival in all cohorts. Patients with high expression of IDO1 TC possessed increased infiltration of CD4+ , CD8+ and Foxp3+ T cells. An immune classifier based on intratumoral CD8+ lymphocytes, IDO1 TC, and stromal PD-L1 expression status was developed, with its area under the curves (AUCs) values for overall survival at 5 y being 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.93) in the discovery cohort, 0.75 (95% CI 0.58-0.92) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.65-0.92) in the internal and external validation cohorts, respectively. The high-risk group stratified by the immune classifier was associated with immunosuppressive contexture, accompanied by enhanced CD8+ T cells exhaustion patterns. Our IDO1-based immune classifier can provide a superior accuracy for survival prediction and lead to individual stratification of UTUC immune subtypes.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/metabolismo , Indolamina-Pirrol 2,3,-Dioxigenase/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Idoso , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/classificação , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica , Modelos Logísticos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/classificação , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologiaRESUMO
Immunotherapy has emerged as a robust clinical strategy for cancer treatment. PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been used as second-line therapy for urothelial carcinoma due to the high tumor mutational burden. Despite the efficacy of the treatment is significant, the response rate is still poor. The tumor immune microenvironment plays a key role in the regulation of immunotherapeutic efficacy. However, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate microenvironment in clinical samples remains unclear. To obtain detailed systematic tumor immune profile, we performed an in-depth immunoassay on 12 human urothelial carcinoma tissue samples and 14 paratumor tissue samples using mass cytometry. Among the large number of cells assayed, we identified 71 T-cell phenotypes, 30 tumor-associated macrophage phenotypes. T cell marker expression profiles showed that almost all T cells in the tumor tissue were in a state of exhaustion. CD38 expression on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) was significantly higher than PDL1, and CD38+ TAMs were closely associated with immunosuppression. CD38 may be a more suitable target for immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma compared to PD1/PDL1. This single-cell analysis of clinical samples expands our insights into the immune microenvironment of urothelial carcinoma and reveals potential biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy development.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Humanos , Linfócitos T , Microambiente Tumoral , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: FGFR3-altered urothelial cancer (UC) correlates with a non-T cell-inflamed phenotype and has therefore been postulated to be less responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Preclinical work suggests FGFR3 signalling may suppress pathways such as interferon signalling that alter immune microenvironment composition. However, correlative studies examining clinical trials have been conflicting as to whether FGFR altered tumours have equivalent response and survival to ICB in patients with metastatic UC. These findings have yet to be validated in real world data, therefore we evaluated clinical outcomes of patients with FGFR3-altered metastatic UC treated with ICB and investigate the underlying immunogenomic mechanisms of response and resistance. METHODS: 103 patients with metastatic UC treated with ICB at a single academic medical center from 2014 to 2018 were identified. Clinical annotation for demographics and cancer outcomes, as well as somatic DNA and RNA sequencing, were performed. Objective response rate to ICB, progression-free survival, and overall survival was compared between patients with FGFR3-alterations and those without. RNA expression, including molecular subtyping and T cell receptor clonality, was also compared between FGFR3-altered and non-altered patients. RESULTS: Our findings from this dataset confirm that FGFR3-altered (n = 17) and wild type (n = 86) bladder cancers are equally responsive to ICB (12 vs 19%, p = 0.73). Moreover, we demonstrate that despite being less inflamed, FGFR3-altered tumours have equivalent T cell receptor (TCR) diversity and that the balance of a CD8 T cell gene expression signature to immune suppressive features is an important determinant of ICB response. CONCLUSIONS: Our work in a real world dataset validates prior observations from clinical trials but also extends this prior work to demonstrate that FGFR3-altered and wild type tumours have equivalent TCR diversity and that the balance of effector T cell to immune suppression signals are an important determinant of ICB response.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/administração & dosagem , Receptor Tipo 3 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: We compared upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) in same-patient metachronous UTUC and synchronous UTUC and BUC using next-generation sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive untreated same-patient samples of UTUC and BUC were macrodissected from unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded slides after quality control. Samples were divided into 4 groups: 1) UTUC-metachronous BUC, 2) BUC-metachronous UTUC, 3) synchronous UTUC-BUC, 4) UTUC without BUC. Exclusions were inadequate clinical data or histological tumor purity <30%. Whole transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed. After quality assessment, gene expression clusters using unsupervised hierarchical consensus clustering and correlation with pertinent clinicopathologic variables, a prior RNASeq data set and other published data were performed. RESULTS: RNAseq was performed on 95 samples (UTUC=61, BUC=34) from 40 untreated patients. Unsupervised consensus clustering segregated the tumors into 2 clusters that were enriched with BASE47 basal-like or luminal-like gene expression. Almost two-thirds (61.9%) of Group 2 tumors were basal-like, while the majority of Groups 1, 3, 4 (80.6%, 70.0% and 69.6%, respectively) were luminal-like (p=0.017). Further analyses revealed that the differences in basal-like and luminal-like gene expression were associated with differential fibroblast and immune cell gene expression signatures. In all, 87.5% of metachronous tumors maintained subtype membership. CONCLUSIONS: Gene expression analysis of same-patient metachronous UTUC-BUC suggests that the majority of mUTUC developing after BUC appear more basal-like, while synchronous and initial UTUC tumors appear luminal-like. Metachronous tumors largely maintain molecular subtype membership of the initial tumor regardless of chronologic development or anatomical origin.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/diagnóstico , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ureterais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Rim/imunologia , Rim/patologia , Rim/cirurgia , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/imunologia , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgia , Masculino , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/genética , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/imunologia , Neoplasias Primárias Múltiplas/cirurgia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/genética , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/imunologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/cirurgia , RNA-Seq , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Ureter/imunologia , Ureter/patologia , Ureter/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ureterais/genética , Neoplasias Ureterais/imunologia , Neoplasias Ureterais/cirurgia , Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Bexiga Urinária/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Radiotherapy (RT), as part of trimodal therapy, is an attractive alternative treatment in patients with urothelial muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). There is accumulating evidence suggesting the immunomodulatory effects of RT and its potential synergy when combined with immunotherapy. The aim of this review was to report on the most recent advances on this combination, including the mechanisms of RT immunomodulation, practical approach to combining RT and immunotherapy, and ongoing clinical trials in bladder cancer. METHODS: Using the PubMed database, we identified articles published between March 2004 and April 2020 on the combination of RT with immunotherapy in localized or metastatic MIBC. A search of the Clinicaltrials.gov and Clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ retrieved ongoing clinical trials on the topic as well. RESULTS: Combination of RT with immunotherapy leads to immunogenic cell death and an increase in immune markers thus leading to improved tumor control. For localized MIBC, there are safety concerns related to the use of concurrent immunotherapy with hypofractionated RT, thus neoadjuvant or adjuvant immunotherapy is preferred. In the metastatic setting, the combination of multi-site RT with SBRT-like doses (≥ 6 Gy per fraction) and concurrent immunotherapy seems most efficacious at harnessing the abscopal effect. At least 25 clinical trials combining immunotherapy and RT in MIBC are currently ongoing and will answer pending questions on safety, efficacy, and practical considerations on RT scheduling, fractionation, and targets volumes. CONCLUSION: RT has the potential to synergize with immunotherapy to improve oncological outcomes in patient with localized or metastatic MIBC. Clinical trials results are eagerly awaited.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/terapia , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/terapia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/radioterapia , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/radioterapiaRESUMO
Aims: To explore the prognostic value of high PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) in urothelial carcinoma (UC). Patients & methods: 162 UC specimens were evaluated for PD-L1 expression on TIIC and TC with the SP263 assay. High PD-L1 expression was defined as ≥25% staining. Results: High PD-L1 expression on TC in UC patients with stage T1-4 disease was associated with poor overall survival. However, high PD-L1 expression on TIIC in UC patients with stage T1-4 disease revealed favorable disease-free and overall survival; more significant differences were observed in patients with stages T2-4. Multivariate analysis revealed that high PD-L1 expression on TIIC was an independent prognostic predictor for better disease-free and overall survival. Conclusion: High PD-L1 expression on TIIC, but not on TC, is a favorable prognostic factor in UC.
Lay abstract Bladder cancer is the tenth most common form of cancer worldwide, and urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer. PD-L1 is a protein that can be expressed on the surface of many tissue types, including tumor cells (TC) and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC). PD-L1 can help the tumor evade the body's natural immune defense system. The expression of PD-L1 not only related to the response of immunotherapy but is also associated with the prognosis in bladder cancer. However, the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression on TC and TIIC remains controversial. This study drew a conclusion that high PD-L1 expression on TIIC, but not on TC, is a favorable prognostic factor in urothelial carcinoma.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Antígeno B7-H1/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Biópsia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Cistectomia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Bexiga Urinária/cirurgia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC), predictive biomarkers that correlate with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are lacking. Here, we interrogated genomic and clinical features associated with response to ICIs in mUC. METHODS: Sixty two mUC patients treated with ICI who had targeted tumour sequencing were studied. We examined associations between candidate biomarkers and clinical benefit (CB, any objective reduction in tumour size) versus no clinical benefit (NCB, no change or objective increase in tumour size). Both univariable and multivariable analyses for associations were conducted. A comparator cohort of 39 mUC patients treated with taxanes was analysed by using the same methodology. RESULTS: Nine clinical and seven genomic factors correlated with clinical outcomes in univariable analysis in the ICI cohort. Among the 16 factors, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥5 (OR = 0.12, 95% CI, 0.01-1.15), visceral metastasis (OR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.01-0.43) and single-nucleotide variant (SNV) count < 10 (OR = 0.04, 95% CI, 0.006-0.27) were identified as independent predictors of NCB to ICI in multivariable analysis (c-statistic = 0.90). None of the 16 variables were associated with clinical benefit in the taxane cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This three-factor model includes genomic (SNV count >9) and clinical (NLR <5, lack of visceral metastasis) variables predictive for benefit to ICI but not taxane therapy for mUC. External validation of these hypothesis-generating results is warranted to enable use in routine clinical care.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Urológicas/genética , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increased expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) by tumor cells is thought to be a mechanism through which solid cancers promote immune tolerance. However, the association between PD-L1 expression and the prognosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unknown. METHODS: We examined immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression and the tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density (TILD) in 79 patients with UTUC who underwent nephroureterectomy. We classified the tumors into four types based on the combination of PD-L1 expression and TILD, and studied the clinicopathological characteristics of these four tumor types. RESULTS: Elevated expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells and a higher TILD were associated with a worse histological grade, higher pT stage, and higher peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Elevated expression of PD-L1 by tumor cells, a higher TILD, and type I, III, or IV tumors with elevated expression of either PD-L1 or TILD showed a positive correlation with poorer differentiation and local invasion. These three variables were associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in univariate analysis, but only the latter was an independent determinant according to multivariate analysis. The patients who had type II tumors with lower PD-L1 expression and a lower TILD showed more favorable survival than the other three groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PD-L1 expression and TILs in the tumor microenvironment influence the progression of UTUC. Accordingly, it is important to understand the immunologic characteristics of the tumor microenvironment to develop more effective treatment strategies for this cancer.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias Ureterais/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Rim/imunologia , Rim/patologia , Rim/cirurgia , Neoplasias Renais/imunologia , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Nefroureterectomia , Prognóstico , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Estudos Retrospectivos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Ureter/imunologia , Ureter/patologia , Ureter/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ureterais/imunologiaRESUMO
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) causes major complications in solid organ transplant recipients but little is known about its role in the development of urothelial carcinoma (UC) during immunosuppression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) screening for polyomavirus large T antigen (LTag) was performed in 94 micropapillary UC (MPUC), 480 unselected UC, 199 muscle invasive UC (including 83 UC with variant differentiation), 76 cases of plasmocytoid, nested and large nested UC and 15 posttransplant UC. LTag expressing UC were reevaluated regarding their histomorphological features and characterized by IHC for p53 and HER2, chromogenic in situ hybridization for HER2 and SNaPshot analysis of the TERT promoter and HRAS. Real-time PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) were performed to search for BKPyV-DNA and for variants in the tumor and viral genomes. We detected five LTag expressing UC which were diagnosed between 2 and 18 years after kidney (n = 4) or heart (n = 1) transplantation. 89 MPUC without history of organ transplantation and overall 755 UC (including cases with variant histology) were LTag negative. Of the five LTag expressing UC, three were MPUC, one showed extensive divergent differentiation with Mullerian type clear cell carcinoma, and one displayed focal villoglandular differentiation. All five tumors had aberrant nuclear p53 expression, 2/5 were HER2-amplified, and 3/5 had TERT promoter mutations. Within the 50 most common cancer related genes altered in UC we detected very few alterations and no TP53 mutations. BKPyV-DNA was present in 5/5 UC, chromosomal integration of the BKPyV genome was detectable in 4/5 UC. Two UC with BKPyV integration showed small deletions in the BKPyV noncoding control region (NCCR). The only UC without detectable BKPyV integration had a high viral load of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Our results suggest that LTag expression of integrated BKPyV genomes and resulting p53 inactivation lead to aggressive high-grade UC with unusual, often micropapillary morphology.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/virologia , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Infecções por Polyomavirus/imunologia , Infecções Tumorais por Vírus/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Antígenos Virais de Tumores/análise , Vírus BK , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , TransplantadosRESUMO
Five new PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC): pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, and avelumab. Although cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the recommended frontline option for cisplatin-eligible patients with metastatic UC, immunotherapy is now an available option in the second-line setting as well as the frontline setting for selected cisplatin-ineligible patients who are either unable to tolerate chemotherapy or PD-L1-positive. This review describes the updated clinical efficacy of these checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of advanced UC and suggests how they can be sequenced in the context of available chemotherapeutic options.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologiaRESUMO
Aim: Standard first-line treatment of advanced urothelial cell carcinoma involves cisplatin-based chemotherapy, with carboplatin or immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) reserved for cisplatin-ineligible individuals. Methods: Using a large de-identified electronic health record-derived database of patients with advanced urothelial cell carcinoma in the USA, we examined trends in utilization of first-line systemic therapies in cisplatin-eligible patients from 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2018. Results: Among 1181 cisplatin-eligible patients, the quarterly proportion who received first-line ICI increased from 1 to 42% (ptrend <0.001), while the proportion who received cisplatin-based chemotherapy decreased from 53 to 33% (ptrend = 0.018). Patients receiving ICI were older than those receiving cisplatin (median age: 75 vs 68). Conclusion: Our analysis suggests rising off-label ICI use in cisplatin-eligible individuals, potentially because of ICI's favorable toxicity profile.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/administração & dosagem , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologiaRESUMO
Safe use of immune checkpoint blockade in patients with cancer and autoimmune disorders requires a better understanding of the pathophysiology of immunologic activation. We describe the immune correlates of reactivation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)-an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis-in a patient with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab. After PD-1 blockade, an inflammatory pulmonary nodule demonstrated a granulomatous, CD4+ T-cell infiltrate, correlating with increased CD4+ and CD8+ naïve memory cells in the peripheral blood without changes in other immune checkpoint receptors. Placed within the context of the existing literature on GPA and disease control, our findings suggest a key role for PD-1 in GPA self-tolerance and that selective strategies for immunotherapy may be needed in patients with certain autoimmune disorders. We further summarize the current literature regarding reactivation of autoimmune disorders in patients undergoing immune checkpoint blockade, as well as potential immunosuppressive strategies to minimize the risks of further vasculitic reactivation upon rechallenge with anti-PD-1 blockade. KEY POINTS: Nonspecific imaging findings in patients with cancer and rheumatological disorders may require biopsy to distinguish underlying pathology.Patients with rheumatologic disorders have increased risk of reactivation with PD-(L)1 immune checkpoint blockade, requiring assessment of disease status before starting treatment.Further study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of treatment regimens in preventing and controlling disease reactivation.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico , Adrenalectomia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Quimiorradioterapia Adjuvante/efeitos adversos , Quimiorradioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Cistectomia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/induzido quimicamente , Granulomatose com Poliangiite/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a/imunologia , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 2a/terapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/imunologia , Nefroureterectomia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Prostatectomia , Exacerbação dos Sintomas , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologiaAssuntos
Antígenos de Superfície , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Imunoconjugados/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/genética , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/metabolismo , Glutamato Carboxipeptidase II/imunologia , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Advanced age and female sex have been associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A reduced immune response has been implicated as a mechanism. The objective of our study was to analyze the expression patterns of various cellular proteins active in bladder cancer immune pathways, and assess the correlation between age, sex, and the expression of these immune markers. METHODS: We obtained surgical tissue samples from equally distributed male/female patients with/without lymph node metastasis who had undergone radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder (n = 50). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD3 (cluster of differentiation), CD4, CD8, CD56, LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene), TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain), PD-1 (programmed death) and PD-L1 molecules was performed and scored by a single pathologist (high versus low). Spearman's correlation and Chi square tests investigated the association between age, sex, and IHC results. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 67 years (range 50-78 years); all patients were Caucasians. The following percent of patients scored high for a stain: 18% CD3, 10% CD4, 0% CD8, 0% CD56, 20% LAG-3, 4% TIM-3, 0% PD-1 and 0% PD-L1. There was no association between patients' age, sex, and the expression of any of the immune markers (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The association between advanced age, female sex, and worse outcomes in bladder cancer may be independent of the immune pathways active in the disease that we examined in this study.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/biossíntese , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Cistectomia/métodos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Músculos/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/cirurgia , Idoso , Antígenos CD/biossíntese , Antígeno B7-H1/biossíntese , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculos/patologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/biossíntese , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors have had a major impact on the management of advanced urothelial cancer. Despite the impact only a minority of patients derive benefit. In this context predictive biomarkers which can assist in patient selection are needed. In this systematic review we surveyed the current biomarkers which have been investigated in clinical studies and their potential for patient selection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched MEDLINE® and EMBASE®, and manually reviewed major meeting abstracts to find studies in humans of immune checkpoint inhibitors given for urothelial cancer that included biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Studies had to provide the correlation between biomarkers and outcomes to be included in analysis. Results published only in abstract form were included since several important biomarker studies have yet to be published. RESULTS: We retrieved 1,236 studies, of which 921 were unique and screened, including 144 which met criteria for full review and 25 were included in the analysis. The manual search yielded 1 additional entry not included in our systematic review for a total of 26 entries. The checkpoint inhibitors used in these studies included atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. The biomarkers tested included PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, molecular subtyping and immune gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing, targeted gene panels for mutations in DNA damage repair genes and estimation of the tumor mutational burden, genomic alterations and the total mutational burden by exome sequencing, analysis of tumor immune infiltrate by immunohistochemistry and T-cell receptor sequencing, and analysis of circulating immune cells and cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: No single biomarker has been able to accurately predict the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Most studies included only a treatment arm and without a comparator arm it is not possible to ascertain whether biomarkers are predictive or merely prognostic. While PD-L1 immunohistochemistry has been largely unsuccessful, other biomarkers reflecting the immunogenicity of the underlying tumor, the characteristics of the immune infiltrate and the properties of the patient immune system have shown promising data. However, all are in need of validation.
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Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores Coestimuladores e Inibidores de Linfócitos T/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Receptores Coestimuladores e Inibidores de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodos , Seleção de Pacientes , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that cancer progression is strongly influenced by the host immune response, which is represented by immune cell infiltrates. The T-lymphocyte-based Immunoscore is reported to be a reliable prognostic factor in colon cancer, but its significance in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is at an early stage of exploration. This study aimed to determine whether the tumor immune infiltrate, as evaluated by the Immunoscore, could act as a useful prognostic marker for UCB patients who have undergone radical cystectomy (RC). METHODS: In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the Immunoscore of 221 UCB patients who underwent RC. The Immunoscore of the patients was determined by the densities of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells at the tumor center and the invasive margin. RESULTS: A highly significant association between a low Immunoscore and a shortened patient survival (P < 0.001, log-rank test) was demonstrated. In different subsets of UCB patients, a low Immunoscore also was a prognostic indicator of pT ≤ 2, pN(-)-status tumors, negative vascular invasion, or both (P < 0.05). Importantly, the Immunoscore together with the patient's pT status provided significant independent prognostic parameters in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation (P = 0.003) of a low Immunoscore with an increased UCB labeling index of Ki-67 (a cell proliferation marker) was observed in this UCB cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the Immunoscore, as examined by immunohistochemistry, might serve as a novel prognostic marker for UCB patients who have undergone RC.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Cistectomia/mortalidade , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/cirurgia , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/cirurgiaRESUMO
AIMS: Lymphocytic infiltrates are predominantly distributed in the tumour stroma, and represents the tumour-related immune response. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic value of stromal lymphocytic infiltrates (SLI) in resectable urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). METHODS AND RESULTS: The prognostic significance of SLI in UCB was assessed in a discovery cohort (n = 226; 60 deaths) and in a validation cohort (n = 417; 103 deaths). SLI was categorised into intense (≥50% SLI) and non-intense (<50% SLI). A multivariable Cox model was used to analyse the associations of SLI score with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival. Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the composition and phenotypes of SLI. The median follow-up times were 58.1 and 64.9 months in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively. SLI was intense in 38.1% of patients in the discovery cohort and in 20.9% of patients in the validation cohort (P < 0.001). SLI score had independent prognostic value for OS [hazard ratio (HR) 2.132; P = 0.016] and disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR 1.952; P = 0.04) in the discovery cohort, which was confirmed in the validation cohort (OS: HR 1.636; P = 0.023; DSS: HR 1.627; P = 0.029). SLI score was positively associated with histological grade, tumour stage and lymph node status in both cohorts. Moreover, in the stroma, SLI displayed a broad spectrum of inhibitory immune cells, by expressing several major immune checkpoint molecules, i.e. programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-ligand 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3. CONCLUSION: Intense pre-existing SLI was validated as a reliable marker of poorer prognosis for survival in UCB patients, which may add to the prognostic significance of the TNM classification.
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Carcinoma de Células de Transição/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/imunologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/mortalidadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: Macrophages are a major cell type that can infiltrate solid tumors and exhibit distinct phenotypes in different tumor microenvironments. This study investigates the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrated CD163+ macrophages in patients with T1 high-grade (T1HG) bladder cancer. METHODS: CD163+ macrophages were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 94 T1HG bladder cancer samples. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazards' regression models were applied to evaluate recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival and disease-specific survival. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 60 months, 37 (39.4%) patients experienced disease recurrence, 14 (14.9%) progression, 11 (11.7%) disease-specific mortality. High CD163+ macrophages were associated with higher risk of disease recurrence and progression (P < 0.05, for both). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, high CD163+ macrophages were a significant negative predictor of recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival and disease-specific survival (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: CD163+ macrophages are a poor prognostic factor in T1HG bladder cancer. This finding provide the ground for further testing it in predicting the outcome of this challenging disease.