Association of Dental Infections with Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis.

INTRODUCTION: Periodontal disease (PD) and dental caries are oral infections leading to tooth loss that are associated with atherosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease. We assessed the hypothesis that PD and caries are associated with asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. METHODS: Full-mouth clinical periodontal measurements (7 indices) collected at 6 sites per tooth from 6,155 subjects from the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (DARIC) without prior stroke were used to differentiate seven PD stages (Periodontal Profile Class [PPC]-I to -VII) and dental caries on coronal dental surface (DS) and dental root surface (DRS). A stratified subset underwent 3D time-of-flight MR angiogram and 3D high isotropic-resolution black blood MRI. ICAS was graded according to the criteria established by the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial. We evaluated the relationship between PD stage and dental caries with asymptomatic ICAS, graded as no ICAS, <50% ICAS, and ≥50% ICAS. RESULTS: Among dentate subjects who underwent vascular imaging, 801 (70%) had no ICAS, 232 (20%) had <50% ICAS, and 112 (10%) had ≥50% ICAS. Compared to participants without gum disease (PPC-I), participants with mild-moderate tooth loss (PPC-VI), severe tooth loss (PPC-VII), and severe PD (PPC-IV) had higher odds of having <50% ICAS. Participants with extensive gingivitis (PPC-V) had significantly higher odds of having ≥50% ICAS. This association remained significant after adjusting for confounding variables: age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, 3-level education, and smoking status. There was no association between dental caries (DS and DRS) and ICAS <50% and ≥50%. CONCLUSION: We report significant associations between mild-moderate tooth loss, severe tooth loss, and severe PD with <50% ICAS as well as an association between extensive gingivitis and ≥50% ICAS. We did not find an association between dental caries and ICAS.

Epidemiology of plaque-induced gingivitis among 12-15-year-old Chinese schoolchildren: A study based on the 2018 case definition.

AIM: To explore the epidemiology of plaque-induced gingivitis and related factors among Chinese adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional survey comprised 118,601 schoolchildren in the 12-15-year age group. Data came from the National Oral Health Survey in mainland China. The field investigation was conducted according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The new 2018 case definition for plaque-induced gingivitis was used. Participants underwent clinical examinations and completed a structured questionnaire. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was performed on all teeth. Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the factors related to the extent of gingivitis. RESULTS: Nearly half of the study population (47.3%) had plaque-induced gingivitis; 23.9% and 23.3% presented with localised and generalised gingivitis, respectively. The first molars were the most affected by BOP. Well-established factors, such as demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, local factors and smoking habits, were significantly associated with the extent of gingivitis. Odds ratios for localised and generalised gingivitis increased with the decrease in frequency of toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: The study population had high plaque-induced gingivitis prevalence. The extent of gingivitis appeared to have a dose-response relationship with the frequency of toothbrushing with a fluoride dentifrice.

Periodontal disease prevalence and oral hygiene status of adults with cystic fibrosis: A case-control study.

AIM: To investigate the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis, and the oral hygiene status of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the Republic of Ireland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study in the form of a clinical examination of 92 adults with a diagnosis of CF was carried out in the adult CF unit in Cork University Hospital. A 40-item questionnaire was used to capture socio-demographic variables and medical and dental information. Two calibrated examiners carried out a periodontal assessment on participants, using the WHO-recommended CPI-modified index, and oral hygiene status was measured using the Greene-Vermillion index. The results were compared with a population-based control group of similar socio-demographic profile. RESULTS: Oral hygiene levels (plaque and calculus) were significantly worse in people with CF, with a median plaque index of 0.83 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.333-1.542) in the CF group compared with 0.5 (IQR 0.167-0.667) in the non-CF group. Calculus index in the CF group was 0.33 (IQR 0.17-0.83) compared with 0.33 (IQR 0.125-0.33) in the non-CF group. However, periodontal disease levels were significantly lower in the CF group. Gingivitis (bleeding on probing ≥ 10% sites) was seen in 67.4% of the CF group, compared with 83.7% of the non-CF group, OR 0.365 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.181-0.736), relative risk (RR) 0.779 (95% CI 0.655-0.928). Mild periodontitis (periodontal probing depth [PPD] < 5 mm) was seen in 15.2% of the CF group, compared with 31.5% of the non-CF group, OR 0.390 (CI 0.190-0.800), RR 0.483 (95% CI 0.273-0.852). Severe periodontitis (PPD ≥ 6 mm) was seen in 0% of the CF group, compared with 9.8% of the non-CF group. There was a tendency, albeit non-significant, towards reduced periodontitis in PWCF who regularly took antibiotics, particularly azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, adults with CF had poor oral hygiene practices, with high levels of plaque and calculus. Despite this finding, adults with CF had lower levels of clinical gingivitis and periodontitis than seen in a non-CF control group. Further study is required to examine the causes of this phenomenon.

Interdental cleaning aids are beneficial for oral health at 7-year follow-up: Results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND).

AIM: To estimate association between the use of interdental cleaning aids (IDAs) and type on 7-year follow-up levels of interdental plaque, interdental gingival inflammation, interdental periodontitis severity, the number of interdental sound surfaces and the number of missing teeth in a population-based cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used 7-year follow-up data of 2224 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND). We applied generalized linear and ordinal logistic models, adjusting for confounding and selection bias using inverse probability treatment weighting and multiple imputation. RESULTS: Flossers were 32% less likely to have higher interdental plaque (iPlaque) levels than non-users of IDAs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50-0.94); flossing resulted in 5% lower means of iPlaque. Effects on interdental bleeding on probing (iBOP), mean interdental probing depths and mean interdental clinical attachment levels were direction-consistent but statistically non-significant. Interdental brushing was associated with lower follow-up levels for interdental plaque (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.93) and iBOP (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53-0.89). IDAs were more effective in reducing iPlaque in participants with periodontitis, whereas iBOP reduction was more pronounced in participants with no or mild periodontitis. The analyses did not suggest that the use of IDAs affected caries. Finally, applying change score analyses, flossing reduced tooth loss incidence (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.71) compared with non-users of IDAs. CONCLUSIONS: Recommending flossing and interdental brushing in dental practices represents an approach to the prevention of gingivitis and consequently periodontitis.

Obesity is related to maternal periodontitis severity in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between obesity and periodontitis staging compared with periodontal healthy or gingivitis in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic, clinical, obstetric, and periodontal variables were studied. The exposure variable was obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30), and the primary outcome was periodontitis staging versus periodontal healthy/gingivitis. Data were analysed and estimated by multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: The present study screened 1086 pregnancies and analysed 972 women with a median age of 29 years; 36.8% were diagnosed as obese. 26.9% of patients were diagnosed as periodontal healthy or gingivitis, 5.5% with stage I periodontitis, 38.6% with stage II periodontitis, 24% with stage III periodontitis, and 5.1% with stage IV periodontitis. After identifying and adjusting for confounding variables (educational level and plaque index), obesity had a relative risk ratio (RRR) of 1.66 (95% CI: 1.05-2.64; p = 0.03) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09-2.27; p = 0.015) for stage III periodontitis compared to periodontal healthy/gingivitis and stage II periodontitis, respectively. CONCLUSION: Besides the already known risk indicators for periodontitis (age, smoking, and educational level), our study suggests a relationship between obesity and periodontitis staging in pregnancy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Obesity can alter host immune responses, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and overactive host immunity, which could influence the prevalence and severity of maternal periodontitis in pregnancy.

The modification of meteorological factors on the relationship between air pollution and periodontal diseases: an exploration based on different interaction strategies.

We aimed to characterize the association between air pollutants exposure and periodontal diseases outpatient visits and to explore the interactions between ambient air pollutants and meteorological factors. The outpatient visits data of several large stomatological and general hospitals in Hefei during 2015-2020 were collected to explore the relationship between daily air pollutants exposure and periodontal diseases by combining Poisson's generalized linear model (GLMs) and distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNMs). Subgroup analysis was performed to identify the vulnerability of different populations to air pollutants exposure. The interaction between air pollutants and meteorological factors was verified in both multiplicative and additive interaction models. An interquartile range (IQR) increased in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration was associated with the greatest lag-specific relative risk (RR) of gingivitis at lag 3 days (RR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.008-1.173). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure also increased the risk of periodontitis at the day of exposure (RR = 1.049, 95% CI 1.004-1.096). Elderly patients with gingivitis and periodontitis were both vulnerable to PM2.5 exposure. The interaction analyses showed that exposure to high levels of NO2 at low temperatures was related to an increased risk of gingivitis, while exposure to high levels of NO2 and PM2.5 may also increase the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis in the high-humidity environment, respectively. This study supported that NO2 and PM2.5 exposure increased the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis outpatient visits, respectively. Besides, the adverse effects of air pollutants exposure on periodontal diseases may vary depending on ambient temperature and humidity.

Clustering of children's oral diseases in families and villages in a rural setting in Egypt.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the clustering of children' caries experience, plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in families and villages in Northwestern Egypt and the factors related to the severity of these conditions. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of a 2019 household survey of children in villages around Alexandria, Egypt. Clinical examination assessed primary and permanent teeth caries experience (dmft/ DMFT using the World Health Organization criteria), plaque accumulation (Plaque Index (PlI)) and gingival inflammation (Gingival Index (GI)). A child questionnaire assessed child's age, sex, the frequency of toothbrushing (at least twice daily versus less) and frequency of consuming eight types of sugary products (daily sugar consumption score, sum of sugary products consumed daily). Mothers' questionnaire assessed the number of children in the family, mother's education (at least high school versus less), at least twice daily toothbrushing and daily sugar consumption similar to the child. Multilevel regression analyses assessed clustering, calculated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the three conditions in families and villages. Regression estimates (B) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of individual and family factors were calculated. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 450 children (246 families, seven villages], mean = 9.9 years-old and 56% females. The mean caries experience score = 3.6, mean plaque index = 1.5 and mean gingival index = 1.2. Caries experience, plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were not clustered in villages (ICC < 0.01) but clustered in families (ICC = 0.10, 0.44 and 0.29). Child factors significantly improved model fit for caries experience and gingivitis (p < 0.001) but not plaque accumulation (p = 0.90). Family factors did not improve any model fit (p > 0.05). Child's age was significantly associated with caries experience (B= -0.48, p < 0.001) and gingival inflammation (B = 0.032, p < 0.001). Children who brushed their teeth twice daily had significantly more caries experience (B = 1.04, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The three oral conditions were not clustered in villages but clustered in families. Plaque accumulation showed the greatest within-family clustering. Family factors were not associated with the three conditions and individual factors indicated the need for interventions to promote preventive behaviors and identify families at risk of oral conditions.

Oral health status and hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Visual impairment affects a significant population globally. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status and oral hygiene practices among visually impaired adolescents from a school in Kenya. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 159 adolescents aged 10-19 years attending the largest public primary boarding school for the blind in Kenya. A questionnaire was used to record participants' socio-demographic variables and oral hygiene practices. Clinical examination was undertaken to assess oral health status which consisted of oral hygiene, gingival health, and dental caries. Bivariate analyses were conducted to compare dental health outcomes across socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: There were 69 (43.4%) and 90 (56.6%) participants in Category I and II visual impairment respectively, 85 (53.5%) were male and 74 (46.5%) were female. Study participants were divided into three age categories: 10-12 years 48 (30.2%), 13-15 years 67 (42.1%), and 16- 19 years 44 (27.7%), with an overall mean age of 13.9 ± 2.3. All participants brushed their teeth, majority 107 (67.3%) brushed two or more times daily. Only 66 (41.5%) of the participants replaced their toothbrushes at 3 months. Sex (p =< 0.001) and age (p = 0.04) influenced frequency of toothbrush replacement. The average plaque score and gingival score index was 0.95 ± 0.45 and 0.28 ± 0.25 respectively, with gingivitis prevalence of 88.1%. Overall dental caries prevalence was 44.7%, [42.1%)] permanent dentition and [8.2%] deciduous dentition. Mean DMFT and dmft were 0.44 ± 0.60 and 0.12 ± 0.32 respectively. DMFT had a statistically significant association with sex (t = 1.82, p = 0.03). Oral hygiene practices did not influence oral hygiene and dental caries status. However, a statistically significant association was reported between frequency of toothbrush replacement and gingival score index ("p" =< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study reported general good oral hygiene, prevalent gingivitis 140 (88.1%), and almost half of the study population affected by dental caries 71 (44.7%). Most participants were unaware of using fluoridated toothpaste and of needing to change toothbrushes within 3 months. Frequency of toothbrush replacement was reported to influence gingival score index.

PREVALENCE OF GINGIVITIS IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD).

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To evaluate and compare the prevalence of gingivitis according to the PMA index in children aged 5 to 6 years in preschool with ASD and without disorders (Kyiv, Ukraine). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Oral assessment was conduct on 69 children with ASD and 23 children without ASD aged 5 to 6 years. To determine the periodontal status it was used the papillary-marginal-alveolar index - PMA (according to Schour, Massler, in the modification of Parma). RESULTS: Results: Children with ASD (18.84%) were 3.7 times less likely to have a clinically healthy periodontium than children without disorders (69.57%). The average PMA index among the main group was 6.8 times higher (15.31 ± 1.49%) than in the control group (2.25. ± 0.73%), but this difference was not statistically confirmed (p> 0.05). The most common pathology of periodontal tissues was chronic catarrhal gingivitis. 49.28% of children in main group with ASD had mild catarrhal gingivitis, while just 30.47% of children in control group without ASD had this pathology. Catarrhal moderate gingivitis was diagnosed in 31.88% of children from main group, symptoms of moderate gingivitis were not detected in the control group without disorders. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: ASD children 5-6 years old may have major risk of developing such periodontal lesions as mild and moderate gingivitis. Further investigations need to be done to clarify prevalence of other oral pathologies in ASD individuals to understand the effect of the disorder on oral health.

Caries experience and gingival health in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus-A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To investigate the oral health of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its associations with diabetes-related and lifestyle factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study at a large tertiary hospital pediatric diabetes clinic. Oral examination determined dental caries experience and gingival health. Secondary outcome measures included salivary characteristics, oral hygiene and dietary practices, and diabetes-related factors. RESULTS: Eighty children and adolescents with T1D participated; mean (SD) age and HbA1c were 13.4(2.6) years and 7.7(0.9)%, respectively. Forty-seven (59%) participants had one or more decayed, missing or filled teeth; 75 (94%) participants had gingivitis. Half (50%) reported ≥3 hypoglycemic episodes necessitating rapid-acting carbohydrate in the previous week. Sixty-two participants (78%) had normal saliva flow, however, 42 (52%) had reduced salivary buffering capacity. Glycemic control (HbA1c ) was not associated with caries experience, gingival health or salivary characteristics. Increased frequency of tooth brushing (OR, 0.11; 95%CI 0.01-0.97, p = 0.05) and interdental flossing (OR, 0.31; 95%CI 0.12-0.81, p = 0.02) were associated with lower caries experience. Interdental flossing (OR, 0.31; 95% CI 0.12-0.80, p = 0.02) and good oral hygiene (OR, 0.06; 95% CI 0.01-0.22, p < 0.001) were associated with less gingivitis. CONCLUSION: Poor oral health is common in children with T1D, regardless of HbA1c. Given potential implications for short- and long-term systemic health, this study demonstrates the need for targeted strategies to improve oral health in children with T1D.

The impact of a needs-oriented dental prophylaxis program on bacteremia after toothbrushing and systemic inflammation in children, adolescents, and young adults with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) still leads to high mortality rates, mainly due to cardiovascular disease. One important influencing factor is persisting low-grade chronic inflammation partly maintained by gingivitis that favors transient bacteremia during daily activities such as toothbrushing. METHODS: To examine whether intensive dental prophylaxis can restore oral health, reduce the prevalence of bacteremia and degree of systemic inflammation indicated by CRP levels, we conducted this pilot study examining 30 CKD patients aged 6-26 years, 15 receiving intensive prophylaxis (IP), 15 receiving treatment as usual (TAU) serving as control group. There were three appointments for examination, each 10 ± 1 weeks apart (at baseline, after intervention periods one and two, when TAU also received IP, and the IP group stopped prophylaxis). RESULTS: The gingival index (GI) in the IP group decreased by 90% (GI 0.09; p=0.001), resulting in almost healthy gingiva. There was no significant change in CRP or prevalence of bacteremia. General prevalence of bacteremia after toothbrushing was 9.5% affecting 7 (26%) of the participants. In three participants, bacteremia dissolved after IP, in one after TAU. Two patients developed bacteremia ≥ 10 weeks after ending IP. We identified eight different bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to show that IP can effectively treat gingivitis. It might be a promising approach to reduce systemic inflammation and subsequently lower premature cardiovascular disease, despite the lack of statistical significance. Future research requires a larger patient cohort to enable matched treatment groups with long-term follow-up and molecular detection methods for bacteremia. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

National survey of periodontal diseases in adolescents and young adults in Morocco.

AIM: National surveys of periodontal diseases in children are rare. This study describes the first national survey of oral health of adolescents attending public schools in Morocco. We report the prevalence and demographic determinants of periodontal diseases, and generate population estimates for this young population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a multi-stage probability sample comprising 14,667 students in 87 schools and 520 classrooms, representative of students attending grades 6-12 (age 12-18 years) in Morocco. The students were interviewed and then examined clinically to assess their periodontal status, which was classified according to the 2017 World Workshop. In addition, the diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) was assessed. RESULTS: Of approximately 3 million students in this age cohort, 12.3% (or approximately 360,894 subjects) had periodontitis and 46.9% (1.4 million) had gingivitis. They comprised 10.8%, 2.9%, and 6.1% subjects with periodontitis stage I, II, and III/IV, respectively; 5.0%, or 148,336 subjects, had AgP. The prevalence rates were not significantly different by gender or urban status. However, the prevalence of AgP was particularly high in certain regions of Morocco. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of staged periodontitis and AgP in this young population is among the highest reported in national surveys worldwide.

Chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Dental and oral anomalies are among the most common long-term side effects of childhood cancer therapy. AIM: To evaluate chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries lesions and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with the ALL IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was designed. Clinical records of 23 paediatric patients with ALL exposed to chemotherapy in the Regional Hospital in Valdivia, Chile, and 46 unexposed patients assessed every 3 months for 24 months were analyzed. The data on gender, age, index of the number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth, and the presence of gingivitis were recorded (Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis, p ≤ .05). RESULTS: A significantly greater frequency of gingivitis (69.57%; p < .002) and a mean of new caries lesions were observed in children treated with chemotherapy than in the unexposed children (p < .01). The chemotherapy protocol presented a relative risk of 2.15 (95% CI = 1.22 - 2.66; p = .01) for new caries lesions and 2.29 (95% CI = 1.76 - 3.82; p = .002) for gingivitis. CONCLUSION: The ALL IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol in patients with ALL is a risk factor for new caries lesions and gingivitis.

Prevalence and correlates of periodontitis among Kenyan women planning to conceive.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Little is known about the burden and risk factors for periodontitis among reproductive age women in sub-Saharan Africa. This analysis aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of periodontitis among Kenyan women planning to conceive. METHODS: HIV-seronegative, reproductive-age women who were planning to conceive were enrolled and underwent a periodontal examination. Following the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical case definitions, the presence and severity of periodontitis was determined by establishing the level of clinical periodontal attachment loss and graded in three categories: no/mild, moderate, and severe. Secondary outcomes included the scores on the Gingival Index and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index. Correlates of periodontitis were examined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 647 women in the study, 84% (n = 541) had no/mild periodontitis, 15% (n = 97) had moderate periodontitis, and 1% (n = 9) had severe periodontitis. Mild gingivitis was present in 61% (n = 396) of women, while 27% (n = 176) had moderate gingivitis, and 1% (n = 9) had severe gingivitis. The majority (75%, n = 487) of women had a DMFT index in the very low range (score < 5). Periodontitis was observed in 12% (12/101) of nulliparous women compared to 13% (36/286) of women with one prior delivery (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.57-1.96), 21% (36/170) of women with two prior deliveries (PR 1.78, 95% CI 0.97-3.26), and 24% (22/90) of women with 3 or more prior deliveries (PR 2.06, 95% CI 1.08-3.92). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a substantial prevalence of moderate-severe periodontitis among women planning to conceive in Kenya. These results highlight the need to address the oral care needs of reproductive age women, particularly those with multiple prior pregnancies.

Risk indicators for dental caries, and gingivitis among 6-11-year-old children in Nigeria: a household-based survey.

BACKGROUND: There is little is known about the factors associated with caries experience and gingivitis among 6-11-year-old children in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and preventive oral health behaviors associated with caries and gingivitis among 6-11-year-old children in Nigeria. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The dependent variables were caries and gingivitis. The dmft/DMFT index was used to assess dental caries experience (present or absent) and caries severity. The gingival index was used to assess the prevalence (present or absent) and severity of gingivitis (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis). The independent variables were preventive oral health behaviors (frequency of daily tooth brushing, frequency of consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and use of dental floss, history of dental service utilization). A series of logistic regression analysis models were constructed to determine the associations between the dependent and independent variables after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, and socioeconomic status). RESULTS: There were 69 (5.2%) children with caries. The mean (standard deviation) dmft was 0.08 (0.457) and the mean DMFT was 0.02 (0.159). There were 839 (63.3%) children with gingivitis with a mean (SD) gingival index score of 0.503 (0.453). Children who seldom or never used fluoride toothpaste had significantly higher odds of developing moderate to severe gingivitis (AOR; 1.671; 95% CI: 1.003-2.786; p = 0.049). Children with middle socio-economic status had significantly lower odds of developing moderate to severe gingivitis (AOR: 0.573; 95%CI: 0.330-0.994; p = 0.048). There were no risk indicators identified for caries. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dental caries was low while the prevalence of gingivitis was high in the study population. The daily used of fluoridated toothpaste seem to reduce the risk for moderate/severe gingivitis. Further studies are needed to understand these findings.

The prevalence of gingivitis and related risk factors in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years old.

BACKGROUND: According to epidemiological studies, gingivitis is a common disease. However, its morbidity, considerably varies among individual. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of gingivitis, including prevalence, severity, intraoral distribution, and associated risk factors, in children aged 6-12 years in Jinzhou, China. METHODS: A multistage, whole-group, randomized sample of 2880 children aged 6-12 years in Jinzhou City, China, was selected and clinically examined. Each selected child completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic factors and oral health behaviors in cooperation with the investigator and teacher. Gingival bleeding refers to the bleeding of 10% or more teeth under the condition of ingivitis. Gingivitis was further categorized into localized gingivitis (30% ≥ number of teeth positive for gingival bleeding ≥ 10%) and generalized gingivitis (number of positive for gingival bleeding > 30%). The score of gingival bleeding was recorded using the Gingival Index. RESULTS: The prevalence of gingivitis in children aged 6-12 years in Jinzhou was 28.58%, including 701 cases of localized gingivitis (24.3%) and 122 cases of generalized gingivitis (4.2%). There were 429 cases (28.3%) of gingivitis in males and 394 cases (28.9%) in females, with no statistically significant difference in prevalence between males and females (P > 0.05). Chi-square tests and binary logistic regression analysis showed that aging, dental calculus, plaque, and dental crowding were significantly associated with a high prevalence of gingivitis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that dental calculus, large amount dental plaque, poor oral health behavior, and oral health awareness are associated with the prevalence of gingivitis and maintaining children's oral health requires professional guidance and regular preventive care.

Dental Caries, Traumatic Dental Injuries and Gingivitis among Street-Children in Kano, Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Street-children (Almajirai) constitute a significant proportion of the adolescent population in northern Nigeria. They face health challenges, especially oral health, from being inadequately protected, supervised or directed by responsible adults. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries, dental trauma, gingivitis and oral hygiene scores in street-children. METHODOLOGY: Three hundred and sixty-six school-aged children were selected through a multi-stage sampling of 10 to 12-year-old children from four modern and traditional qur'anic schools, and examined for oral conditions using the WHO protocol. The DMFT index, the modified Ellis criteria, the Gingival Bleeding Index and the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) were used to assess dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, gingivitis and oral hygiene scores respectively. Chi-squared tests and Odds Ratio were used to compare the difference and test the association between Almajirai groups. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty eight (45.9%) traditional Almajirai and 198 (59.4%) modern-type Almajirai, participated in the study. Their mean age was 10.8(±0.8) years. The prevalence of dental caries was 25.4% with mean DMFT and SiC scores of 0.6 (±1.3) and 1.7 respectively. DMFT scores ranged from 0 to 12. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries and gingivitis were 8.7% and 82.2% respectively, while the OHI-S score was 3.0. The odds for traumatic dental injuries were 41% less in the modern-type Almajirai (p=0.02); the modern-type Almajirai were twice as likely to develop gingivitis (aOR 95%CI =2.0, p=0.01). OHI-S scores showed poorer oral hygiene levels in the modern Almajirai (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, gingivitis and poor oral hygiene were prevalent among street-children in Kano. There is a high level of untreated dental disease in the study population.

CONTEXTE: Les enfants des rues constituent une proportion importante de la population adolescente du nord du Nigeria. Ils sont confrontés à des problèmes de santé, notamment de santé bucco-dentaire, du fait qu'ils ne sont pas suffisamment protégés, supervisés ou dirigés par des adultes responsables. OBJECTIFS: L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence des caries dentaires, des traumatismes dentaires, de la gingivite et des scores d'hygiène buccale chez les enfants des rues. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Trois cent soixante-six enfants d'âge scolaire ont été sélectionnés par un échantillonnage à plusieurs degrés d'enfants de 10 à 12 ans dans quatre écoles qur'aniques modernes et traditionnelles, et ont été examinés pour les conditions bucco-dentaires en utilisant le protocole de l'OMS. L'indice CAOD, les critères d'Ellis modifiés, l'indice de saignement gingival et l'indice d'hygiène buccale simplifié (IOB-S) ont été utilisés pour évaluer les caries dentaires, les lésions dentaires traumatiques, la gingivite et les scores d'hygiène buccale, respectivement. Les tests du chi carré et l'Odds Ratio ont été utilisés pour comparer les différences et tester l'association entre les groupes Almajirai. L'analyse des données a été réalisée à l'aide du progiciel statistique pour les sciences sociales (SPSS version 20). La signification statistique a été considérée lorsque p < 0,05. RÉSULTATS: Cent soixante-huit (45,9%) Almajirai traditionnels et 198 (59,4%) Almajirai de type moderne ont participé à l'étude. Leur âge moyen était de 10,8 (±0,8) ans. La prévalence de la carie dentaire était de 25,4 % avec des scores moyens de CAOD et de SiC de 0,6 (±1,3) et 1,7 respectivement. Les scores CAOD variaient de 0 à 12. La prévalence des lésions dentaires traumatiques et de la gingivite était de 8,7 % et 82,2 % respectivement, tandis que le score OHI-S était de 3,0. Les risques de lésions dentaires traumatiques étaient 41 % moins élevés chez les Almajirai de type moderne (p=0,02) ; les Almajirai de type moderne étaient deux fois plus susceptibles de développer une gingivite (aOR 95%CI =2,0, p=0,01). Les scores OHI-S ont montré des niveaux d'hygiène buccale plus faibles chez les Almajirai de type moderne (p=0,02). CONCLUSION: Les caries dentaires, les lésions dentaires traumatiques, les gingivites et une mauvaise hygiène bucco-dentaire étaient prévalentes chez les enfants des rues de Kano. Il existe un niveau élevé de maladies dentaires non traitées dans la population étudiée. Mots clés: Caries, enfants des rues, Almajirai, Adolescents, Hygiène buccale, Gingivite.

THE IMPACT OF THE DIABETES ON ORAL HEALTH - AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To evaluate the impact of diabetes mellitus on the oral health. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: This is an observational study. In the present research were taken into consideration 300 patients. The study sample consisted of 191 males, respectively (63.7%) of them and 109 females (36.3%) of the participants. RESULTS: Results: In the current study, we analyzed the oral health of diabetic patients within the age class of 11-80 years. We divided them into seven age groups: 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and 71-80 years. Based on the results of the current study it was observed that 83.7% of patients were affected by gingivitis. The results of our study show that dental caries prevalence was 68.7 % and the prevalence of missing teeth among patients with diabetes mellitus was 78.7%. According to the ANOVA test, high blood sugar values had a direct impact on the manifestation of gingivitis and there it was a strong correlation between them P-value = .000. Males with diabetes mellitus were more affected by dental caries and this was indicated by the P-value= .02, in comparison to females who recorded a P-value = .03. The relation between gender males and missing teeth was highly significant P-value = .001. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The present study proved that diabetes mellitus is risk factor for oral health. The authors studied this group of patients exposed to high blood glucose levels and found out that oral diseases were high in these patients.

[Assessment of changes in the parameters of the quality of life of children aged 14-15 years with chronic catarrhal gingivitis after a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures]. / Otsenka izmenenii parametrov kachestva zhizni detei 14­15 let s khronicheskim kataral'nym gingivitom posle realizatsii kompleksa lechebno-profilakticheskikh meropriyatii.

THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To assess changes in the parameters of the quality of life of children aged 14-15 years with chronic catarrhal gingivitis after the implementation of a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study involved 2 groups of children aged 14-15 years: group 1 - 60 children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis, group 2 - 60 children without signs of periodontal tissue damage. In 1 group of children, a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures was carried out for a month. A CPQ questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life of children. The survey of children of group 1 was conducted before and 1 month after the complex of therapeutic and preventive measures. Children of group 2 were interviewed once at the initial examination. RESULTS: The worst indicators of quality of life were revealed in children aged 14-15 years with chronic catarrhal gingivitis compared with a group of healthy children. The most pronounced effect of periodontal diseases was noted on the sections of the questionnaire devoted to physical discomfort in the oral cavity, functional disorders, and emotional well-being. After carrying out a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures for 1 month, there was an improvement in the quality of life in general and its individual components. At the same time, the scores of answers to most of the questionnaire questions decreased to the level of indicators in healthy children.

ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS FOR MAJOR DENTAL DISEASES IN THE STUDENT POPULATION.

Nowadays, the reduction of widespread dental diseases (caries and periodontitis) is still crucial and appears to be both a medical and social concern. The aim of this study was an investigation of dental health status, determination of leading risk factors, and determination of preventive measures among the students of the Adjara region. Clinical studies were conducted on 392 students aged 18-25 years. The methodology provided by WHO was used to determine the epidemiological data on the prevalence of dental caries. The BOP (Bleeding on probing) method was used to determine the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Oral hygiene status was assessed by OHI-S (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index). A survey of students was conducted to determine the impact of various factors. In the study group, caries prevalence equaled 97.04%, the intensity was 5.68±0.21, gingivitis prevalence was 75.4%, and oral hygiene condition was 1.9±0.06. Hygienic condition is correlated with caries and periodontal diseases (p<0.05). A statistically reliable relationship was revealed with hygiene knowledge, nutritional factors, etc. It is necessary to improve treatment and prevention measures among students and adolescents in the region through the implementation of social programs and sanitary educational measures.