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1.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(33): 16268-16273, 2019 08 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31363051

RESUMO

We study the connection between personal and professional behavior by introducing usage of a marital infidelity website as a measure of personal conduct. Police officers and financial advisors who use the infidelity website are significantly more likely to engage in professional misconduct. Results are similar for US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) defendants accused of white-collar crimes, and companies with chief executive officers (CEOs) or chief financial officers (CFOs) who use the website are more than twice as likely to engage in corporate misconduct. The relation is not explained by a wide range of regional, firm, executive, and cultural variables. These findings suggest that personal and workplace behavior are closely related.


Assuntos
Conta Bancária/ética , Crime/psicologia , Casamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Polícia/psicologia , Adulto , Crime/ética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Casamento/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polícia/ética
2.
PLoS Biol ; 16(10): e2006906, 2018 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30278047

RESUMO

On April 24, 2018, a suspect in California's notorious Golden State Killer cases was arrested after decades of eluding the police. Using a novel forensic approach, investigators identified the suspect by first identifying his relatives using a free, online genetic database populated by individuals researching their family trees. In the wake of the case, media outlets reported privacy concerns with police access to personal genetic data generated by or shared with genealogy services. Recent data from 1,587 survey respondents, however, provide preliminary reason to question whether such concerns have been overstated. Still, limitations on police access to genetic genealogy databases in particular may be desirable for reasons other than current public demand for them.


Assuntos
Criminosos , Genética Forense/métodos , Genealogia e Heráldica , Polícia , Adolescente , Adulto , California , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/ética , Bases de Dados de Ácidos Nucleicos/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Genética Forense/ética , Genética Forense/legislação & jurisprudência , Privacidade Genética/ética , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem , Polícia/ética , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
6.
J Med Internet Res ; 22(10): e22574, 2020 10 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33084578

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The death of George Floyd while in police custody has resurfaced serious questions about police conduct that result in the deaths of unarmed persons. OBJECTIVE: Data-driven strategies that identify and prioritize the public's needs may engender a public health response to improve policing. We assessed how internet searches indicative of interest in police reform changed after Mr Floyd's death. METHODS: We monitored daily Google searches (per 10 million total searches) that included the terms "police" and "reform(s)" (eg, "reform the police," "best police reforms," etc) originating from the United States between January 1, 2010, through July 5, 2020. We also monitored searches containing the term "police" with "training," "union(s)," "militarization," or "immunity" as markers of interest in the corresponding reform topics. RESULTS: The 41 days following Mr Floyd's death corresponded with the greatest number of police "reform(s)" searches ever recorded, with 1,350,000 total searches nationally. Searches increased significantly in all 50 states and Washington DC. By reform topic, nationally there were 1,220,000 total searches for "police" and "union(s)"; 820,000 for "training"; 360,000 for "immunity"; and 72,000 for "militarization." In terms of searches for all policy topics by state, 33 states searched the most for "training," 16 for "union(s)," and 2 for "immunity." States typically in the southeast had fewer queries related to any police reform topic than other states. States that had a greater percentage of votes for President Donald Trump during the 2016 election searched more often for police "union(s)" while states favoring Secretary Hillary Clinton searched more for police "training." CONCLUSIONS: The United States is at a historical juncture, with record interest in topics related to police reform with variability in search terms across states. Policy makers can respond to searches by considering the policies their constituencies are searching for online, notably police training and unions. Public health leaders can respond by engaging in the subject of policing and advocating for evidence-based policy reforms.


Assuntos
Mineração de Dados/métodos , Polícia/ética , Saúde Pública/métodos , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Estados Unidos
7.
J Med Internet Res ; 22(12): e23725, 2020 12 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33361056

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The New South Wales Police Force (NSWPF) records details of significant numbers of domestic violence (DV) events they attend each year as both structured quantitative data and unstructured free text. Accessing information contained in the free text such as the victim's and persons of interest (POI's) mental health status could be useful in the better management of DV events attended by the police and thus improve health, justice, and social outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to present the prevalence of extracted mental illness mentions for POIs and victims in police-recorded DV events. METHODS: We applied a knowledge-driven text mining method to recognize mental illness mentions for victims and POIs from police-recorded DV events. RESULTS: In 416,441 police-recorded DV events with single POIs and single victims, we identified 64,587 events (15.51%) with at least one mental illness mention versus 4295 (1.03%) recorded in the structured fixed fields. Two-thirds (67,582/85,880, 78.69%) of mental illnesses were associated with POIs versus 21.30% (18,298/85,880) with victims; depression was the most common condition in both victims (2822/12,589, 22.42%) and POIs (7496/39,269, 19.01%). Mental illnesses were most common among POIs aged 0-14 years (623/1612, 38.65%) and in victims aged over 65 years (1227/22,873, 5.36%). CONCLUSIONS: A wealth of mental illness information exists within police-recorded DV events that can be extracted using text mining. The results showed mood-related illnesses were the most common in both victims and POIs. Further investigation is required to determine the reliability of the mental illness mentions against sources of diagnostic information.


Assuntos
Mineração de Dados/métodos , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Polícia/ética , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem
8.
Law Hum Behav ; 43(3): 290-305, 2019 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31120277

RESUMO

In modern societies, citizens cede the legitimate use of violence to law enforcement agents who act on their behalf. However, little is known about the extent to which lay evaluations of forceful actions align with or diverge from official use-of-force policies and heuristics that officers use to choose appropriate levels of responsive force. Moreover, it is impossible to accurately compare official policies and lay intuitions without first measuring the perceived severity of a set of representative actions. To map these psychometric scale values precisely, we presented participants (N = 411 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, N = 395 undergraduates) with minimal vignettes describing officer and civilian actions that span the entire range of force options (from polite dialogue to lethal force), and asked them to rate physical magnitude and moral appropriateness. We used Bayesian methods to model the ratings as functions of simultaneously estimated scale values of the actions. Results indicated that the perceived severity of actions across all physical but nonlethal categories clustered tightly together, while actions at the extreme levels were relatively spread out. Moreover, less normative officer actions were perceived as especially morally severe. Broadly, our findings reveal divergence between lay perceptions of force severity and official law enforcement policies, and they imply that the groundwork for disagreement about the legitimacy of police and civilian actions may be partially rooted in the differential way that action severity is perceived by law enforcement relative to civilian observers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Coerção , Aplicação da Lei/métodos , Polícia/ética , Políticas de Controle Social/ética , Adulto , Atitude , Crime/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Princípios Morais , Psicometria , Opinião Pública , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos
9.
Harm Reduct J ; 15(1): 54, 2018 11 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30400951

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Estonia continues to have the highest prevalence of HIV among people who inject drugs, and the highest overdose mortality, in the European Union. In August 2017, the Eurasian Harm Reduction Association (EHRA), the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (CHALN), and the Estonian Association of People Who Use Psychotropic Substances (LUNEST) conducted a study in Estonia to assess the situation regarding the human rights of women who use drugs and/or living with HIV. METHODS: The research methodology, developed by EHRA and CHALN, comprised in-depth interviews with 38 drug-dependent women conducted between August 8 and 14, 2017, in Tallinn and Ida-Viru county. The interviews were transcribed, and 37 were analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The study has documented widespread violations of parental rights (removal of children because of their mother's inability to cease drug use and barriers to regaining custody), violations of the right to health (the failure to provide quality drug and HIV treatment, and the disclosure of medical data, including HIV status and opioid substitution treatment (OST) records), the violation of labor rights due to drug use, arbitrary arrest, street drug testing, and violations of the right to a fair trial. A number of women have experienced repeated cases of gender-based violence but have had no access to psychosocial support, shelters, or other protection or rehabilitation measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that punitive drug laws and their enforcement practices, the lack of gender-specific drug treatment facilities, combined with stigma related to drugs and HIV, are the main drivers of systematic and serious violations of the human rights of women who use drugs or who are drug dependent. Stigma and human rights violations undermine Estonia's efforts in HIV prevention, care, and treatment, and its overall efforts to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health of women who use drugs or who are drug dependent. For these reasons, the Government of Estonia should address a variety of issues related to the protection of human rights of this vulnerable population group.


Assuntos
Violação de Direitos Humanos/ética , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Direitos da Mulher/ética , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Estônia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Violação de Direitos Humanos/etnologia , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pais , Polícia/ética , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações
10.
Am J Public Health ; 107(5): 662-665, 2017 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28323470

RESUMO

We investigated links between police brutality and poor health outcomes among Blacks and identified five intersecting pathways: (1) fatal injuries that increase population-specific mortality rates; (2) adverse physiological responses that increase morbidity; (3) racist public reactions that cause stress; (4) arrests, incarcerations, and legal, medical, and funeral bills that cause financial strain; and (5) integrated oppressive structures that cause systematic disempowerment. Public health scholars should champion efforts to implement surveillance of police brutality and press funders to support research to understand the experiences of people faced with police brutality. We must ask whether our own research, teaching, and service are intentionally antiracist and challenge the institutions we work in to ask the same. To reduce racial health inequities, public health scholars must rigorously explore the relationship between police brutality and health, and advocate policies that address racist oppression.


Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Polícia/ética , Polícia/psicologia , Saúde Pública , Racismo , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Homicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Aplicação da Lei , Masculino , Opinião Pública , Condições Sociais , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Gravação em Vídeo , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia
12.
Cult Med Psychiatry ; 40(2): 198-222, 2016 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26246184

RESUMO

During the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, volunteering health professionals provided on-site medical assistance to protesters faced with police violence characterized by the extensive use of riot control agents. This led to a government crackdown on the medical community and the criminalization of "unauthorized" first aid amidst international criticisms over violations of medical neutrality. Drawing from ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews with health care professionals, and archival research, this article ethnographically analyzes the polarized encounter between the Turkish government and medical professionals aligned with social protest. I demonstrate how the context of "atmospheric violence"-the extensive use of riot control agents like tear gas-brings about new politico-ethical spaces and dilemmas for healthcare professionals. I then analyze how Turkish health professionals framed their provision of health services to protestors in the language of medical humanitarianism, and how the state dismissed their claims to humanitarian neutrality by criminalizing emergency care. Exploring the vexed role that health workers and medical organizations played in the Gezi protests and the consequent political contestations over doctors' ethical, professional, and political responsibilities, this article examines challenges to medical humanitarianism and neutrality at times of social protest in and beyond the Middle East.


Assuntos
Pessoal de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Socorro em Desastres/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoal de Saúde/ética , Humanos , Polícia/ética , Socorro em Desastres/ética , Turquia , Violência/ética
14.
Med J Aust ; 200(6): 348-51, 2014 Apr 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24702097

RESUMO

Police have, historically, been the first point of contact for people experiencing a mental health crisis in the Australian community. Changes in the NSW Mental Health Act 2007 extended the powers and responsibilities for involuntary transport to paramedics and accredited mental health practitioners. The Mental Health Act also allows for police assistance to other agencies during transport of people living with mental illness if there are serious safety concerns. Involuntary intervention for people living with mental illness is based on risk-of-serious-harm criteria under the Mental Health Act, implying serious deterioration before the Act may be invoked. At the point of risk of serious harm, police involvement may be more frequently required according to the acuity of the situation. If the legal basis of non-consensual treatment under the Mental Health Act was lack of capacity, it would provide a more comprehensive legal and ethical basis for early intervention. Police contact is intensified in rural and remote regions, particularly after hours, where crisis assessments and intervention by health services are further stretched. Further reducing police involvement using strategies that increase access to consensual pathways of care for people living with mental illness, particularly for people in regional and remote areas, is desirable but not likely in the foreseeable future.


Assuntos
Intervenção em Crise/legislação & jurisprudência , Competência Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Polícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Transporte de Pacientes/legislação & jurisprudência , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/legislação & jurisprudência , Intervenção em Crise/ética , Intervenção em Crise/métodos , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , New South Wales , Polícia/ética , Transporte de Pacientes/ética , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/ética , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento/psicologia
15.
J Med Ethics ; 38(11): 669-71, 2012 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22518048
16.
Prehosp Disaster Med ; 27(6): 583-8, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22985714

RESUMO

Tactical emergency medical services (TEMS) bring immediate medical support to the inner perimeter of special weapons and tactics team activations. While initially envisioned as a role for an individual dually trained as a police officer and paramedic, TEMS is increasingly undertaken by physicians and paramedics who are not police officers. This report explores the ethical underpinnings of embedding a surgeon within a military or civilian tactical team with regard to identity, ethically acceptable actions, triage, responsibility set, training, certification, and potential future refinements of the role of the tactical police surgeon.


Assuntos
Cirurgia Geral/ética , Medicina Militar/ética , Papel do Médico , Polícia/ética , Tomada de Decisões , Auxiliares de Emergência/ética , Humanos , Militares , Triagem
18.
J Med Ethics ; 36(2): 103-5, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20133405

RESUMO

To investigate how bereaved families felt about the explanation received before and after forensic autopsies, the authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of the bereaved families whose next of kin underwent a forensic autopsy at the two Departments of Forensic Medicine and a few bereaved families of crime victims. Of 403 questionnaires sent, 126 families responded. Among 81.5% of the respondents who received an explanation from policemen before the autopsy, 78.8% felt that the quality of the explanation was poor or improper. In Japan, the law has restricted disclosure of information from a forensic autopsy. Despite legal restrictions, 82% wanted to hear from the person who conducted the autopsy. However, police explained the results of autopsy to 65.2% of respondents. Among the families whose frustration and anger increased after autopsy, 86.4% had not been satisfied with the explanation before the autopsy. Additionally, 57.7% had not been informed on the autopsy findings at the time of the questionnaire when more than 2 years had passed after the autopsy. These results reminded us of the importance of an explanation before and shortly after a forensic autopsy for a better understanding and acceptance by bereaved families.


Assuntos
Autopsia/ética , Luto , Família/psicologia , Relações Profissional-Família/ética , Adulto , Idoso , Autopsia/psicologia , Barreiras de Comunicação , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Patologia Legal/ética , Humanos , Japão , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polícia/ética , Inquéritos e Questionários
19.
Behav Sci Law ; 27(3): 333-60, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19405020

RESUMO

During interrogations, police may use false-evidence ploys or fabricated claims to convince suspects to confess. Mock jurors read trial materials containing interrogation transcripts with or without a false-evidence ploy and one of two expert witness conditions (present or absent). We examined jurors' verdicts, recommended sentences, and perceptions of the interrogation. Although factual evidence and the defendant's confession remained constant across conditions, false-evidence ploys led to fewer convictions and shorter sentences. Jurors also perceived interrogations with ploys as more deceptive and coercive. Expert testimony reduced convictions and increased interrogation deception and coercion ratings. Across ploy types, participants rated demeanor ploys as less deceptive and recommended longer sentences for confessors. Outcomes reveal important, previously unrecognized consequences of false-evidence ploys.


Assuntos
Enganação , Prova Pericial/legislação & jurisprudência , Revelação da Verdade , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção , Polícia/ética , Inquéritos e Questionários
20.
Clin Lab Sci ; 21(2): 122-3, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18507311

RESUMO

A woman is murdered in a small town. At autopsy, the pathologist notes the woman had engaged in sexual relations shortly before her murder. The police department determines the male partner should be considered a person of interest in their investigation. They begin a canvas of the town, asking every male to voluntarily consent to a DNA test. Men refusing to provide the specimen will be publicly listed as potential suspects and perhaps arrested. All 1500 men in the town provide a specimen and none is identified as the sex partner. The DNA results are entered into the FBI's database and made available to every law enforcement agency in the country.


Assuntos
Coerção , Ética , Genética Forense/ética , Privacidade Genética/ética , Polícia/ética , Feminino , Privacidade Genética/legislação & jurisprudência , Homicídio , Humanos , Masculino
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