Nursemaid's elbow: Radial head subluxation injuries in children.

ABSTRACT: Radial head subluxation, or nursemaid's elbow, is a common orthopedic complaint in children and often is the result of a pulling injury to the affected arm. Although this injury largely is a clinical diagnosis, different imaging modalities may be used to identify it and confirm successful reduction. Multiple manipulative techniques can be used to treat this injury and methods are generally specific to clinician preference. This article reviews the causes, evaluation, and management of radial head subluxation.

Managing the Intra-articular Distal Radius Malunion.

Intra-articular malunion of the distal radius represents a difficult clinical problem. While not all patients require treatment, corrective osteotomy may significantly improve motion, grip strength, and patient-reported outcome measures. Meticulous planning and technical precision are required with the possible need for multiple surgical approaches and both volar and dorsal implants. Arthroscopic assistance may be used to visualize the joint and articular reduction. Custom 3-dimensional planning guides are helpful in addressing complex multiplanar deformities. Regardless, intervention may not change the natural history of these injuries and post-traumatic arthritis is to be expected.

Does simultaneous comminuted fracture of both radial ends represent a distinct fracture pattern?

BACKGROUND: Although isolated distal radius and radial head fractures are common injuries, simultaneous ipsilateral fractures are uncommon. They can range from simple undisplaced fractures at either end to severely comminuted ipsilateral proximal and distal radial fractures. Few cases have been reported with concomitant comminuted distal radius and radial head fractures, and no treatment guidelines are available. Decisions are often based on personal recommendations. The purpose of our study is to increase awareness of this injury pattern and to discuss the mechanism of injury, treatment approach, and functional outcome. METHODS: Skeletally mature patients with comminuted simultaneous ipsilateral fractures of the distal and proximal radius from 2016 to 2021 were identified and studied retrospectively. Demographic information, mechanism of injury, treatment approach, and complication rate were analyzed. Radiographic assessment for inadequacy or loss of reduction and radiographic parameters of the distal radius, including radial inclination, radial length, and palmar inclination, was performed immediately postoperatively and at the final follow-up. Clinical outcomes were determined by calculating the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, measuring the range of motion in both joints, and using the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score at the final follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 11 patients met the inclusion criteria. All had ipsilateral Mason III radial head fractures and type C (according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classification) intra-articular distal radius fracture. On-table radial head reconstruction and fixation with a proximal radius plate were used for radial head fractures, and osteosynthesis with an anatomic volar locking plate was used for distal radius fractures. The mean follow-up duration was 32 months (range 12-65 months). At the final follow-up, osseous union of both the radial head and distal radius was observed in all patients. The mean VAS score was 1.5 (range 0-7) at rest and 3.9 (range 0-9) with activities, while the mean QuickDASH score was 32 (range 12-65). No significant complications were recorded. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous comminuted fractures of the ipsilateral distal radius and radial head represent a distinct injury pattern, most likely resulting from high-energy trauma, such as falling from a height onto an outstretched hand. Greater emphasis should be placed on clinical examination and radiological imaging of the elbow in cases of wrist injuries and vice versa. Treatment involving on-table reconstruction of the radial head and open reduction and internal fixation with a volar plate can lead to good radiological and functional outcomes.

Successful centralisation technique for treatment of post-traumatic absence of the radial shaft in a dog.

This report describes a centralisation procedure for the treatment of a radial non-union, characterised by extensive bone loss and an intact ulna, in an 18-month-old toy poodle. A lateral approach to the radius/ulna shafts was realised and, after debridement of the non-union site, an ulnar osteotomy was performed proximal to the styloid process of the ulna. Transposition of the distal fragment of the radius to the distal end of the osteotomised proximal segment of the ulna was performed and the stabilisation was obtained using a locking plate with proximal screws in the ulnar shaft and distal screws in the radius epiphysis. The patient achieved bone union in 10 weeks and the last evaluation, performed 112 weeks postoperatively, showed a full return to pre-injury function. Based on the results of this report, the centralisation was effective in the treatment of post-traumatic absence of the radial shaft in a dog.

Matriz porosa do BV60S associada a células osteoprogenitoras alógenas no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos em rádios de cães / Porous matrix of BG60S associated with allogenic osteoprogenitor cells in the treatment of critical bone defects in the radius of dogs

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da matriz porosa do biovidro 60S (BV60S) associada a células osteoprogenitoras (CO) alógenas no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos de cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães, machos, sem raça definida, com dois anos de idade e massa corporal média de 25kg. Com os cães sob anestesia geral, foram criados defeitos ósseos críticos no terço médio dos ossos rádios. Procedeu-se à fixação óssea com uma placa em ponte, e os defeitos foram tratados de acordo com cada grupo experimental. Constituíram-se três grupos experimentais, em que os defeitos ósseos foram preenchidos com: BV60S associado a CO alógenas (grupo BV60S+CO), osso autógeno (grupo C+), ou não preenchidos (grupo C-). A regeneração óssea foi avaliada por meio de exames radiográficos, densitométricos e histomorfométricos ao longo de 90 dias. Os grupos C- e BV60S+CO mostraram preenchimento ósseo parcial do defeito de, no máximo, 56,68% e 35,23%, respectivamente, sem a formação de ponte óssea entre as extremidades, e o controle positivo (C+) mostrou regeneração óssea completa. Conclui-se que a matriz porosa do BV60S associada às células osteoprogenitoras não é eficiente no tratamento de defeitos ósseos críticos em rádios de cães.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the porous matrix of bioglass 60S (BV60S) associated with allogenic osteoprogenitor cells (CO) in the treatment of critical bone defects of dogs. 20 male mongrel dogs at two years old and mean weight of 25kg were used. Dogs were anesthetized and critical bone defects were created in the middle third of the radios bones. With dogs under general anesthesia, critical bone defects were created in the middle third of bone radios. Bone fixation was done with a bridge plate and defects treated according to each experimental group. Three experimental groups were formed according to the treatment. The defects filled with BV60S associated with allogenic CO (Group-BV60S+CO), autogenous bone (Group-C+) or unfilled (Group-C-). Bone regeneration was evaluated by radiography, bone densitometry and histomorphometry over 90 days. The BV60S+CO and C- groups showed partial bone filling of the defect of at most 56.68% and 35.23%, respectively. No bone bridge formation was observed between the extremities in the BV60S+CO and C- groups. Positive control showed complete bone regeneration at 90 days. It was concluded that the porous matrix of BV60S associated with osteoprogenitor cells was not effective in the treatment of critical bone defects in the radius of dogs.(AU)

Seudoartrosis congénita de antebrazo asociada a luxación de radio proximal: tratamiento quirúrgico mediante antebrazo de un solo hueso / Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis associated with dislocation of the radial head: surgical treatment with one-bone forearm

La seudoartrosis congénita de antebrazo es una entidad clínica rara que se asocia a habitualmente a neurofibromatosis de tipo 1. La lesión de ambos huesos del antebrazo asociada con luxación de la cabeza del radio es extremadamente inusual. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 8 años con neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 y seudoartrosis de ambos huesos del antebrazo asociada a luxación de la cabeza del radio, que fue sometida a resección del cúbito distal, escisión amplia de la seudoartrosis y reconstrucción mediante antebrazo de un hueso con placa. La primera cirugía fracasó y fue necesaria una revisión con retiro del implante, injerto óseo autólogo y fijación con enclavado endomedular. Tras la segunda cirugía, la niña tenía un antebrazo de un hueso estable, con un acortamiento de 7 cm. En el último control, 4 años después, no tiene síntomas y utiliza el miembro superior con una mínima limitación de la flexo-extensión de la muñeca. La reconstrucción mediante antebrazo de un hueso es una opción razonable para la seudoartrosis de ambos huesos del antebrazo con luxación de la cabeza radial en niños. El procedimiento de salvataje produce un miembro superior estable, con una función satisfactoria de la muñeca y el codo.

Congenital forearm pseudarthrosis is a rare clinical entity which is often linked with neurofibromatosis type 1. Involvement of both bones associated with dislocation of the radial head is extremely rare, and few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a case of an 8-year-old girl with neurofibromatosis type 1 and pseudarthrosis of both forearm bones associated with dislocation of the radial head. She underwent resection of the distal ulna, excision of the pseudarthrosis, and a one-bone forearm procedure fixed with a plate. The first surgery failed to achieve bone union, and she required revision with bone grafting, plate removal, and intramedullary nailing. After the second surgery, she had a stable forearm that was shortened approximately 7 cm. At the last follow-up, 4 years postoperatively, the patient is asymptomatic, and has a mild limitation of wrist flexion-extension. The one-bone forearm is a reasonable option for forearm pseudarthrosis with radial head dislocation in children. This salvage procedure produces a stable upper limb with a satisfactory wrist and elbow function.

Reabilitação das fraturas do rádio distal: [revisão] / Rehabilitation of distal radius fractures: [review]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evidência do efeito e eleição da conduta terapêutica nas fraturas do rádio distal. A revisão sistemática utilizou as bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Pedro, Cochrane, Scielo, OTseeker, sem restrições de período de publicação, com as seguintes palavras chaves: fraturas do rádio, reabilitação, terapia ocupacional, fisioterapia, incluindo línguas inglesa, espanhola, francesa e portuguesa. Os estudos encontrados foram avaliados independentemente pelos dois autores utilizando critérios da escala PEDro. Estudos não experimentais foram incluídos em busca de esclarecimentos sobre a reabilitação. Foram encontrados 22 estudos, sendo 14 ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados (ECRs). Dentre eles, quatro compararam mobilização precoce com tratamento convencional apresentando evidência moderada a favor da primeira; sete confrontaram tratamento baseado em exercícios domiciliares com tratamento em consultório apontando evidência conflitiva (um deles também comprovou eficácia de mobilização acessória passiva); e três analisaram eficácia de procedimentos terapêuticos: campo eletromagnético pulsado, drenagem linfática, ultra-som, indicando evidências limitadas. Os nove estudos não experimentais encontrados não apresentaram informações suficientes sobre os questionamentos desta pesquisa. Observou-se uma tendência dos autores em utilizar os princípios gerais da reabilitação ao elaborar condutas terapêuticas, mas os procedimentos utilizados não estão bem atestados pela literatura.

The aim of this study was to assess the evidence regarding the adoption and effectiveness of therapeutic procedures employed for rehabilitation of distal radius fractures. This systematic review used the following databases: PubMed, Lilacs, PEDro, Cochrane, Scielo and OTseeker, without time restrictions. The following keywords were searched for: distal radius fracture, rehabilitation, occupational therapy, physiotherapy including reports in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese. Twenty-two studies were retrieved and analyzed by two independent investigators following the PEDro scale criteria. Other non-experimental studies were included for additional information regarding certain rehabilitation approaches. Of the 14 randomized controlled clinical trials, four compared early mobilization to conventional therapy, showing moderate evidence in favor of earlier mobilization. Seven compared home therapy based on orientations to individual conventional therapy and found conflicting evidences. Three studies also analyzed the efficacy of the following specific therapeutic procedures: Pulsating magnetic field, lymphatic drainage, and ultrasound, which showed limited empirical support. The nine non-experimental studies did not add sufficient information regarding these issues. There was a trend to employ general principles of rehabilitation when elaborating these therapeutic approaches, but these procedures were not adequately supported by literature.

Ressecção ampla e transposição fibular no tratamento do TCG da extremidade distal do rádio / Wide resection and fibular transposition in the treatment of GCT on radius distal end

OBJETIVO: Avaliação funcional e oncológica do tratamento do TCG do segmento distal do rádio (estadio B3) mediante ressecção ampla e reconstrução com enxerto autólogo avascular da extremidade proximal da fíbula. MÉTODOS: A função residual foi avaliada mediante escore ISOLS, medida do arco residual global do punho operado, do percentual residual da força de preensão da mão e da preensão entre o polegar e o indicador. O controle oncológico foi avaliado mediante exame clínico do membro operado e avaliação por imagens do punho e do tórax. RESULTADOS: 17 pacientes avaliados, dez do sexo feminino (58,8 por cento) e sete do sexo masculino (41,2 por cento) com idades entre 16 e 61 anos (média de 32,3 anos), todos destros. Na avaliação funcional (ISOLS) observamos 11 resultados excelentes, dois bons e um ruim; os três casos que demandaram artrodese evoluíram com escore excelente. O arco residual global foi de 196,2 ± 116,6º. O arco residual do punho operada correspondeu a 58,9 por cento do controle. A força de preensão da mão correspondeu a 55,4 ± 17,4 por cento do controle. O percentual de "pinça" foi de 80,6 ± 14,8 por cento do controle. Não constatamos recidiva ou metástases nesta casuística. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica propiciou resultados funcionais alentadores, assegurando o retorno dos pacientes às suas atividades. A ausência de recidiva local e/ou metástases, observada inclusive nos pacientes com seguimento mais longo, permite sugerir que a técnica parece ser segura no controle oncológico do tumor.

OBJECTIVE: To functionally and oncologically assess the treatment of GCT on radius distal end (stage B3) following wide resection and reconstruction with avascular autologous graft from proximal fibular end. METHODS: The residual function was assessed using ISOLS score, measurement of the global residual arch of the operated wrist, residual percentage of the hand apprehension strength between thumb and index fingers. The oncologic monitoring was assessed by clinical examination of the operated limb and by imaging tests of the wrist and thorax. RESULTS: 17 patients were assessed: 10 females (58.8 percent) and seven males (41.2 percent), with aged ranging from 16 to 61 years (mean: 32.3 years), all of them right-handed. On the functional assessment (ISOLS), the results were as follows: 11 excellent, two good, and one poor. The three cases requiring arthrodesis evolved with excellent scores. The global residual arch was 196.2 ± 116.6º. The residual arch of the operated wrist corresponded to 58.9 percent of the control. The "pinch" percentage was 80.6 ± 14.8 percent of control. We did not find recurrences or metastasis in this case series. CONCLUSION: This technique provided encouraging functional results, assuring patients' return to their usual activities. The absence of local recurrence and/or metastasis found even in the patients with longer follow-up times allow us to suggest this technique, which seems to be safe for oncologic control of the tumor.

Matriz óssea homóloga desmineralizada na preparaçäo de falhas ósseas segmentares produzidas no rádio de coelhos / Repair of segmental defects produced in the radii rabbit by homologous demineralized bone matrix

No presente trabalho, foram avaliados os potenciais osteoindutor e osteocondutor da matriz óssea homóloga desmineralizada (MOD) em ácido clorídrico 0,6 N e conservada em etanol 70 por cento e sua utilizaçäo no preenchimento de falhas osteoperiosteais induzidas em rádio de coelhos. O rádio operado de todos os animais foi radiografado imediatamente após a cirurgia e na 3ª, 6ª, 9ª e 12ª semanas após. No grupo tratado, sete animais foram sacrificados a cada três semanas, sendo realizadas tomografia computadorizada e avaliaçöes macro e microscópica e da fluorescência óssea à tetraciclina. Os animais do grupo controle foram sacrificados na 12ª semana de pós-operatório. Foi constatado que a matriz acelerou o processo de formaçäo óssea, devido a fatores indutores inerentes que atuaram sobre as células dos tecidos adjacentes e que os canais vasculares, as lacunas e o canal medular vazios da MOD, serviram de arcabouço para a penetraçäo celular, determinando osteoconduçäo.

Inestabilidad dolorosa radiocubital / Radioulnar instability

La inestabilidad radiocubital distal, es una entidad clinica y anatomica, aun mal conocida y definida. En esta comunicacion se ha pretendido describirla con mas claridad, y sin dejar de admitir otras etiologias, se la vincula a la lesion del menisco articular o ligamento triangular. Se presentan comprobaciones histologicas de pacientes operados y de investigaciones anatomicas. Los resultados de los casos operados, mediante la modificacion de la operacion de Darrach, han sido satisfactorios

Lesiones traumáticas de la articulación radiocubital inferior asociadas a fractura de uno o ambos huesos del antebrazo / Traumatic injuries of the distal radio-ulnar joint with fracture of one or both forearm bones

Se presentan 20 casos de lesiones traumáticas de la articulación radiocubital inferior (RCI) con fractura de uno o ambos huesos del antebrazo. Se realiza una descripción anatómica y funcional de la articulación RCI proponiendo una clasificación en 4 grupos que se hace de la observación de los casos clínicos y de estudios cadavéricos. Se analizan los resultados obtenidos con el tratamiento de estas lesiones y por distintos procedimientos, llegando a la conclusión de que el resultado final no cambia si por cualquiera de los procedimientos utilizados se logra una reducción adecuada del radio, sin angulación ni acortamiento, lo que garantiza en la mayoría de los casos la estabilidad de la articulación RCI

Seudoartrosis / Pseudoarthrosis

Se presentaron 40 casos de seudoartrosis correspondientes al Hogar Clínica San Juan de Dios y Hospital Hipólito Unánue, sobre los cuales se ha realizado un estudio con referencia a la etiología, tiempo de fractura, tratamiento previo a la seudoartrosis, localización, tratamientos empleados y sus resultados

Chronic triangular fibrocartilage complex tears: a case report and review of the literature

The treatment of a young man with chronic symptomatic gross subluxation of the distal radio-urlnar joint of the right wrist secondary to traumatic disruption of the triangular fibrocartilage complex(TFCC) is described. At operation, a strip of tensor fascia lata was used to stabilize the distal radio-ulnar joint. Complete relief of pain and restoration of normal function was obtained following surgery. The literature on TFCC disorders is also reviewed.

Luxación aislada de la cabeza radial en niños: informe de un caso / Isolated anterior dislocation of the radial head in children: case report

La luxación aislada de la cabeza radial en niños es una entidad bastante rara, que tiene un promedio de presentación de 1 a 2 casos por año en los principales centros de concentración de trauma infantil en los Estados Unidos. Se piensa que puede ser una variedad de la lesión de Monteggia. El tratamiento generalmente es mediante manipulación y reducción cerrada con resultados bastante satisfactorios. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 6 años de edad que después de una caída sufrió luxación aislada de la cabeza radial, la cual no pudo ser resuelta mediante maniobras externas requiriéndo reducción abierta y plastía del ligamento anular

Luxación anterior del radio a nivel del codo, sin fractura de cúbito, tratada tardíamente. Equivalente de la lesión de Monteggia tipo I: informe de un caso / Late anterior dislocation of the radius at the elbow joint without ulnar fracture an equivalent to the Class-I Monteggia lesion: case report

Se presenta el caso de un escolar del sexo masculino de 8 años de edad, que sufrió luxación anterior del radio a nivel del codo sin fractura del cúbito y con fractura por arrancamiento de la epitróclea. El paciente fue diagnosticado y tratado 3 meses después de ocurrida la lesión. Esta combinación es extremadamente poco frecuente y se considera como una lesión equivalente a la de Monteggia tipo I. El niño se trató mediante resección quirúrgica del tejido fibroso intra-articular incluyendo el ligamento anular y reducción del radio, que se fijó con un clavo de Steinmann trans-húmero-radial calibre 5/64. No hubo complicaciones neurológicas iniciales

Fracturas metafisaria proximal del cúbito y epifisiolistesis radial proximal tipo II de Salter-Harris, con desplasamiento total y luxación de la cabeza radial. Equivalente de la lesión de Monteggia tipo IV: informe de un caso / Non-displaced proximal metaphyseal fracture of the ulna and Salter-Harris Class-II leteral slipping and dislocation of the radial head. An equivalent to the Class IV Monteggia lesion: case report

Se presenta el caso de una niña con fractura metafisaria proximal del cúbito y deslizamiento epifisario traumático lateral tipo II de Salter y Harris, que se considera como un equivalente de la fractura-luxación de Monteggia, cuya rareza en cuanto a su frecuencia justifica su publicación

Tratamiento quirúrgico de fracturas diafisarias de radio y cúbito a foco cerrado con clavo intramedular bloqueado / Surgical treatment of dyaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna by closed intramedullary interlocked pinning

Se intervinieron quirúrgicamante a 28 pacientes con fracturas diafisarias de radio y cúbito en el Servicio de Traumatología del Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia de enero de 1990 a diciembre de 1994. En este trabajo se incluyeron pacientes adultos de ambos sexos con fracturas cerradas de antebrazo que llenaron los criterios de inclusión, estos pacientes fueron tratados con el método del clavo HUNEC, el cual es intramedular bloqueado con tornillos, todos a foco cerrado. Se analizaron los resultados en base al inicio de la rehabilitación, tiempo de consolidación y al reintegro del paciente a sus labores habituales. En esta serie el inicio de la movilidad de las articulaciones vecinas fue a las 24 horas de postoperatorio, no se requirió de ningún tipo de inmovilización externa, la consolidación se observó a las 12 semanas en el 97 por ciento de los casos, el regreso a las actividades normales del paciente fue en corto tiempo. Las ventajas encontradas con esta técnica fueron principalmente la disminución de las complicaciones como infecciónes y pseudoartrosis, así como la reducción del tiempo quirúrgico