Tert-expressing cells contribute to salivary gland homeostasis and tissue regeneration after radiation therapy.

Salivary gland homeostasis and regeneration after radiotherapy depend significantly on progenitor cells. However, the lineage of submandibular gland (SMG) progenitor cells remains less defined compared with other normal organs. Here, using a mouse strain expressing regulated CreERT2 recombinase from the endogenous Tert locus, we identify a distinct telomerase-expressing (TertHigh) cell population located in the ductal region of the adult SMG. These TertHigh cells contribute to ductal cell generation during SMG homeostasis and to both ductal and acinar cell renewal 1 year after radiotherapy. TertHigh cells maintain self-renewal capacity during in vitro culture, exhibit resistance to radiation damage, and demonstrate enhanced proliferative activity after radiation exposure. Similarly, primary human SMG cells with high Tert expression display enhanced cell survival after radiotherapy, and CRISPR-activated Tert in human SMG spheres increases proliferation after radiation. RNA sequencing reveals upregulation of "cell cycling" and "oxidative stress response" pathways in TertHigh cells following radiation. Mechanistically, Tert appears to modulate cell survival through ROS levels in SMG spheres following radiation damage. Our findings highlight the significance of TertHigh cells in salivary gland biology, providing insights into their response to radiotherapy and into their use as a potential target for enhancing salivary gland regeneration after radiotherapy.

Tuft cells act as regenerative stem cells in the human intestine.

In mice, intestinal tuft cells have been described as a long-lived, postmitotic cell type. Two distinct subsets have been identified: tuft-1 and tuft-2 (ref. 1). By combining analysis of primary human intestinal resection material and intestinal organoids, we identify four distinct human tuft cell states, two of which overlap with their murine counterparts. We show that tuft cell development depends on the presence of Wnt ligands, and that tuft cell numbers rapidly increase on interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 exposure, as reported previously in mice2-4. This occurs through proliferation of pre-existing tuft cells, rather than through increased de novo generation from stem cells. Indeed, proliferative tuft cells occur in vivo both in fetal and in adult human intestine. Single mature proliferating tuft cells can form organoids that contain all intestinal epithelial cell types. Unlike stem and progenitor cells, human tuft cells survive irradiation damage and retain the ability to generate all other epithelial cell types. Accordingly, organoids engineered to lack tuft cells fail to recover from radiation-induced damage. Thus, tuft cells represent a damage-induced reserve intestinal stem cell pool in humans.

Differential gene expression analysis identified determinants of cell fate plasticity during radiation-induced regeneration in Drosophila.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is used to treat half of all cancer patients because of its ability to kill cells. IR, however, can induce stem cell-like properties in non-stem cancer cells, potentiating tumor regrowth and reduced therapeutic success. We identified previously a subpopulation of cells in Drosophila larval wing discs that exhibit IR-induced stem cell-like properties. These cells reside in the future wing hinge, are resistant to IR-induced apoptosis, and are capable of translocating, changing fate, and participating in regenerating the pouch that suffers more IR-induced apoptosis. We used here a combination of lineage tracing, FACS-sorting of cells that change fate, genome-wide RNAseq, and functional testing of 42 genes, to identify two key changes that are required cell-autonomously for IR-induced hinge-to-pouch fate change: (1) repression of hinge determinants Wg (Drosophila Wnt1) and conserved zinc-finger transcription factor Zfh2 and (2) upregulation of three ribosome biogenesis factors. Additional data indicate a role for Myc, a transcriptional activator of ribosome biogenesis genes, in the process. These results provide a molecular understanding of IR-induced cell fate plasticity that may be leveraged to improve radiation therapy.

LPA5-Dependent signaling regulates regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation.

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid molecule that regulates a wide array of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival, via activation of cognate receptors. The LPA5 receptor is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, but its function in restoring intestinal epithelial integrity following injury has not been examined. Here, we use a radiation-induced injury model to study the role of LPA5 in regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration. Control mice (Lpar5f/f) and mice with an inducible, epithelial cell-specific deletion of Lpar5 in the small intestine (Lpar5IECKO) were subjected to 10 Gy total body X-ray irradiation and analyzed during recovery. Repair of the intestinal mucosa was delayed in Lpar5IECKO mice with reduced epithelial proliferation and increased crypt cell apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by reduced numbers of OLFM4+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The effects of LPA5 on ISCs were corroborated by studies using organoids derived from Lgr5-lineage tracking reporter mice with deletion of Lpar5 in Lgr5+-stem cells (Lgr5Cont or Lgr5ΔLpar5). Irradiation of organoids resulted in fewer numbers of Lgr5ΔLpar5 organoids retaining Lgr5+-derived progenitor cells compared with Lgr5Cont organoids. Finally, we observed that impaired regeneration in Lpar5IECKO mice was associated with reduced numbers of Paneth cells and decreased expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a critical factor for intestinal epithelial repair. Our study highlights a novel role for LPA5 in regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation and its effect on the maintenance of Paneth cells that support the stem cell niche.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used mice lacking expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) in intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to show that the LPA5 receptor protects intestinal stem cells and progenitors from radiation-induced injury. We show that LPA5 induces YAP signaling and regulates Paneth cells.

Low-level laser activates Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway-promoting hair follicle stem cell regeneration and wound healing: Upregulate the expression of key downstream gene Lef 1.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which low-level laser stimulation promotes the proliferation of intraepithelial hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in wounds. This research aims to expand the applications of laser treatment, enhance wound repair methods, and establish a theoretical and experimental foundation for achieving accelerated wound healing. METHODS: The experimental approach involved irradiating a cell model with low-level laser to assess the proliferation of HFSCs and examine alterations in the expression of proteins related to the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. A mouse back wound model was established to investigate the effects of low-level laser irradiation on wound healing rate, wound microenvironment, and the proliferation of HFSCs in relation to the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. RESULTS: The research findings indicate that low-level laser light effectively activates the Wnt signaling pathway, leading to the increased accumulation of core protein ß-catenin and the upregulation of key downstream gene Lef 1. Consequently, this regulatory mechanism facilitates various downstream biological effects, including the notable promotion of HFSC proliferation and differentiation into skin appendages and epithelial tissues. As a result, the process of wound healing is significantly accelerated. CONCLUSION: Low levels of laser activates the Wnt signalling pathway, promotes the regeneration of hair follicle stem cells and accelerates wound healing.

The features of the reparative regeneration of an oral mucosa wound created under the exposure of a laser at a wavelength of 445 nm (a pilot study).

In clinical practice, an innovative laser technology that provides contactless preparation of soft tissues with a wavelength of 445 nm has been introduced. This study aimed to investigate the morphological changes in the oral mucosa when exposed to laser radiation at a wavelength of 445 nm in the ablation mode.An experimental study was conducted to analyze the dynamics of reparative regeneration in the wound caused by that particular type of radiation, utilizing the procedure of lower lip frenuloplasty as an illustration. 48 sexually mature male laboratory rats were chosen as the research object. The procedure of preparing the oral vestibule was executed by employing a contactless laser beam with a wavelength of 445 nm and a power of 0.7 W in continuous mode (CW) and an uninitiated fiber.Histological examination showed that 25 min after the surgery, there were large areas of coagulation necrosis in the oral mucosa in the area affected by the blue laser. In 48 h, the area of necrosis decreased both in size and depth. By the 7th day after the surgery, the necrotic masses had grown into the connective tissue, while marginal regeneration of the epithelium was noted. By the 14th day, the wound surface was completely epithelialized, represented by fibrous scar tissue. Clinically, around the mandibular incisors, there was a wide area of attached keratinized gingiva.The findings of histological examination indicate a necrosis of coagulation type in the region of tissue ablation and also show the absence of phase II of the inflammatory response (the stage of exudation), which expedites the process of epithelialization of the oral mucosa wound.

The efficacy of infrared diode laser in enhancing the regenerative potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of infrared diode laser irradiation on the proliferation and differentiation capacity of periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), which are optimal cell sources for periodontal regeneration. METHODS: hPDLSCs were isolated and characterized by flow cytometric analysis of mesenchymal stem cell markers, and their trilineage differentiation capacity was tested. hPDLSCs were then cultured and irradiated with infrared diode laser (970 nm) at a power of 200 mW and a fluence of 4 J/cm2 for 3 s. MTT assay was performed to assess cellular proliferation. Cell cycle analysis was performed, and the impact of infrared diode laser irradiation on the stemness and osteogenic differentiation potential of hPDLSCs was evaluated via RT‒PCR. RESULTS: Infrared diode laser application enhanced the stemness, viability, proliferation, and differentiation of PDLSCs. Stem cell markers (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) were significantly upregulated in hPDLSCs exposed to laser irradiation. There was significant overexpression of RUNX2, ALP, OPN, and OCN on day 14 after laser application. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide valuable insights into the specific applications of infrared diode lasers to effectively regenerate periodontal tissues. The results can aid in the development of precise clinical protocols aimed at enhancing osseointegration and promoting tissue regeneration. Ultimately, the combination of infrared diode laser with hPDLSCs is promising for stimulating periodontal regeneration.

Loss of ß-catenin triggers oxidative stress and impairs hematopoietic regeneration.

Accidental or deliberate ionizing radiation exposure can be fatal due to widespread hematopoietic destruction. However, little is known about either the course of injury or the molecular pathways that regulate the subsequent regenerative response. Here we show that the Wnt signaling pathway is critically important for regeneration after radiation-induced injury. Using Wnt reporter mice, we show that radiation triggers activation of Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. ß-Catenin-deficient mice, which lack the ability to activate canonical Wnt signaling, exhibited impaired hematopoietic stem cell regeneration and bone marrow recovery after radiation. We found that, as part of the mechanism, hematopoietic stem cells lacking ß-catenin fail to suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species and cannot resolve DNA double-strand breaks after radiation. Consistent with the impaired response to radiation, ß-catenin-deficient mice are also unable to recover effectively after chemotherapy. Collectively, these data indicate that regenerative responses to distinct hematopoietic injuries share a genetic dependence on ß-catenin and raise the possibility that modulation of Wnt signaling may be a path to improving bone marrow recovery after damage.

Characterization of macrophages, giant cells and granulomas during muscle regeneration after irradiation.

Macrophages play a fundamental role in the different stages of muscle regeneration although the precise mechanisms involved are not entirely understood. Here we investigated the types of macrophages and cytokines that appeared in muscles after local gamma irradiation of mini-pigs that underwent no subsequent treatment or received three successive adipose tissue-derived stem cell (ASC) injections. Although some variability was observed among the three animals included in each study group, a general picture emerged. No macrophages appeared in control muscles from regions that had not been irradiated nor in muscles from irradiated regions derived from two animals. A third irradiated, but untreated animal, with characteristic muscle fibrosis and necrosis due to irradiation, showed invasion of M2 macrophages within small muscle lesions. In contrast, among the three ASC-treated and irradiated animals, one of them had completely recovered normal muscle architecture at the time of sampling with no invading macrophages, muscle from a second one contained mostly M1 macrophages and some M2-like macrophages whereas muscle from a third one displayed granulomas and giant cells. ASC treatment was associated with the presence of similar levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the two animals in the process of muscle regeneration whereas the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 expression were distinct from one animal to another. Microspectrofluorimetry and in situ hybridization revealed strong expression of TGF-ß1 and TNFα in regenerating muscle. Overall, the data confirm the critical role of macrophages in muscle regeneration and suggest the involvement of a complex network of cytokine expression for successful recovery.

Yap-dependent reprogramming of Lgr5(+) stem cells drives intestinal regeneration and cancer.

The gut epithelium has remarkable self-renewal capacity that under homeostatic conditions is driven by Wnt signalling in Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells (ISCs). However, the mechanisms underlying ISC regeneration after injury remain poorly understood. The Hippo signalling pathway mediates tissue growth and is important for regeneration. Here we demonstrate in mice that Yap, a downstream transcriptional effector of Hippo, is critical for recovery of intestinal epithelium after exposure to ionizing radiation. Yap transiently reprograms Lgr5(+) ISCs by suppressing Wnt signalling and excessive Paneth cell differentiation, while promoting cell survival and inducing a regenerative program that includes Egf pathway activation. Accordingly, growth of Yap-deficient organoids is rescued by the Egfr ligand epiregulin, and we find that non-cell-autonomous production of stromal epiregulin may compensate for Yap loss in vivo. Consistent with key roles for regenerative signalling in tumorigenesis, we further demonstrate that Yap inactivation abolishes adenomas in the Apc(Min) mouse model of colon cancer, and that Yap-driven expansion of Apc(-/-) organoids requires the Egfr module of the Yap regenerative program. Finally, we show that in vivo Yap is required for progression of early Apc mutant tumour-initiating cells, suppresses their differentiation into Paneth cells, and induces a regenerative program and Egfr signalling. Our studies reveal that upon tissue injury, Yap reprograms Lgr5(+) ISCs by inhibiting the Wnt homeostatic program, while inducing a regenerative program that includes activation of Egfr signalling. Moreover, our findings reveal a key role for the Yap regenerative pathway in driving cancer initiation.

Characterization of C2C12 cells in simulated microgravity: Possible use for myoblast regeneration.

Muscle loss is a major problem for many in lifetime. Muscle and bone degeneration has also been observed in individuals exposed to microgravity and in unloading conditions. C2C12 myoblst cells are able to form myotubes, and myofibers and these cells have been employed for muscle regeneration purposes and in myogenic regeneration and transplantation studies. We exposed C2C12 cells in an random position machine to simulate microgravity and study the energy and the biochemical challenges associated with this treatment. Simulated microgravity exposed C2C12 cells maintain positive proliferation indices and delay the differentiation process for several days. On the other hand this treatment significantly alters many of the biochemical and the metabolic characteristics of the cell cultures including calcium homeostasis. Recent data have shown that these perturbations are due to the inhibition of the ryanodine receptors on the membranes of intracellular calcium stores. We were able to reverse this perturbations treating cells with thapsigargin which prevents the segregation of intracellular calcium ions in the mitochondria and in the sarco/endoplasmic reticula. Calcium homeostasis appear a key target of microgravity exposure. In conclusion, in this study we reported some of the effects induced by the exposure of C2C12 cell cultures to simulated microgravity. The promising information obtained is of fundamental importance in the hope to employ this protocol in the field of regenerative medicine.

Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif stimulates epidermal regeneration via induction of amphiregulin expression after ultraviolet damage.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, which increases epidermal thickness in skin regeneration. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not yet known in detail. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) stimulates epidermal regeneration by increasing keratinocyte proliferation. During epidermal regeneration, TAZ is localized in the nucleus of keratinocytes of the basal layer and stimulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. TAZ depletion in keratinocytes decreased EGFR signaling activation, which delays epidermal regeneration. Interestingly, TAZ stimulated the transcription of amphiregulin (AREG), a ligand of EGFR, through TEAD-mediated transcriptional activation. Together, these results show that TAZ stimulates EGFR signaling through AREG induction, suggesting that it plays an important role in epidermal regeneration.

Evaluation of the radiation response and regenerative effects of mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium in an intestinal organoid system.

Intestinal organoids have recently emerged as an in vitro model relevant to the gut system owing to their recapitulation of the native intestinal epithelium with crypt-villus architecture. However, it is unclear whether intestinal organoids reflect the physiology of the in vivo stress response. Here, we systemically investigated the radiation response in organoids and animal models using mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM), which contains secreted paracrine factors. Irradiated organoids exhibited sequential induction of viability loss and regrowth after irradiation (within 12 days), similar to the response of the native intestinal epithelium. Notably, treatment with MSC-CM facilitated the reproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and restoration of damaged crypt-villus structures in both models. Furthermore, Wnt/Notch signaling pathways were commonly upregulated by MSC-CM, but not radiation, and pharmacologically selective inhibition of Wnt or Notch signaling attenuated the enhanced recovery of irradiated organoids, with increases in ISCs, following MSC-CM treatment. Interestingly, the expression of Wnt4, Wnt7a, and active ß-catenin was increased, but not notch family members, in MSC-CM-treated organoid after irradiation. Treatment of recombinant mouse Wnt4 and Wnt7a after irradiation improved to some extent intestinal epithelial regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results suggested that intestinal organoids recapitulated the physiological stress response of the intestinal epithelium in vivo. Thus, our findings provided important insights into the physiology of intestinal organoids and may contribute to the development of strategies to enhance the functional maturation of engineered organoids.

STAT, Wingless, and Nurf-38 determine the accuracy of regeneration after radiation damage in Drosophila.

We report here a study of regeneration in Drosophila larval wing imaginal discs after damage by ionizing radiation. We detected faithful regeneration that restored a wing disc and abnormal regeneration that produced an extra wing disc. We describe a sequence of changes in cell number, location and fate that occur to produce an ectopic disc. We identified a group of cells that not only participate in ectopic disc formation but also recruit others to do so. STAT92E (Drosophila STAT3/5) and Nurf-38, which encodes a member of the Nucleosome Remodeling Factor complex, oppose each other in these cells to modulate the frequency of ectopic disc growth. The picture that emerges is one in which activities like STAT increase after radiation damage and fulfill essential roles in rebuilding the tissue. But such activities must be kept in check so that one and only one wing disc is regenerated.

In Vitro Cytological Responses against Laser Photobiomodulation for Periodontal Regeneration.

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontal bacteria. Recently, periodontal phototherapy, treatment using various types of lasers, has attracted attention. Photobiomodulation, the biological effect of low-power laser irradiation, has been widely studied. Although many types of lasers are applied in periodontal phototherapy, molecular biological effects of laser irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues are unclear. Here, we have summarized the molecular biological effects of diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO2 lasers irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues. Photobiomodulation by laser irradiation enhanced cell proliferation and calcification in osteoblasts with altering gene expression. Positive effects were observed in fibroblasts on the proliferation, migration, and secretion of chemokines/cytokines. Laser irradiation suppressed gene expression related to inflammation in osteoblasts, fibroblasts, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), and endothelial cells. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that laser irradiation affects cell differentiation in hPDLCs and stem cells. Additionally, some studies have also investigated the effects of laser irradiation on endothelial cells, cementoblasts, epithelial cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The appropriate irradiation power was different for each laser apparatus and targeted cells. Thus, through this review, we tried to shed light on basic research that would ultimately lead to clinical application of periodontal phototherapy in the future.

Low-frequency electromagnetic fields promote hair follicles regeneration by injection a mixture of epidermal stem cells and dermal papilla cells.

The bioeffects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on a bio-engineered hair follicle generation had not been fully elucidated. This present study was designed to evaluat the therapeutically effective of low frequency EMF on hair follicles regeneration. In this experiment, epidermal stem cells (ESCs) and dermal papilla (DP) cells were isolated and culture-expanded. Then the mixture containing of ESCs and DP cells was implanted into the epidermal layer or corium layer of nude mice. Those mice were  divided at random into the control group and EMF group, 7 days or 14 days later, the skin specimens were harvested to assess for hair regeneration or a bio-engineered skin formation using H&E staining. After injection of the mixture into the epidermal layer of nude mice for 14 days, H&E staining showed that the new hair formed the correct structure comprising hair matrix, hair shaft, and inner root sheath, outer root sheath, and DP. Comparing to the control, the hair follicles erupted at a higher density in the EMF group. When the mixture was implanted into the corium layer for 7 days, comparing with the characteristics of new hair follicles in the control group, H&E staining also showed the mixture induced to form 4 ~ 6 epidermal layers with a higher density of hair follicle like-structures in the bioengineered epithelial layers after EMF exposure. Our results suggested that the injection of a mixture of ESCs and DP cells in combination with EMF exposure facilitated the induction of hair follicle regeneration and a bioengineered skin formation with hair follicle-like structures.

Induction of intestinal stem cells by R-spondin 1 and Slit2 augments chemoradioprotection.

Cancer research has been rightly and successfully focused on prevention, early detection, and identification of specific molecular targets that distinguish the malignant cells from the neighbouring benign cells. However, reducing lethal tissue injury caused by intensive chemoradiotherapy during treatment of late-stage metastatic cancers remains a key clinical challenge. Here we tested whether the induction of adult stem cells could repair chemoradiation-induced tissue injury and prolong overall survival in mice. We found that intestinal stem cells (ISCs) expressed Slit2 and its single-span transmembrane cell-surface receptor roundabout 1 (Robo1). Partial genetic deletion of Robo1 decreased ISC numbers and caused villus hypotrophy, whereas a Slit2 transgene increased ISC numbers and triggered villus hypertrophy. During lethal dosages of chemoradiation, administering a short pulse of R-spondin 1 (Rspo1; a Wnt agonist) plus Slit2 reduced ISC loss, mitigated gut impairment and protected animals from death, without concomitantly decreasing tumour sensitivity to chemotherapy. Therefore Rspo1 and Slit2 may act as therapeutic adjuvants to enhance host tolerance to aggressive chemoradiotherapy for eradicating metastatic cancers.

Essential Role of mTOR Signaling in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Regeneration After Laser Photocoagulation.

This study assessed the role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the human adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE) cell response after laser photocoagulation (LP). The effect of mTOR inhibition on ARPE-19 cell was investigated by rapamycin treatment after LP. Cell viability and proliferation were explored using MTT and EdU assays, respectively. The expression of mTOR-related proteins and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was verified by Western blot. Rapamycin retarded the LP area recovery in a dose-dependent manner by the 120 h, while LP+DMSO vehicle-treated cells completely restored the lesion zone (P ≤ 0.01). ARPE-19 cell viability is significantly lower in LP + rapamycin 80 and 160 ng/ml treated cultures compared to LP control at 120 h (P ≤ 0.001). LP control group demonstrated significantly more proliferative cells compared to untreated cells at the 72 and 120 h, whereas EdU-positive cell numbers in cultures treated with rapamycin at concentrations of 80 and 160 ng/ml were similar to baseline values (P ≤ 0.01). mTOR pathway activation is essential for regulation of the RPE cell migration and proliferation after LP. mTOR inhibition with rapamycin effectively blocks the migration and proliferation of the RPE cells. Our results demonstrate that mTOR has an important role in ARPE-19 cell as a regulator of cell behavior under stress conditions, suggesting that mTOR could be a promising therapeutic target for numerous retinal diseases.

[Intracellular regeneration of adrenocorticocytes in response to the prophylactic application of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation under the conditions of radiation (an experimental study)]. / Vnutrikletochnaia regeneratsiia adrenokortikotsitov pri profilakticheskom primenenii nizkointensivnykh élektromagnitnykh izluchenii v usloviiakh radiatsii (éksperimental'noe issledovanie).

BACKGROUND: Adaptation of the organism to the action of certain damaging factors, including radiation, is closely related to the state of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. The important role in its activities is played by adrenocorticocytes (ACC) - the cells of the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. The disturbance of the structure and function of these cells can significantly impair and limit the development of the adaptive reactions in the body. One of the most promising ways to prevent the post-radiation changes in adrenocorticocytes consists of the application of the non-pharmacological therapeutic factors, such as low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of ultra high frequency ( UHF) and the low-frequency (LF) magnetic field (MF) of low intensity (LI) after the exposition of the cells to the action of radiation. AIM: The objective of the present study was to identify the ultrastructural regenerative - adaptive changes in ACC of the fascicular zone of the adrenal gland in response to the primary preventive action of ultra high frequency EMR, microwave oven, and low-intensity MF after the exposition of the cells to the action of radiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigations were carried using the outbred male rats (180-200 gr body weight). The experimental animals were allocated to four groups two of which had been preliminarily treated by the application of ultra high frequency EMR and low-intensity MF and were thereafter exposed to radiation. The animals of the third group were exposed to radiation alone without the treatment with the therapeutic physical factors and served as controls whereas the animals of the fourth group underwent no treatment whatever and were regarded as intact. Transmission electron microscopy was used to count light and dark adrenocorticocytes of the fascicular zone. The morphometric analysis of mitochondria included the determination of their number, the average and the total area per standard cell area, and the number of cristae per average area of mitochondria). In addition, the analysis of the lipid content and protein-synthesizing organelles was performed. RESULTS: The study has demonstrated that the primary prophylactic application of ultra high frequency EMR and the low-frequency MF caused stimulation of the cellular and intracellular regenerative-adaptive reactions and increased the resistance of the ultrastructure of ACC in the fascicular zone of the adrenal glands to the action of radiation. These changes were most pronounced in response to the application of ultra high frequency EMR. The resulting structural-adaptive rearrangements of the organelles (the enlargement of mitochondria with the simultaneous increase in the number of cristae, hyperplasia of ribosomes and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, preservation of membranes) were largely due to antioxidative and membrane-stabilizing effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of ultra high frequency and were directly related to the formation of the mechanisms of ACC radioprotection. The Increased regenerative-adaptive potential of these cells prevented the development of the dystrophic processes and protected the adrenocorticocytes from aggressive radiation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggests the necessity of the further studies on the action of the non-pharmacological therapeutic factors, especially low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of ultra high frequency and the low-frequency magnetic field of low intensity as the tools for the prevention of post-radiation changes in the adrenocorticocytes of the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex exposed to the action of radiation.

Photobiomodulation and different macrophages phenotypes during muscle tissue repair.

Macrophages play a very important role in the conduction of several regenerative processes mainly due to their plasticity and multiple functions. In the muscle repair process, while M1 macrophages regulate the inflammatory and proliferative phases, M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages direct the differentiation and remodelling phases, leading to tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red and near infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM) on macrophage phenotypes and correlate these findings with the repair process following acute muscle injury. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control; muscle injury; muscle injury + red PBM; and muscle injury + NIR PBM. After 2, 4 and 7 days, the tibialis anterior muscle was processed for analysis. Macrophages phenotypic profile was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and correlated with the different stages of the skeletal muscle repair by the qualitative and quantitative morphological analysis as well as by the evaluation of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-ß mRNA expression. Photobiomodulation at both wavelengths was able to decrease the number of CD68+ (M1) macrophages 2 days after muscle injury and increase the number of CD163+ (M2) macrophages 7 days after injury. However, only NIR treatment was able to increase the number of CD206+ M2 macrophages (Day 2) and TGF-ß mRNA expression (Day 2, 4 and 7), favouring the repair process more expressivelly. Treatment with PBM was able to modulate the inflammation phase, optimize the transition from the inflammatory to the regeneration phase (mainly with NIR light) and improve the final step of regeneration, enhancing tissue repair.