Sulfathiazole treats type 2 diabetes by restoring metabolism through activating CYP19A1.

Globally, diabetes mellitus has been a major epidemic bringing metabolic and endocrine disorders. Currently, 1 in 11 adults suffers from diabetes mellitus, among the patients >90% contract type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is urgent to develop new drugs that effectively prevent and treat type 2 diabetes through new targets. With high-throughput screening, we found that sulfathiazole decreased the blood glucose and improved glucose metabolism in T2DM mice. Notably, we discovered that sulfathiazole treated T2DM by activating CYP19A1 protein to synthesize estrogen. Collectively, sulfathiazole along with CYP19A1 target bring new promise for the better therapy of T2DM.

Polyphosphazene membranes and microspheres in periodontal diseases and implant surgery.

Membranes or microcapsules made from polyphosphazenes bearing amino acid side groups are proposed for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Polyphosphazene membranes, prepared with alanine ethyl ester and imidazole in the molar ratio of 80:20 as phosphorus substituents, gave a degradation rate that corresponded to the healing of the bone defect. These membranes were much more successful in promoting healing of rabbit tibia defects than polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. Antibacterial or anti-inflammatory drugs, useful in periodontal tissue regeneration, could be entrapped in the polyphosphazene membranes and released both in vitro and in vivo at a rate that ensured therapeutic concentrations in the surrounding tissue. Polyphosphazene microspheres, prepared with phenylalanine ethyl ester as a phosphorus substituent and loaded with succinylsulphathiazole or naproxen, were also obtained. The kinetics of release from these matrices were very convenient in yielding local concentrations of the two drugs that are useful per se or when mixed with hydroxyapatite for better bone formation.

Treatment of Hemophilus vaginalis vaginitis.

Four antimicrobial agents (triple sulfa cream, doxycycline, ampicillin, and metronidazole) were studied by double-blind techniques to determine their effectiveness in the treatment of Hemophilus vaginalis vaginitis, documented by vaginal culture in 96 patients. Cure was confirmed by negative vaginal cultures 7 weeks after the start of therapy. Metronidazole proved to be effective in 20 of 22 couples (90.9%) treated. Sulfa cream, doxycycline, and ampicillin were effective in 47.8 to 63.6% of patients treated.

The prophylaxis of gonorrhea.

The current level of the gonorrhea epidemic supports the need for additional measures for gonorrhea control. In the absence of evidence that prophylactic availability enhances promiscuity, a strong case can be made for venereal disease prophylaxis. This paper reviews the efficacy and acceptability of prophylactic techniques. In the military, acceptability and efficacy have been demonstrated for systemic antibiotics, and probably a postcoital prophylactic kit. These measures are either inappropriate or unavailable for general civilian use. The condom and vaginal spermicides offer promise of partial protection; further studies of efficacy and utilization are needed.

Inhibition of antibody-binding as a radioimmunoassay for Plasmodium berghei infection in rats.

Sonicated red blood cells of rats infected with Plasmodium berghei (Pb) were used to coat plastic tubes, which were subsequently tested for capacity to bind anti-P, berghei antibodies. Binding was detected using radioiodinated Staphylococcus Protein A. Two antigenic preparations were used to make the solid-phase adsorbent (and also as inhibitors in the inhibition tests): sonicated red blood cells (SIRC), and a supernate of frozen-thawed, infected red blood cells (FTE). Treatment of the antigen-coated tubes with sera of immunized rats or by rabbits resulted in binding of antibodies to the tubes. The specificity of the binding was confirmed by inhibition tests. Preparations derived from infected blood but not from normal blood inhibited the binding of the anti-Pb antibodies. Using the inhibition tests, an infection corresponding to 0.00005% parasitemia could be detected. The sensitivity was higher when SIRC rather than FTE was used as antigen. The sensitivity of the inhibition test for the detection of parasites in the blood greatly surpassed that of the standard microscopical procedure. Parasites were demonstrated in blood samples 2 days after infection, 5 days before a microscopic diagnosis was positive. Repeated assays conducted with the same batch of reagents showed that the test was remarkable reproducible.

Peritonsillar abscess in an infant.

Although a common enough condition in the general population, quinsy is rare in children and even rarer in infants. In most cases the diagnosis is easy on the basis of the suggestive clinical picture. A case is presented of a peritonsillar abscess in a 7-month-old baby. Here, the diagnosis was somewhat doubtful, due to the uncharacteristic clinical appearance and the young age of the patient. Some of the dangers of an inadequate antibiotic treatment are briefly discussed.

The effect of certain topical medications on healing of cutaneous wounds in the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).

The effects of four topical medications on the rate and character of healing of cutaneous wounds were studied in six common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) held at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. Two sets of five 6 to 8 mm round excisional wounds, four test and one control site in each set, were created on the dorsolateral body wall of each snake. Wounds were examined daily and treated for ten days, then the snakes were killed and sections of all wounds were examined by light microscopy. Composite scores, derived by ranking each treatment group in relation to the control group (control score = 0) for each of 22 characteristics associated with wound healing, were used to compare the overall effects of each treatment. Statistical comparisons were made between groups for 20 characteristics. Wounds treated with a polyurethane film merited a score of +12 and had significantly more advanced healing than untreated controls for three characteristics. Wounds treated with an ointment containing scarlet red scored +6 but healing was not significantly greater than controls. Wounds treated with an antibacterial spray powder and an antibacterial ointment healed more slowly than controls and had scores of -6 and -12 respectively.

Antibacterial efficacy of norfloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin in experimentally-infected normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Systemic bacterial infections due to Escherichia coli MB 2884, Proteus mirabilis MB 3125 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MB 4005 were well controlled by treatment with norfloxacin both in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. similar observations were made when trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was used against susceptible pathogens. Systemic infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa MB 4700 was well controlled by norfloxacin and gentamicin in normal mice; this infection was more refractory to treatment by both drugs in diabetic animals. These observations suggest that norfloxacin may be an effective drug in the treatment of bacterial infections which may occur under diabetic conditions, and further investigation is warranted.

Anticoccidial activity of eight compounds in domestic mink.

Eight compounds were tested for anticoccidial activity in 44 domestic mink (Mustela vision). A treatment group consisted of 4 mink exposed to 2 inoculumns of sporulated oocysts on day 0 and day 22 of the experiments. Each inoculum contained 2,000 Isospora laidlawi, 2,000 Eimeria vision, and 2,000 Eimeria sp. One compound was administered to each treatment group; a control of 4 juvenile mink and a control group of 4 adult mink were designated. All treatments were given each day for 30 days after the initial exposure, except lincomycin which was administered for 14 days. In juvenile mink (3 to 4 months old), amprolium at dose level of 0.012% and sulfaquinoxaline at dose level of 0.024% in the water inhibited almost all of the oocyst production when compared with that of the control group. Lincomycin injected at dose level of 5 mg/day/mink was ineffective in suppressing oocyst production. In adult mink (2 to 4 years) monensin sodium at dose level of 0.012% a commercial antiobiotic-sulfonamide mixture at dose level of 0.49%, and lasalocid solium at dose level of 0.01% in the feed inhibited almost 100% oocyst production. Lasalocid sodium at dose level of 0.10% in the feed was lethal to 3 to 4 mink. Sulfamethazine at dose level of 0.014% and sulfathiazole at 0.014% in the feed had limited anticoccidial activities.

Comparative efficacy of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole in feed for control of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in swine.

Seventy-two conventionally raised pigs were challenge exposed intranasally when approximately 3.5 weeks old with yolk-grown Bordetella bronchiseptica. Twenty-four pigs acted as noninfected, nonmedicated controls. Feed containing sulfamethazine or sulfathiazole (110 mg/kg of feed) was initiated in 2 groups of 24 infected pigs each 3 days after challenge exposure and was fed continuously for 56 days. Twenty-four infected pigs were given nonmedicated feed. Challenge exposure with the B bronchiseptica resulted in nasal bordetellosis characterized by isolations of the test organism from nasal cavities of infected control pigs at greater than 90% frequency through 28 days and from at least 50% of the pigs through 56 days. Moderate turbinate atrophy developed with a 48% increase in mean turbinate space in infected control pigs at necropsy. Performance was not affected by the infection which was confined to the nasal cavity. The B bronchiseptica isolation rate decreased faster (P less than 0.01) in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group. By day 42, sulfamethazine-medicated pigs were negative for B bronchiseptica in nasal swab samples; whereas 8% to 17% of sulfathiazole-medicated pigs were positive from days 42 to 56. Turbinate spacing measurements averaged 11% less in the sulfamethazine group than in the sulfathiazole group.

[Hydra with seven heads: epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis or better meningococcal infection. Neisseria meningitis, Prévot 1933]. / Un'idar dalle sette teste: la meningite cerebro-spinale epidemica o, meglio, l'infezione da meningococco. Neisseria meningitidis, Prévot, 1933

A brief survey is presented of meningococcal meningitis, its history, its chemotherapy, the appearance of resistant bacterial strains, and its vaccine therapy. The epidemiology of the disease in various European and other countries is also described.

Comparative trial of sulphadiazine-trimethoprim (co-trimazine), co-trimoxazole and sulphamethizole in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

A combination of sulphadiazine and trimethoprim (co-trimazine) has been developed specifically for the management of urinary tract infections. The pharmacokinetics of co-trimazine make it possible to use lower doses of both the sulphonamide and trimethoprim than in co-trimoxazole, while maintaining clinical efficacy. One hundred and twenty women with a urinary tract infection were randomly allocated to a five-day course of treatment with either co-trimazine (sulphadiazine 410 mg and trimethoprim 90 mg 12-hourly), co-trimoxazole (sulphamethoxazole 800 mg and trimethoprim 160 mg 12-hourly) or sulphamethizole (1 g 8-hourly). The respective cure rates were 95, 98 and 90 percent. No serious side effects of therapy were encountered. Co-trimazine proved to be an effective antibacterial combination for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Comparison of trimethoprim alone with co-trimoxazole and sulphamethizole for treatment of urinary tract infections.

This study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of trimethoprim alone (300 mg daily) with both cotrimoxazole (0.96 g 12-hourly) and sulphamethizole (1 g eight-hourly) for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in general practice. Treatment was continued for five days in all patients. Twenty patients were included in each group. The cure rates (sterile urine one week after finishing treatment) for trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole and sulphamethizole were 90, 95 and 90% respectively. Side effects were minimal. It is recommended that trimethoprim alone replace co-trimoxazole for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Use of a uterine pessary to prevent infection of the uterus of the cow after parturition.

A uterine pessary containing penicillin, streptomycin, formosulphathiazole and ethinyloestradiol, was assessed for its efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of uterine infections in cows after parturition. Fifteen pluriparous Holstein Friesian cows had pessaries inserted into the uterus within 24 hours after calving. Compared with 14 similar untreated cows there were significant reductions in the number infected by Actinomyces pyogenes and in the number exhibiting abnormal uterine discharges.

The treatment of symptomatic urinary tract infection.

779 patients suffering from symptoms of urinary tract infection have been studied. Fifty-two per cent were found to have true bacterial infection of the urine. Several treatment regimes were assessed, and of these it appeared that sulphamethizole 1g three times a day was most effective, both in terms of a lower rate of relapse of infection and also a low incidence of side effects.

Travellers' diarrhoea: prevention by chemoprophylaxis.

The chemoprophylaxis of travellers' diarrhoea by iodochlorhydroxyquinoline combinations, neomycin and phthalsulphathiazole, furazolidone, bismuth salicylates and streptotriad is reviewed. Streptotriad is regarded as a highly effective prophylactic against travellers' diarrhoea. Some elementary food hygiene precautions are detailed.

[Changes of various factors of nonspecific humoral immunity in acute dysentery]. / Izmenenie nekotorykh pokazatelei gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri ostroi dizenterii

The level of total Enterobacterial Enterotoxins of the blood serum, of beta-lysins, lysozyme activity, complement and normal antibodies were studied in 191 patients with acute Flexner dysentery and in 285 patients with acute Sonne dysentery, depending on the period of the disease, its severity, the treatment applied, and the species of the causative agent. The level of the nonspecific humoral immunity factors increased before the treatment and its normalization depended on the treatment applied.

[Results of treatment of dysentery patients with streptomycin-dependent vaccine in comparison with other methods of treatment]. / Rezul'taty lecheniia bol'nykh dizenteriei streptomitsinzavisimoi vaktsinoi v sopostavlenii a drugimi metodami terapii.

Comparative study of various methods of treatment was carried out on 777 patients suffering from acute dysentery with a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis. To assess the therapeutic efficacy, along with consideration of clinical signs of the disease, immunoglobulin level was examined in the blood and coprofiltrates; also the state of reparative processes in the mucosa was appreciated by the histological examination of the biopsy material. Results of the work carried out indicated the inexpediency of the treatment of this disease with a combination of levomycetin and phthalazol. The use of live streptomycin-dependent dysentery vaccine was indicated in protracted torpid dysentery and was of no avail in acute form of the disease. A good therapeutic effect was observed with the application of pathogenetic therapy alone.