The characteristic signs and symptoms of mania and depression according to Kraepelin circa 1905: a comparison with DSM-III.

Although the rise of operationalized diagnostic criteria and the creation of DSM-III were influenced in the USA by a neo-Kraepelinian 'revival' of interest in psychiatric nosology, Kraepelin was only a distal influence on the specific diagnostic criteria proposed. The historical origins of the DSM-III criteria for mania and major depression (MD) are traceable back to the 1950s and contain no direct link to Kraepelin's writings. George Dreyfus, a student and assistant to Kraepelin, authored in 1907 a monograph on Involutional Melancholia which reviewed cases seen by Kraepelin in Heidelberg. In this monograph, Dreyfus presents the 'characteristic' symptoms for mania and depression 'as described by Kraepelin.' This historical finding provides the unprecedented opportunity to examine the resemblance between the criteria proposed for mania and depression in DSM-III, inspired by Kraepelin's nosologic vision, and those specifically suggested by Kraepelin 73 years earlier. Kraepelin's symptoms and signs for mania paralleled seven of the eight DSM-III criteria (except the decreased need for sleep), with two not included in DSM-III (increased mental activity and short bursts of sadness). Kraepelin's signs and symptoms paralleled six of the nine DSM-III criteria for MD, lacking suicidal ideation and changes in appetite/weight and sleep but including obsessions, reduced expressive movements, and decreased mood responsiveness. Although Kraepelin's overall approach to mania and depression emphasized their close inter-relationship in the cyclic course of manic-depressive illness, it is noteworthy Kraepelin's 'characteristic' symptoms for mania and depression as described by Dreyfus, bear substantial but incomplete resemblance to the criteria proposed in DSM-III.

Music, Mechanism, and the "Sonic Turn" in Physical Diagnosis.

The sonic diagnostic techniques of percussion and mediate auscultation advocated by Leopold von Auenbrugger and R. T. H. Laennec developed within larger musical contexts of practice, notation, and epistemology. Earlier, François-Nicolas Marquet proposed a musical notation of pulse that connected felt pulsation with heard music. Though contemporary vitalists rejected Marquet's work, mechanists such as Albrecht von Haller included it into the larger discourse about the physiological manifestations of bodily fluids and fibers. Educated in that mechanistic physiology, Auenbrugger used musical vocabulary to present his work on thoracic percussion; Laennec's musical experience shaped his exploration of the new timbres involved in mediate auscultation.

[Reforms of practical medicine in the period of the first scientific revolution ( XVII century - 70-ies of XVIII century). Communication 2. Development and introduction of new therapeutic-diagnostic concept].

Reforms in practical medicine in the course of the first scientific revolution are described. This period indicates a rise of a principally novel therapeutic-diagnostic conception. Main lines of this conception are presented and consequences of its introduction are analysed.

[Reforms of practical medicine in the period of the first scientific revolutions (the XVII century - 70-ies of XVIII century). Communication 1. Therapeutic-diagnostic Galen's conception and failure of its practical use].

This communication outlines basic principles of Galen's therapeutic and diagnostic conception which dominated in medicine for 15 centuries, shows changes in the attitude of medical professionals to this conception as a result of discoveries of the first scientific revolution. Two leading trends in reforms of practical medicine in the XVII century are described.

[From classification medicine to clinical medicine (the end of the XVIII century--70-ies of the XIX century). Communication 1. Beginning of the new style of medical thinking (clinical thinking)].

This communication is devoted to appearance of a qualitatively different methodological approach to problems of practical medicine in 1890s. This approach gave rise to formation of a new style of medical thinking (clinical thinking) and development of clinical medicine.

"Screen and intervene": governing risky brains.

This article argues that a new diagram is emerging in the criminal justice system as it encounters developments in the neurosciences. This does not take the form that concerns many "neuroethicists" -- it does not entail a challenge to doctrines of free will and the notion of the autonomous legal subject -- but is developing around the themes of susceptibility, risk, pre-emption and precaution. I term this diagram "screen and intervene" and in this article I attempt to trace out this new configuration and consider some of the consequences.

Sociology of diagnosis: a preliminary review.

Diagnoses are the classification tools of medicine, and are pivotal in the ways medicine exerts its role in society. Their sociological study is commonly subsumed under the rubrics of medicalisation, history of medicine and theory of disease. Diagnosis is, however, a powerful social tool, with unique features and impacts which deserve their own specific analysis. The process of diagnosis provides the framework within which medicine operates, punctuates the values which medicine espouses, and underlines the authoritative role of both medicine and the doctor. Diagnosis takes place at a salient juncture between illness and disease, patient and doctor, complaint and explanation. Despite calls for its establishment, almost two decades ago (Brown 1990), there is not yet a clear sociology of diagnosis. This paper argues that there should be, and, as a first step, draws together a number of threads of medical sociology that potentially contribute to this proposed sociology of diagnosis, including the place of diagnosis in the institution of medicine, the social framing of disease definitions, the means by which diagnosis confers authority to medicine, and how that authority is challenged. Through this preliminary review, I encourage sociology to consider the specific role of diagnosis in view of establishing a specific sub-disciplinary field.

Some historical notes on the diagnosis of death--the emergence of the brain death concept.

This paper demonstrates that discussions about the diagnosis of death and the meaning of states of suspended animation existed long before the publication of the Harvard criteria in 1968. The surgeons who started retrieving kidneys from heart beating cadavers have been accused to redefine death in order to obtain high quality organs. In fact, they were not aware of modifying a definition. They did not view death as a philosophical concept but considered that it was a biological phenomenon of which brain death was merely a new expression resulting from the development of resuscitation and intensive care procedures.

Diagnostics in late medieval sources.

In this paper I focus on the nature of diagnosis in the Czech written medical sources. In the first part, the character of medieval medicine is described. Further, I deal with contemporary definitions of disease and some important aspects of diagnostic; finally, I adduce the signs of diseases described in examined sources: primarily the manuscript texts created in the first half of the 15th century and old printed books from the 16th century. I come to conclusion, that the medieval medicine was oriented on health problems instead of concrete diseases. For non-university trained physicians, the methods of healing were more important than quest to find the concrete disease.

[Legendary physician of Ancient China Pian Chiao--excellent diagnostician and founder of acupuncture].

The article presents data about legendary physician of Ancient China - Pjan Chiao. His contribution to the development of ancient traditional Chinese medicine is considered.

Arrhythmias in the History: Lovesickness.

Lovesickness has been termed a real disorder, with a specific cause, pathogenesis, and cure: it has been attested to in the medical literature since classical times and may still have a place in current medicine in the frame of psychiatry and humoral disorders. Although in different cultures there is a general agreement on the symptoms, including fever, agitation, loss of appetite, headache, rapid breathing, and palpitations, the treatments vary greatly in the various cultural contexts.

[Brief introduction to the development of ancient history of paediatric diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine].

As an important part of paediatric science, paediatric diagnosis was in the initial stage of its development before the Song Dynasty. The main measures of diagnosing diseases were observation and pulse palpation, especially the latter. The rapid development of paediatrics in the Song Dynasty necessitated thepaediatric diagnosis to develop further, emphasizing the spiritual expressions of the eyes and fingerprint, with its special features gradually developed in the period of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties.During this period, the paediatrics diagnosis was developed on the basis of the previous generations, with equal importance paid to both observation and pulse feeling. In the period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties the four paediatric diagnostics were constantly enriched with attentions paid to the use of multiple approaches and thus the diagnostics was perfected day by day.

Acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: then and now (1950-2005).

Advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been remarkable since the mid-20th century. Even the clinical terminology used to describe some of the various components of ACS have undergone change, while the latter term itself represents a fairly recent addition to the medical lexicon. Although there have been dramatic changes in the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions used and impressive declines in morbidity and mortality, the differential diagnosis and complications of AMI and ACS remain as challenging now as they were a half century ago. This article presents in detail the medical understanding of AMI in the mid-20th century and how physicians of that era managed it and its complications, and contrasts this with current evidence-based knowledge and interventions.

Medical semiotics; its influence on art, psychoanalysis and Sherlock Holmes.

Semiotics is the analysis and interpretation of signs and the basis of medicine since antiquity. It is suggested that the growth of technology has led to the virtual eclipse of the clinical examination with consequent loss of skill, empathy and patient trust. This paper views the value of medical semiotics through the method of the 19th century Italian doctor, Giovanni Morelli, which has had a significant but little recognised impact on the early development of psychoanalysis, the detective novel and art connoisseurship. Semiotics and, specifically, the linguistic semiotics of Ferdinand Saussure have been influential in the fields of the visual arts, literature and the social sciences since the 20th century. With its roots in the medical treatises of antiquity, medical semiotics should again be brought to the forefront of medical practice.

[Analysis on renving and cunkou pulse diagnostic methods in Internal Classic and Pulse Classic].

Renying and cunkou pulse diagnostic methods have been recorded in Neijing Unternal Classic) and Maijing (Pulse Classic) and these two pulse diagnostic methods are very different. Through the analysis and inference on the relevant statements in Internal Classic and Pulse Classic, as well as those of medical scholars in later generations, it is discovered that the pulse of excess type, the pulse of deficiency type, the tense pulse, the regular missed-beat pulse, etc. could be detected and be used to judge the disorders of meridians and zangfu organs by the comparison between the pulse of excess type and the pulse of deficiency type with renying and cunkou pulse diagnostic methods recorded in Internal Classic. The substance of renying and cunkou pulse diagnostic methods in Pulse Classic is consistent with the methods in later generations, meaning that they can be applied to judge the disorders of meridians and zangfu organs through detecting the excess or the deficiency in every region of cun, guan and chi.

[Consanguinity between meridian theory and Bianque's pulse theory].

The integral meridian theory is composed of five parts, including meridian course, syndrome, diagnostic method, treating principle and treatment, and the core of it is meridian syndrome. It has been proved by multiple evidences that the meridian syndrome induced by the pathological change in meridian and the death syndrome of pulse penetrating or attaching to the syndrome are all originated from Bianque' s facial color and pulse diagnosis. And regarding the pulse syndrome,there are many different interpretations based on the theory of yin-yang in four seasons before the Han Dynasty. The emerging of Biaoben diagnostic method in Bianque's pulse method and its extensive clinical application promote a new theoretic interpretation the connection of meridians interpreting pulse syndrome directly. Besides, along with the new development of blood-pulse theory of Bianque's medicine, the revolution on meridian theory is aroused as well its theoretical paradigm turning from "tree" type to "ring" type. In other words, Bianque's medicine not only gives birth to meridian theory, but also decides its final development.