Association between serum apolipoprotein E and cognitive function in Chinese patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of serum apolipoprotein E (APOE) levels on cognitive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS: Clinical data were collected from 190 subjects including 110 TLE patients and 80 healthy people. Cognitive function was assessed using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) scale. Serum levels of APOE were measured using ELISA kits. Genotyping of APOE in peripheral blood was detected by microarray hybridization. RESULTS: Patients with TLE had significantly lower ACE-R total score, memory and verbal fluency scores compared to the healthy group. Serum levels of APOE were significantly higher in TLE patients than in the healthy subjects. Serum APOE levels were significantly negatively correlated with ACE-R total score, memory and verbal fluency scores. The cognitive function score of TLE with APOE ε4 allele was lower than that of TLE without APOE ε4 allele. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study showed that serum APOE levels were higher in TLE patients than in the healthy population. And serum APOE levels were associated with cognitive dysfunction in TLE patients. APOE ε4 allele carriers have poor cognitive function in TLE patients.

BDNF, proBDNF and proBDNF/BDNF ratio with electroencephalographic abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Possible relations to cognition and severity.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without subclinical epileptogenic discharges (SED) have been suggested to negatively affect cognitive abilities of children with ADHD. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in ADHD is in need of being investigated. The aims were to evaluate the levels of serum BDNF, proBDNF and the proBDNF/BDNF ratio in addition to the potential impacts of SED on the children's cognitive abilities and the severity of ADHD. The included participants with ADHD were 30 children with normal electroencephalogram (EEG) (G1) and 30 children with SED (G2), together with 30 healthy children (G3). The cognitive abilities and severity of the disorder were evaluated. The biochemical measures were determined by ELISA. The presence of coexisting SED and nocturnal enuresis has led to a deleterious effect on cognitive processes but not on the severity. The focal epileptogenic discharge was the most common among children in G2. The levels of BDNF in Groups 1 and 2 were less than those in G3. The higher proBDNF/BDNF ratio could be related to the low BDNF levels rather than high proBDNF levels. The findings of this study highlight the importance of investigating the presence of SED and nocturnal enuresis in children with ADHD. Targeting strengthening of cognitive abilities in children with coexisting ADHD and SED is advised. The role of proBDNF in the pathophysiology of ADHD needs further investigation.

The association of insulin responses and insulin sensitivity with cognition in adults with pre-diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.

OBJECTIVE: Dysglycemia is a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment. However, which pathophysiologic determinant(s) of dysglycemia, impaired insulin sensitivity (ISens) or the islet ß-cell's response (IResp), contribute to poorer cognitive function, independent of dysglycemia is not established. Among 1052 adults with pre-diabetes from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS), we investigated the relationship between IResp, ISens and cognitive function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: IResp was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI; pmol/mmol) and ISens as 1/fasting insulin from repeated annual oral glucose tolerance tests. The mean IResp and mean ISens were calculated over approximately 12 years of follow-up. Verbal learning (Spanish-English Verbal Learning Test [SEVLT]) and executive function (Digital Symbol Substitution Test [DSST]) were assessed at the end of the follow-up period. Linear regression models were run for each cognitive outcome and were adjusted for dysglycemia and other factors. RESULTS: Higher IResp was associated with poorer performance on the DSST (-0.69 points per 100 unit increase in IGI, 95 % CI: -1.37, -0.01). ISens was not associated with DSST, nor were IResp or ISens associated with performance on the SEVLT. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a greater ß-cell response in people at high risk for type 2 diabetes is associated with poorer executive function, independent of dysglycemia and ISens.

Attenuated adiponectin, omentin, increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels with altered cognition and depression in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Immune dysfunction is one of the risk factors which plays an important role in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and inflammation may be involved in its etiology. Minimal data is available on the effect of cytokine levels on neurobehavioral function in lymphoma before the initiation of chemotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to explore the risk of NHL by assessment of cytokine and adipokine levels and their correlation with neurobehavioral changes. METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 62 subjects (age-sex matched: 31 cases and 31 controls). Neurobehavioral assessment was done using Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire (MoCA) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) was used to assess quality of life. Questionnaire assessment and sample collection were done after the patient enrolment and before first cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS: Mean age of NHL patients and healthy controls was 51.9 ± 11.8 and 50 ± 10.9 years, respectively. NHL patients showed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (0.77 ± 0.11) and TNF- α (1.47 ± 1.31) than controls (0.55 ± 0.4 and 0.66 ± 0.89, respectively) with p-value<0.005. Also, NHL patients showed significantly lower levels of adiponectin (0.31 ± 0.24) and omentin (0.46 ± 0.1) than controls (0.42 ± 0.13 and 0.53 ± 0.11, respectively) with p-value<0.005. Lower MoCA and EORTC QLQ C-30 scores and higher PHQ-9 scores were observed in NHL patients in comparison to healthy control. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that adiponectin, omentin IL-6 and TNF-α may be used as pre-diagnostic markers of NHL risk. Neurobehavioral changes observed in NHL patients may alter the quality of life.

Control of diabetes and fibrinogen levels as well as improvement in health care might delay low cognitive performance in societies aging progressively / Controle do diabetes e dos níveis de fibrinogênio, bem como melhora no cuidado com a saúde, podem retardar o baixo desempenho cognitivo em sociedades que apresentam envelhecimento progressivo

Objective To know the prevalence and factors associated to low cognitive performance in a representative sample of the adult population in a society aging progressively. Method Cross-sectional population-based study carried out in a three-stage sampling: 81 census tracts (primary sampling unity) were randomly selected, followed by 1,672 households and 2,471 participants (weighted sample) corresponding to the second and third stages, respectively. The outcome prevalence was calculated according sociodemographic, behavioral and health related variables. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression. Results The prevalence of low cognitive performance was high, mainly among females, and indicated linear trends into categories of age, schooling, income, plasma fibrinogen and self-reported health status. In multivariate models, gender, diabetes, fibrinogen and self-reported health status presented positive associations, while schooling, employment and sitting time presented negative associations with the outcome. Conclusion Interventions related to diabetes and fibrinogen levels control as well as improvement in health care might delay low cognitive performance in societies aging progressively as such the study population. .

Objetivo Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao baixo desempenho cognitivo em amostra representativa de adultos pertencentes a uma população com envelhecimento progressivo. Método Estudo transversal, de base populacional, conduzido em amostra selecionada em três estágios: 81 setores censitários (unidade primária de amostragem) foram selecionados aleatoriamente, seguidos por 1.672 domicílios e 2.471 participantes (amostra ponderada), correspondendo ao segundo e terceiro estágios, respectivamente. A prevalência do desfecho foi calculada segundo fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e relacionados à saúde. Razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas foram estimadas pela regressão de Poisson. Resultados A prevalência de baixo desempenho cognitivo foi elevada, principalmente nas mulheres, indicando gradiente linear em relação à idade, à escolaridade, à renda, aos níveis de fibrinogênio e à saúde autorreferida. Nos modelos multivariados, sexo, diabetes, fibrinogênio e saúde autorreferida apresentaram associações positivas, enquanto escolaridade, trabalho e tempo sentado apresentaram associações negativas com o desfecho. Conclusão ...

Depression rather than liver impairment reduces quality of life in patients with hepatitis C

Objective: Patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have a poorer quality of life than those with other chronic liver diseases. However, some of the factors that determine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in these patients, such as the degree of liver fibrosis, are still controversial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of CHC on HRQOL by conducting clinical, psychiatric, and sociodemographic evaluations. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four consecutive patients attending a referral center for hepatitis were evaluated using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatry Interview, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to quantify independent associations between HRQOL and the clinical, psychiatric, and sociodemographic variables of interest. Results: Reduced HRQOL was independently associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, but was not associated with hepatic cirrhosis. Conclusions: MDD rather than the grade of liver fibrosis was strongly associated with HRQOL impairment in patients with CHC. These findings highlight that, in patients with CHC, the psychological effects of the disease deserve more attention and the implementation of integrated medical, psychiatric, and psychological care may be helpful. .

Surgical management of cystic dilatation bile ducts in adults / Tratamento cirúrgico da dilatação cística das vias biliares em adultos

BACKGROUND: The cystic dilatation of the biliary tract is a rare disease and uncertain origin. It is recognized more frequently in children; however, its incidence comes increasing in adults, representing 20% of the cases. AIM: To evaluate morbimortality rates, evolution and handing of patients with cystic dilatation bile ducts in adults. METHODS: Were evaluated, retrospectively, five adults who had the diagnosis of choledochal cyst and that had been submitted to some surgical procedure. RESULTS: Abdominal pain was the commonest complain to all patients. Jaundice was present in 80%. Ultrasound scanning was done in all the cases as initial examination. CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were also done in some patients; however, the diagnosis was established intra-operatively in all cases. The cyst resection with reconstruction of the biliary tract was done in 60%; the cystojejunostomy in 20%; and in 20% biliary tract drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Biliary tract cystic dilatation is a rare disease. However, its incidence is increasing in the adult population, so, it must be thought as differential diagnosis when facing obstructive jaundice. .

RACIONAL: A dilatação cística da via biliar é uma patologia rara e de origem incerta. É diagnosticada mais frequentemente em crianças, porém sua incidência vem aumentando em adultos, representando 20% dos casos. OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a experiência dos autores no tratamento cirúrgico, e no manejo da evolução, dos pacientes com dilatação cística das vias biliares. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, cinco adultos que tiveram o diagnóstico de cisto de colédoco e que foram submetidos a algum procedimento cirúrgico no Hospital da Restauração, PE, entre março de 2003 e junho de 2004. RESULTADOS: Dor abdominal foi a queixa comum a todos os pacientes. Icterícia esteve presente em 80% dos casos. A ultrassonografia foi realizada em todos os casos como exame inicial. Tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e colangiopancreatografia retrógada endoscópica também foram realizadas em alguns pacientes, porém o diagnóstico foi estabelecido no intra-operatório em todos os casos. O tratamento cirúrgico variou de acordo com a experiência do cirurgião e o quadro clínico do paciente. A ressecção do cisto com reconstrução da via biliar foi realizada em 60%, a cistoduodenostomia em 20% e a drenagem da via biliar em 20% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A dilatação cística da via biliar é doença rara, principalmente em nosso meio. Porém, sua incidência vem aumentando na população adulta, devendo estar sempre presente no diagnóstico diferencial das icterícias obstrutivas. .

Lead levels and cognitive abilities in Peruvian children / Níveis de chumbo e funções cognitivas em crianças peruanas

OBJETIVE: To study the relationship between blood lead levels and cognitive abilities of children exposed to this metal. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study that included 134 children aged 6 to 8.5 years old from 3 schools with different risks of lead exposure located in El Callao (Peru). Cognitive assessments were made by means of the Graphic Test of Reasoning (GTR) and the Kohs Block Design Test (KBDT). Blood lead levels and other laboratory tests were performed. RESULTS: Children with lead > 10 ug/dl presented greater prevalence of low scores in the Graphic Test of Reasoning (18.9 percent vs. 7.1 percent, p = 0.049) and in the Kohs Block Design Test (KBDT) (39.6 percent vs. 18.6 percent, p = 0.01) compared with those with lower lead blood levels. A deficit of 1 category in the Graphic Test of Reasoning was associated with an increase in lead blood level of 16.78 ug/dl (assuming a linear relationship) and from 1 to 5.19 ug/dl (logarithmic model). For each 10 ug/dl of increase in lead levels, the Kohs Block Design Test decreases in 6.24 units (12.91 in males and 0.216 in females) (linear model), and an increase from 1 to 10 ug/dl corresponds to a drop of 16.44 points in the Kohs Block Design Test (31.19 in males and 3.98 in females) (logarithmic model). Considering the Graphic Test of Reasoning subscales, lead levels correlated negatively with the areas of numerical problems (rho = -0.445, p < 0.001), numerical relationships (rho = -0.365, p < 0.001), inferences (rho = -0.281, p = 0.002) and similarities (rho = -0.250, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Lead levels were non-linearly associated with lower cognitive abilities, especially in males, being the numerical reasoning the most affected area.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a relação entre níveis séricos de chumbo e funções cognitivas em crianças expostas a esse metal. MÉTODO: Este é um estudo transversal que incluiu 134 crianças de 6 a 8,5 anos de idade, de três escolas localizadas em El Callao (Peru), e com riscos diferentes de exposição ao chumbo. As avaliações de suas funções cognitivas foram realizadas utilizando-se o Teste Gráfico de Raciocínio e o Teste dos Cubos de Kohs. Foram medidos os níveis séricos de chumbo RESULTADOS: As crianças com níveis séricos de chumbo > 10 ug/dl apresentaram maior prevalência de baixa pontuação no Teste Gráfico de Raciocínio (18,9 por cento vs. 7,1 por cento, p = 0,049) e também no Teste dos Cubos de Kohs (39,6 por cento vs. 18,6 por cento, p = 0,01), quando comparadas com aquelas com níveis séricos menores. Um déficit de uma categoria no Teste Gráfico de Raciocínio foi associado com um aumento no nível sérico de chumbo de 16,78 ug/dl (assumindo uma relação linear) e de 1 a 5,19 ug/dl (modelo logarítmico). Para cada 10 ug/dl de aumento no nível sérico de chumbo, o Teste dos Cubos de Kohs apresentou diminuição de 6,24 unidades (12,91 para os meninos e 0,216 para as meninas) (modelo linear) e um aumento de 1 a 10 ug/dl correspondeu a uma diminuição de 16,44 pontos no Teste dos Cubos de Kohs (31,19 para os meninos e 3,98 para as meninas) (modelo logarítmico). Considerando as subescalas do Teste Gráfico de Raciocínio, os níveis séricos de chumbo correlacionaram-se negativamente com as áreas de problemas numéricos (rho = -0,445, p < 0,001), relações numéricas (rho = -0,365, p < 0,001), inferências (rho = -0,281, p = 0,002) e semelhanças (rho = -0,250, p = 0,005). CONCLUSÕES: Níveis séricos de chumbo foram associados de uma maneira não-linear com déficits das habilidades cognitivas, especialmente entre os meninos, sendo o raciocínio numérico a área mais afetada.