Acceptability of Dyad Care Management After Preterm Birth: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVES: Care management programs for medically complex infants interact with parents after complicated pregnancies, when gaps in maternal health care are well documented. These care managers may have the relationships and skills to promote postpartum and interconception health and health care access. It is unknown whether expanding these care management models to address maternal needs would be acceptable. METHODS: We conducted qualitative interviews with women with a history of preterm birth and clinicians. For women with a history of preterm birth, additional inclusion criteria were Medicaid-insured infant in one health system and English proficiency. We purposively oversampled women whose infants received care management. Clinicians worked in two geographically adjacent health systems. Interviews explored priorities after preterm birth and perceived acceptability of mother-infant dyad care management. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded following an integrated approach in which we applied a priori codes and captured emergent themes. RESULTS: We interviewed 33 women (10/2018-7/2021) and 24 clinicians (3/2021-8/2021). Women were predominantly non-Hispanic Black, and 15 had infants receiving care management. Clinicians included physicians, nurses, and social workers from Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Family Medicine. Subgroups converged thematically, finding care management acceptable. Tailoring programs to address stress and sleep, emphasizing care managers with strong interpersonal skills and shared experiences with care management users, and program flexibility would contribute to acceptability. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Dyad care management after preterm birth is acceptable to potential program end-users and clinicians. Dyad health promotion may contribute to improved birth outcomes, infant, and parent health.

Access to What for Whom? How Care Delivery Innovations Impact Health Equity.

Achieving health equity (where every person has the opportunity to attain their full health potential) requires the removal of obstacles to health, including barriers to high-quality medical care. Innovations in service delivery can inadvertently maintain, worsen, or introduce inequities. As such, implementation of innovations must be accompanied by a dual commitment to evaluate impact on marginalized groups and to restructure systems that obstruct people from health and healthcare. Understanding the impact innovations have on access to high-quality care is central to this effort. In this Perspective, we join conceptual models of healthcare access and quality with health equity frameworks to conceptualize healthcare receipt as a series of interactions between people and systems unfolding over time. This synthesized model is applied to illustrate the effects of telemedicine on patient, population, and system outcomes. Telemedicine may improve or worsen health equity by altering access to care and by altering quality of care once it is accessed. Teasing out these varied effects is complex and requires considering multilevel influences on the outcome of a care-seeking episode. This synthesized model can be used to inform research, practice, and policy surrounding the equity implications of care delivery innovations more broadly.

Implementing team-based newborn well care: Perspectives of nurses and physicians.

PURPOSE: Pediatric primary care redesign includes changes to clinical teams and clinical workflows. This study described the perspectives of pediatric clinicians on their experience with redesign. DESIGN AND METHODS: This qualitative study explored clinician perspectives on a newborn care redesign pilot at a pediatric primary care site. Newborn Hallway (NBH), implemented in 2019, clustered morning newborn visits with a single physician, increased RN staffing, and provided newborn-specific training for RNs. NBH also revised visit documentation templates to promote communication between RNs and physicians and shared completion of history taking and education. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with clinicians. The interview guide was developed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and coded using an integrated approach. RESULTS: We interviewed 17 staff (8 physicians, 8 RNs, 1 nurse practitioner) from 3/2020 to 1/2021. Clinicians reported that NBH implementation was facilitated by widespread agreement on baseline challenges to newborn care, and interest in optimizing roles for RNs. Clinicians believed NBH facilitated teamwork, which mitigated unpredictability in newborn needs and arrival times, and improved staff satisfaction. Perceived barriers to NBH included staffing constraints and ambivalence about whether sharing tasks with RNs would negatively influence patient relationships and continuity. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric primary care redesign focused on sharing tasks between RNs and physicians can promote teamwork and address unpredictability in clinical settings. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Resolving questions about how redesign influences patient continuity and trust, and clarifying optimal staffing may help facilitate adoption of clinical team and workflow innovations.

Early Childhood Sleep Intervention in Urban Primary Care: Caregiver and Clinician Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Despite significant income-related disparities in pediatric sleep, few early childhood sleep interventions have been tailored for or tested with families of lower socio-economic status (SES). This qualitative study assessed caregiver and clinician perspectives to inform adaptation and implementation of evidence-based behavioral sleep interventions in urban primary care with families who are predominantly of lower SES. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with (a) 23 caregivers (96% mothers; 83% Black; 65% ≤125% U.S. poverty level) of toddlers and preschoolers with insomnia or insufficient sleep and (b) 22 urban primary care clinicians (physicians, nurse practitioners, social workers, and psychologists; 87% female; 73% White). Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, the interview guide assessed multilevel factors across five domains related to intervention implementation. Qualitative data were analyzed using an integrated approach to identify thematic patterns across participants and domains. RESULTS: Patterns of convergence and divergence in stakeholder perspectives emerged across themes. Participants agreed upon the importance of child sleep and intervention barriers (family work schedules; household and neighborhood factors). Perspectives aligned on intervention (flexibility; collaborative and empowering care) and implementation (caregiver-to-caregiver support and use of technology) facilitators. Clinicians identified many family barriers to treatment engagement, but caregivers perceived few barriers. Clinicians also raised healthcare setting factors that could support (integrated care) or hinder (space and resources) implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Findings point to adaptations to evidence-based early childhood sleep intervention that may be necessary for effective implementation in urban primary care. Such adaptations could potentially reduce significant pediatric sleep-related health disparities.

Correction: Computer-Facilitated Screening and Brief Intervention for Alcohol Use Risk in Adolescent Patients of Pediatric Primary Care Offices: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/55039.].

Computer-Facilitated Screening and Brief Intervention for Alcohol Use Risk in Adolescent Patients of Pediatric Primary Care Offices: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol and other substance use disorders usually begin with substance use in adolescence. Pediatric primary care offices, where most adolescents receive health care, are a promising venue for early identification of substance use and for brief intervention to prevent associated problems and the development of substance use disorder. OBJECTIVE: This study tests the effects of a computer-facilitated screening and brief intervention (cSBI) system (the CRAFFT [Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Family/Friends, Trouble] Interactive System [CRAFFT-IS]) on heavy episodic drinking, riding with a driver who is substance impaired, or driving while substance impaired among adolescents aged 14 to 17 years presenting for a well visit at pediatric primary care practices. METHODS: We are conducting a cluster randomized controlled trial of the CRAFFT-IS versus usual care and recruiting up to 40 primary care clinicians at up to 20 pediatric primary care practices within the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. Clinicians are randomized 1:1 within each practice to implement the CRAFFT-IS or usual care with a target sample size of 1300 adolescent patients aged 14 to 17 years. At study start, intervention clinicians complete web-based modules, trainer-led live sessions, and mock sessions to establish baseline competency with intervention counseling. Adolescents receive mailed recruitment materials that invite adolescents to complete an eligibility survey. Eligible and interested adolescents provide informed assent (parental permission requirement has been waived). Before their visit, enrolled adolescents seeing intervention clinicians complete a self-administered web-based CRAFFT screening questionnaire and view brief psychoeducational content illustrating substance use-associated health risks. During the visit, intervention clinicians access a computerized summary of the patient's screening results and a tailored counseling script to deliver a motivational interviewing-based brief intervention. All participants complete previsit, postvisit, and 12-month follow-up study assessments. Primary outcomes include past 90-day heavy episodic drinking and riding with a driver who is substance impaired at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-ups. Multiple logistic regression modeling with generalized estimating equations and mixed effects modeling will be used in outcomes analyses. Exploratory aims include examining other substance use outcomes (eg, cannabis and nicotine vaping), potential mediators of intervention effect (eg, self-efficacy not to drink), and effect moderation by baseline risk level and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The AAP Institutional Review Board approved this study. The first practice and clinicians were enrolled in August 2022; as of July 2023, a total of 6 practices (23 clinicians) had enrolled. Recruitment is expected to continue until late 2024 or early 2025. Data collection will be completed in 2025 or 2026. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study will inform the promotion of high-quality screening and brief intervention efforts in pediatric primary care with the aim of reducing alcohol-related morbidity and mortality during adolescence and beyond. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04450966; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04450966. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/55039.

The Role of Family Support in Moderating Mental Health Outcomes for LGBTQ+ Youth in Primary Care.

Importance: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and/or questioning (LGBTQ+) youth face worse mental health outcomes than non-LGBTQ+ peers. Family support may mitigate this, but sparse evidence demonstrates this in clinical settings. Objectives: To compare depression and suicide risk between LGBTQ+ and non-LGBTQ+ youth in primary care settings and to investigate whether family support mitigates these negative mental health outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study uses data from well care visits completed by adolescents aged 13 to 19 years from February 2022 through May 2023, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Modified for Teens (PHQ-9-M) and the Adolescent Health Questionnaire (AHQ; an electronic screener assessing identity, behaviors, and guardian support), at 32 urban or suburban care clinics in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Exposures: The primary exposure was self-reported LGBTQ+ status. Family support moderators included parental discussion of adolescent strengths and listening to feelings. Race and ethnicity (determined via parent or guardian report at visit check-in), sex, payer, language, age, and geography were covariates. Main Outcomes and Measures: PHQ-9-M-derived mental health outcomes, including total score, recent suicidal ideation, and past suicide attempt. Results: The sample included 60 626 adolescents; among them, 9936 (16.4%) were LGBTQ+, 15 387 (25.5%) were Black, and 30 296 (50.0%) were assigned female sex at birth. LGBTQ+ youth, compared with non-LGBTQ+ youth, had significantly higher median (IQR) PHQ-9-M scores (5 [2-9] vs 1 [0-3]; P < .001) and prevalence of suicidal ideation (1568 [15.8%] vs 1723 [3.4%]; P < .001). Fewer LGBTQ+ youth endorsed parental support than non-LGBTQ+ youth (discussion of strengths, 8535 [85.9%] vs 47 003 [92.7%]; P < .001; and listening to feelings, 7930 [79.8%] vs 47 177 [93.1%]; P < .001). In linear regression adjusted for demographic characteristics and parental discussion of strengths, LGBTQ+ status was associated with a higher PHQ-9-M score (mean difference, 3.3 points; 95% CI, 3.2-3.3 points). In logistic regression, LGBTQ+ youth had increased adjusted odds of suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio, 4.3; 95% CI, 4.0-4.7) and prior suicide attempt (adjusted odds ratio, 4.4; 95% CI, 4.0-4.7). Parental support significantly moderated the association of LGBTQ+ status with PHQ-9-M score and suicidal ideation, with greater protection against these outcomes for LGBTQ+ vs non-LGBTQ+ youth. Conclusions and Relevance: Compared with non-LGBTQ+ youth, LGBTQ+ youth at primary care visits had more depressive symptoms and higher odds of suicidal ideation and prior suicide attempt. Youth-reported parental support was protective against these outcomes, suggesting potential benefits of family support-focused interventions to mitigate mental health inequities for LGBTQ+ youth.

Discrepancies Between Caregiver Reported Early Childhood Sleep Problems and Clinician Documentation and Referral.

OBJECTIVE: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine sleep problem screenings during child well-visits. However, studies suggest a discrepancy between caregiver- and clinician-reported child sleep problems. The present study examines whether caregiver-reported child sleep problems (ie, habitual snoring, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep health) and clinician-documented child sleep problems and management are congruent. METHODS: The sample included 170 caregiver-child dyads (child Mage = 3.3 years, range = 2-5 years; 56.5% girls; 64.1% Black, 20.0% non-Latinx White, and 4.1% Latinx; 86.5% maternal caregiver reporter). Caregivers' questionnaire-based reports of habitual snoring, insomnia symptoms, and sleep health behaviors (nighttime electronics, caffeine intake, insufficient sleep) were compared with clinician documentation in the electronic health record. RESULTS: About 92.3% of children had at least 1 caregiver-reported sleep problem (66% insomnia symptoms, 64% electronics, 38% insufficient sleep, 21% caffeine, 17% snoring). In contrast, a substantially lower percent of children had a clinician documented sleep problem (20% overall; 10% insomnia symptoms, 7% electronics, 0% insufficient sleep, 3% caffeine, 4% snoring), sleep-related referral (1% overall; 0.6% Otolaryngology, 0.6% polysomnogram, 0% sleep clinic), or recommendation (12% overall; 8% insomnia symptoms, 4% electronics, 0% insufficient sleep, 1% caffeine). CONCLUSIONS: There is a vast discrepancy between caregiver-reported child sleep problems and clinician-documented sleep problems and management, with a higher proportion of caregiver reports. To benefit overall child health and well-being, future research and quality improvement initiatives should focus on enhancing screening tools and educational opportunities to improve clinician documentation and enhance family conversations about early childhood sleep problems.

Provider perspectives on clinical decision support to improve HIV prevention in pediatric primary care: a multiple methods study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical decision support (CDS) is a promising intervention for improving uptake of HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, little is known regarding provider perspectives on acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of CDS for HIV prevention in pediatric primary care, a key implementation setting. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multiple methods study utilizing surveys and in-depth interviews with pediatricians to assess acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of CDS for HIV prevention, as well as to identify contextual barriers and facilitators to CDS. Qualitative analysis utilized work domain analysis and a deductive coding approach grounded in the Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research. Quantitative and qualitative data were merged to develop an Implementation Research Logic Model to conceptualize implementation determinants, strategies, mechanisms, and outcomes of potential CDS use. RESULTS: Participants (n = 26) were primarily white (92%), female (88%), and physicians (73%). Using CDS to improve HIV testing and PrEP delivery was perceived as highly acceptable (median score 5), IQR [4-5]), appropriate (5, IQR [4-5]), and feasible (4, IQR [3.75-4.75]) using a 5-point Likert scale. Providers identified confidentiality and time constraints as two key barriers to HIV prevention care spanning every workflow step. With respect to desired CDS features, providers sought interventions that were integrated into the primary care workflow, standardized to promote universal testing yet adaptable to the level of a patient's HIV risk, and addressed providers' knowledge gaps and bolstered self-efficacy in providing HIV prevention services. CONCLUSIONS: This multiple methods study indicates that clinical decision support in the pediatric primary care setting may be an acceptable, feasible, and appropriate intervention for improving the reach and equitable delivery of HIV screening and PrEP services. Design considerations for CDS in this setting should include deploying CDS interventions early in the visit workflow and prioritizing standardized but flexible designs.

Trends and Persistent Disparities in Child Obesity During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increases in pediatric obesity and widening pre-existing disparities. To better understand the pandemic's long-term impacts, we evaluated trends in obesity across different demographic groups during the pandemic through December 2022. Using a retrospective cohort design, we analyzed electronic health record data from a large pediatric primary care network. Logistic regression models fit using generalized estimating equations estimated odds ratios (ORs) for changes in the level and trajectory of obesity across 2-year month-matched periods: prepandemic (June 2017 to December 2019) and pandemic (June 2020 to December 2022). Among a cohort of 153,667 patients with visits in each period, there was a significant increase in the level of obesity at the pandemic onset [OR: 1.229, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.211-1.247] followed by a significant decrease in the trend for obesity (OR: 0.993, 95% CI: 0.992-0.993). By December 2022, obesity had returned to prepandemic levels. However, persistent sociodemographic disparities remain.

A Qualitative Study of Perspectives of Black Women on Autonomy and Motivational Interviewing.

Purpose: Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based strategy to modify health behaviors, including some risk factors for adverse birth outcomes. Black women, who have disproportionately high rates of adverse birth outcomes, have reported mixed preferences on MI. This study explored the acceptability of MI among Black women who are at high risk for adverse birth outcomes. Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with women with a history of preterm birth. Participants were English-language proficient and had Medicaid-insured infants. We purposively oversampled women whose infants had medical complexity. Interviews explored experiences with health care and health behaviors after birth. The interview guide was iteratively developed to obtain specific reactions to MI by including videos demonstrating MI-consistent and MI-inconsistent counseling. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded following an integrated approach in which we applied a priori codes related to MI and allowed themes to emerge from the data. Results: We interviewed 30 non-Hispanic Black women from October 2018 to July 2021. Eleven viewed the videos. Participants emphasized the importance of autonomy in decision-making and health behavior. Participants expressed a preference for MI-consistent clinical approaches, including autonomy support and building rapport, considering them respectful, nonjudgmental, and likely to support change. Conclusions: In this sample of Black women with a history of preterm birth, participants valued an MI-consistent clinical approach. Incorporating MI into clinical care may improve the experience of health care among Black women, thus serving as one strategy to promote equity in birth outcomes.

Examination of Text Message Plans and Baseline Usage of Families Enrolled in a Text Message Influenza Vaccine Reminder Trial: Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health (mHealth) is quickly expanding as a method of health promotion, but some interventions may not be familiar or comfortable for potential users. SMS text messaging has been investigated as a low-cost, accessible way to provide vaccine reminders. Most (97%) US adults own a cellphone and of those adults most use SMS text messaging. However, understanding patterns of SMS text message plan type and use in diverse primary care populations needs more investigation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to use a survey to examine baseline SMS text messaging and data plan patterns among families willing to accept SMS text message vaccine reminders. METHODS: As part of a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded national study (Flu2Text) conducted during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 influenza seasons, families of children needing a second seasonal influenza vaccine dose were recruited in pediatric primary care offices at the time of their first dose. Practices were from the American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) research network, the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Columbia University. A survey was administered via telephone (Season 1) or electronically (Season 2) at enrollment. Standardized (adjusted) proportions for SMS text message plan type and texting frequency were calculated using logistic regression that was adjusted for child and caregiver demographics. RESULTS: Responses were collected from 1439 participants (69% of enrolled). The mean caregiver age was 32 (SD 6) years, and most children (n=1355, 94.2%) were aged 6-23 months. Most (n=1357, 94.3%) families were English-speaking. Most (n=1331, 92.8%) but not all participants had an unlimited SMS text messaging plan and sent or received texts at least once daily (n=1313, 91.5%). SMS text messaging plan type and use at baseline was uniform across most but not all subgroups. However, there were some differences in the study population's SMS text messaging plan type and usage. Caregivers who wanted Spanish SMS text messages were less likely than those who chose English to have an unlimited SMS text messaging plan (n=61, 86.7% vs n=1270, 94%; risk difference -7.2%, 95% CI -27.1 to -1.8). There were no significant differences in having an unlimited plan associated with child's race, ethnicity, age, health status, insurance type, or caregiver education level. SMS text messaging use at baseline was not uniform across all subgroups. Nearly three-quarters (n=1030, 71.9%) of participants had received some form of SMS text message from their doctor's office; most common were appointment reminders (n=1014, 98.4%), prescription (n=300, 29.1%), and laboratory notifications (n=117, 11.4%). Even the majority (n=64, 61.5%) of those who did not have unlimited plans and who texted less than daily (n=72, 59%) reported receipt of these SMS text messages. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, most participants had access to unlimited SMS text messaging plans and texted at least once daily. However, infrequent texting and lack of access to an unlimited SMS text messaging plan did not preclude enrolling to receive SMS text message reminders in pediatric primary care settings.

Pediatric Practices' Perceptions of Text Message Communication with Families: An American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) Study.

Background: Text messages can be an effective and low-cost mechanism for patient reminders; however, they are yet to be consistently integrated into pediatric primary care. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore pediatric primary care clinician and staff perceptions of pediatric office text message communication with families. Methods: As part of the National Institutes of Health-funded Flu2Text randomized controlled trial of second-dose influenza vaccine text message reminders, we conducted 7 focus groups and 4 individual interviews in July-August 2019 with primary care pediatric clinicians and staff (n = 39). Overall, 10 Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) pediatric practices in 10 states were selected using stratified sampling. Semi-structured discussion guides included perspectives on possible uses, perceived usefulness, and ease of use of text messages; practices' current text messaging infrastructure; and perceived barriers/facilitators to future use of texting. Two investigators independently coded and analyzed transcripts based on the technology acceptance model using NVIVO 12 Plus (intercoder reliability, K = 0.86). Results: Overall, participants were supportive of text reminders for the second-dose influenza vaccine, other vaccines, and appointments and perceived texting as a preferred method of communication for caregivers. Health information privacy and patient confidentiality were the main concerns cited. Only respondents from practices with no internal appointment text message reminder system prior to the study expressed concerns about technology implementation logistics, time, and cost. Conclusion: Text message reminders, for various uses, appear to be well accepted among a group of geographically widespread pediatric practices after participation in a trial of influenza vaccine text message reminders. Privacy, confidentiality, and resource barriers need to be addressed to facilitate successful implementation.

Integrating Care for Mother-Infant Dyads After Preterm Birth: A Qualitative Study of Clinician Perspectives on Feasibility.

Objective: There are gaps in receipt of maternal preventive services in the interconception period. Yet mother-infant dyads have frequent health care visits. Health systems have opportunities to better capitalize on existing visits to address dyad needs, but this possibility has not been fully explored. Methods: In this qualitative study we conducted semistructured interviews with clinical team members involved with birthing parents or infants after preterm birth. We conducted snowball sampling from teams in pediatrics, obstetrics, and family medicine at two geographically adjacent health systems. Interviews explored perspectives on existing barriers and facilitators to integrating dyad care across adult and infant teams. Interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded using an integrated approach. Results: We interviewed 24 physicians, nurses, midwives, and social workers (March-November 2021). Participants identified barriers to integrated care including infrequent communication between clinical teams, which was generalizable to care of the birthing parent or infant as individuals, and additional barriers related to privacy, credentialing, and visit design that were specific to dyad care. To improve integration of dyad care, clinicians proposed adapting a variety tools and procedures currently used in their practices, including electronic health record tools for communication, dedicated roles to support communication or navigation, centralized information on resources for dyad care, referral protocols, identifying dyads for proactive outreach, and opportunities for clinicians to connect face-to-face about shared patients or families. Conclusions: Clinicians believe existing health care structures and processes can be adapted to address current substantial barriers to integrated dyad care.

Clinician Prompts for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of an online intervention using clinician prompts for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination with a cluster randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The randomized trial occurred July 2021-January 2022 in 48 primary care pediatric practices (24 intervention, 24 control) across the US. We trained clinicians via two online learning modules, plus weekly ''quick tips'' delivered via text or email. The training taught practices to implement a staff prompt to the clinician (e.g., printed reminders placed on the keyboard) plus electronic health record (EHR) prompts (if not already done) at well and acute/chronic visits for initial and subsequent HPV vaccination. We assessed missed opportunities for HPV vaccination using logistic regression models accounting for clustering by practice on an intent to treat basis. Surveys assessed facilitators and barriers to using prompts. RESULTS: During the 6-month intervention, missed opportunities for HPV vaccination increased (worsened) in both intervention and control groups. However, at well child care visits, missed opportunities for the initial HPV vaccine increased by 4.5 (95% CI: -9.0%, -0.1%) percentage points less in intervention versus control practices. Change in missed opportunities for subsequent doses at well child care and non-well child care visits did not differ between trial groups. An end-of trial survey found understaffing as a common challenge. CONCLUSIONS: Clinician prompts reduced missed opportunities for HPV vaccination at well child care visits. Understaffing related to the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to worsening missed opportunities for both groups and likely impeded practices in fully implementing changes.

Sleep Well! An adapted behavioral sleep intervention implemented in urban primary care.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To describe the adaptation, feasibility, and initial outcomes of Sleep Well!, an intervention for early childhood insomnia and insufficient sleep, designed for families from lower-socioeconomic status backgrounds presenting to large metropolitan primary care sites. METHODS: Fifteen caregiver-child dyads (caregivers: 92.3% mothers, 80.0% Black, 53.3% ≤ 125% US poverty level; children: 73.3% female, 86.7% Black, mean age = 3.0 years) participated in this multimethod, single-arm trial. A family advisory board of caregivers (n = 4) and a clinician advisory board of sleep experts, primary care clinicians, and psychologists (n = 13) provided intervention feedback throughout the pilot. Most adaptations were related to intervention delivery methods, with some related to sleep strategies. At postintervention, caregivers completed surveys on intervention acceptability and cultural humility (primary outcomes) and completed semistructured interviews. Caregivers also reported on child sleep pre- and postintervention. RESULTS: Thirteen (86.6%) families completed Sleep Well! and 12 (80.0%) completed pre- and postintervention measures. Caregivers reported strong intervention acceptability and cultural humility. There were preintervention to postintervention reductions in child sleep problems, bedroom electronics, sleep onset latency, and night awakening frequency and duration. Nighttime sleep duration and overall insufficient sleep also improved. Qualitative data also showed strong intervention acceptability and perceived flexibility, with few participation barriers. CONCLUSIONS: A brief, early childhood behavioral sleep intervention delivered in primary care with families from primarily lower-socioeconomic status backgrounds and/or racially minoritized backgrounds is feasible to implement, with strong retention rates, acceptability, and perceptions of cultural humility. Child sleep improvements are positive and warrant replication in a randomized controlled trial. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Implementing Behavioral Sleep Intervention in Urban Primary Care; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04046341; Identifier: NCT04046341. CITATION: Williamson AA, Okoroji C, Cicalese O, et al. Sleep Well! An adapted behavioral sleep intervention implemented in urban primary care. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(4):1153-1166.

Fidelity evaluation of the dialogue around respiratory illness treatment (DART) program communication training.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate receipt fidelity of communication training content included in a multifaceted intervention known to reduce antibiotic over-prescribing for pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs), by examining the degree to which clinicians implemented the intended communication behavior changes. METHODS: Parents were surveyed regarding clinician communication behaviors immediately after attending 1026 visits by children 6 months to < 11 years old diagnosed with ARTIs by 53 clinicians in 18 pediatric practices. Communication outcomes analyzed were whether clinicians: (A) provided both a combined (negative + positive) treatment recommendation and a contingency plan (full implementation); (B) provided either a combined treatment recommendation or a contingency plan (partial implementation); or (C) provided neither (no implementation). We used mixed effects multinomial logistic regression to determine whether these 3 communication outcomes changed between baseline and the time periods following each of 3 training modules. RESULTS: After completing the communication training, the adjusted probability of clinicians fully implementing the intended communication behavior changes increased by an absolute 8.1% compared to baseline (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 2.4%, 13.8%, p = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the receipt fidelity of the intervention's communication training content. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians can be trained to implement communication behaviors that may aid in reducing antibiotic over-prescribing for ARTIs.

The Future(s) of Pediatric Primary Care.

Pediatric primary care (PPC) arose in the early 20th century as the fusion of acute and chronic pediatric illness care with preventive elements borrowed from public and maternal and child health. Well-established and thriving by the 1930s, PPC saw major changes in childhood morbidity and mortality in the latter half of the 20th century with the recognition of the "new morbidity" of school, behavior, and social problems. At the same time, PPC experienced changes in its workforce, which became increasingly female and added nurse practitioners and physician assistants as practitioners. Independent practice, previously the dominant business model, decreased in prominence at the end of the 20th century as health systems bought practices and other sites morphed into federally qualified health centers. In the present century, electronic health records (EHRs) have brought profound changes in PPC workflows and practitioner experience. In addition, disruptive market competition such as retail clinics and corporate telemedicine providers coupled with changes in health insurance from fee-for-service to value-based payment further challenge the care model and economics of PPC. Finally, recognition of family social circumstances as major determinants of children's health presents another challenge to the status quo. As such, although one PPC future may resemble its present state, a more innovative future is likely to include clinics and practices more oriented toward and linked to communities and directed at the social determinants of health. In addition, the rise in physical, behavioral, and social problems in practice call for a growing focus on wellness, including sleep, nutrition, and activity, that promises to reorient the PPC future in productive new directions. The half-way technology of current EHR systems will ideally be spun into electronic hubs that facilitate teamwork between PPC, specialists, and community groups. Research and practice improvement strategies including involvement in "learning health systems" will be critical to making PPC effective in an evolving society. Although threatened by 21st century forces and hard-to-anticipate change, PPC is ideally positioned to build upon its core functions to create multidisciplinary teams that reach into the community, promoting a holistic wellness for children consistent with the broadest definition of health.