[Sometimes less is more. Preventing overdiagnosis by sharing decisions]. / Moins, c'est parfois mieux . Prévenir le surdiagnostic en partageant les décisions.

In this article, we will define «quaternary prevention¼, which consists in minimizing the iatrogenic effects of medical interventions, and more specifically the notion of «overdiagnosis¼. We will then discuss how a poor appreciation of the risks, on the part of both patients and clinicians, seems to fuel the phenomenon. We will discuss the interest of placing quaternary prevention within the broader framework of Shared Decision Making. We will focus on one of the stages of Shared Decision Making process, that of risk communication. Finally, we'll conclude that, fundamentally, clinicians should not only share information with patients, but also the power to decide.

Dans cet article, nous définirons la «prévention quaternaire¼, qui consiste à minimiser les effets iatrogènes de nos interventions et plus particulièrement de la notion de «surdiagnostic¼. Ensuite, nous discuterons en quoi une mauvaise appréciation des risques, chez les patients comme chez les thérapeutes, semble nourrir le phénomène. Nous discuterons de l'intérêt de replacer la prévention quaternaire dans le cadre plus large de la prise de décision médicale partagée (DMP) («Shared Decision Making¼). Nous nous attarderons sur une des étapes du processus de prise de DMP, celle de la communication des risques. Enfin nous conclurons que, fondamentalement, il s'agit pour les thérapeutes de non seulement partager l'information avec les patients, mais aussi le pouvoir de décider.

[SGLT2 inhibitors : on the borders of diabetology, cardiology, nephrology and primary care]. / Inhibiteurs des SGLT2 (gliflozines) : aux confins de la diabétologie, la cardiologie, la néphrologie et la médecine générale.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is or gliflozins) are now considered as a therapeutic breakthrough in clinical practice, not only for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also for the treatment of heart failure and chronic renal disease. Patients with T2D are exposed to a higher risk of atheromatic lesions, heart failure and renal insufficiency, all complications that can be reduced by a gliflozin as shown in several placebo- controlled randomised trials in at high risk patients. Unexpectedly, such cardio-renal protection has also been observed among non-diabetic patients with heart failure (both with reduced and preserved ejection fraction) or with chronic kidney disease (especially with albuminuria). Because of these properties, SGLT2is now occupy a privileged place in diabetology, cardiology and nephrology. However, they are still slow to settle in primary care practice, even in high risk patients who should benefit, an underuse possibly due at least partially to quite complex reimbursement criteria in Belgium.

Les inhibiteurs des sodium-glucose cotransporteurs type 2 (iSGLT2 ou gliflozines) ont réalisé une percée remarquable dans la pratique clinique, non seulement pour le traitement du diabète de type 2 (DT2), mais aussi pour celui de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de la maladie rénale chronique. Le patient avec DT2 est exposé à des lésions athéromateuses, une insuffisance cardiaque et une insuffisance rénale, toutes complications freinées par la prise d'une gliflozine comme démontré dans plusieurs essais cliniques contrôlés versus placebo chez des patients à haut risque. De façon a priori inattendue, cette protection cardio-rénale a également été prouvée chez des patients non diabétiques présentant une insuffisance cardiaque (avec fraction d'éjection réduite ou préservée) ou une maladie rénale chronique (notamment avec albuminurie). Au vu de ces propriétés, les iSGLT2 occupent maintenant une place privilégiée en diabétologie, en cardiologie et en néphrologie. Cependant, ils tardent encore à s'implanter en médecine de première ligne, y compris chez des patients à haut risque qui devraient pourtant en bénéficier et ce, probablement en partie à cause de critères de remboursement relativement complexes en Belgique.

[Functional disorders in primare care]. / Les troubles fonctionnels en Médecine générale.

General practitioners frequently encounter patients with functional disorders. The authors discuss the specific aspects of the management of this population in general practice, through the lens of the five functions that define this discipline. A classification of functional disorders and the analysis of prognostic factors are of great value in deciding on therapeutic strategies. The general practitioner can contribute to the disappearance of mild functional disorders by listening to the patient and by providing appropriate patient centered care. More severe situations are rarer and require a multidisciplinary approach to which the general practitioner should contribute.

Le médecin généraliste rencontre fréquemment des patients atteints de troubles fonctionnels. Les auteurs évoquent les aspects spécifiques de leur prise en charge en Médecine générale, sous le prisme des cinq fonctions qui définissent cette discipline. Une classification des troubles fonctionnels et l'analyse des facteurs de pronostic sont d'une grande utilité, pour décider des orientations thérapeutiques. Par une prise en charge adaptée, centrée sur le patient et sur son écoute, le médecin généraliste peut contribuer à la disparition des troubles fonctionnels légers. Les situations plus sévères sont plus rares. Elles nécessitent une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire à laquelle il est souhaitable que le médecin généraliste apporte sa contribution.

Immunogenicity profile of a 3.75-µg hemagglutinin pandemic rH5N1 split virion AS03A-adjuvanted vaccine in elderly persons: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Elderly persons often experience a reduced immune response to influenza vaccination. We evaluated the usual dose of AS03(A)-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic vaccine (3.75 µg hemagglutinin of A/Vietnam/1194/2004-like strain) compared with a double dose in an elderly population. METHODS: This phase 2, open-label study (NCT00397215; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) randomized participants (age, ≥61 years) to receive, on days 0 and 21: (1) a single dose of AS03(A)-adjuvanted vaccine (n=152), (2) a single dose of nonadjuvanted vaccine (n=54), (3) a double dose of AS03(A)-adjuvanted vaccine (n=145), or (4) a double dose of nonadjuvanted vaccine (n=44). The primary end point was hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody response against vaccine antigen (according-to-protocol cohort). RESULTS: Day 42 geometric mean titers for HI antibodies were 126.8 and 237.3 for single and double doses of the AS03(A)-adjuvanted vaccine, respectively. Corresponding values for neutralizing antibodies were 447.3 and 595.8. Although the immune response was higher with the double dose, European Committee for Human Medicinal Products criteria for seroconversion and seroprotection rates were achieved in both AS03(A)-adjuvanted groups. Antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses were elicited. Immune response persistence at 6 months was high. Immune response in the non-adjuvanted groups was considerably less. CONCLUSIONS: The AS03(A)-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccine can be administered elderly persons at the same dose and schedule as in younger adults.

Value of Teledermoscopy in Primary Healthcare Centers: Preliminary Results of the TELESPOT Project in Belgium.

INTRODUCTION: Teledermoscopy using smartphone-based applications is becoming more and more important in a setting of increasing frequency of skin cancer and difficult access to specialized care. The TELESPOT project aimed to provide rapid diagnosis and speed up patient flow between primary healthcare centers and a tertiary care center in Belgium. The aim of the present study is to describe the development of an in-house smartphone-based dermoscopy application, evaluate its real-life value in a series of primary healthcare centers, and present preliminary diagnostic data. METHODS: Modified Likert scales were used to assess patient and general practitioner (GP) satisfaction rates for the system. Furthermore, a total of 105 photographic and dermoscopic images were acquired in a series of 80 patients at participating centers. RESULTS: Overall, patient and GP satisfaction levels were 89% and 94%, respectively. High-priority management was recommended in 7.6% of cases (8/105: 3 basal cell carcinoma, 1 primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, 1 Spitz melanocytic nevus, 1 congenital nevus, 1 in situ melanoma, and 1 invasive melanoma, proven by histology). CONCLUSIONS: The primary healthcare centers were highly satisfied with the TELESPOT project in terms of user-friendliness, efficacy, and reliability as well as in providing a reinforced image of first-line medicine efforts in combating skin cancer.

[Criteria of the patient's decision concerning vaccination against influenza AH1N1, in Belgium and France]. / Critères de décision du patient concernant la vaccination contre la grippe AH1N1, en Belgique et en France.

INTRODUCTION: We have analyzed the reasons evoked by the patients to decide or not to be vaccinated against AH1N1 influenza, in France and Belgium. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were performed, recorded and transcribed for analysis. Fifty-eight interviews were performed with patient living in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, France (21 interviews) and in the province of Liège, Belgium (37 interviews). The patients were recruited by general practitioners. Within the sample, some patients were vaccinated against AH1N1 influenza and others were not. RESULTS: Five criteria influenced the decision to be vaccinated or not: how people understand the epidemic and the threats it represents; their representation about the vaccine (and its harmlessness); their beliefs and representations about vaccination; the influence of the health professionals' opinion; the discussions between the patient and his acquaintances; and how the patient seeks for information. CONCLUSION: These elements can be considered as criteria influencing the decision about any vaccination. They reflect the patient's subjectivity, the patient's perception of vaccination. Investigating these dimensions in the patient's mind can help the practitioner to positively influence the reluctant patients. Identifying threats and received ideas should allow the doctor to correct them and accept vaccination.

[Vitamin D deficiency in elderly men living in urban areas, at home or in institutions]. / Déficit en vitamine D chez l'homme âgé vivant à domicile ou en institution en milieu urbain.

OBJECTIVES: Many studies report severe vitamin D deficiency in the elderly and its involvement in various health problems (not limited to bone metabolism disorders). Most papers concern elderly women, however, and little is known about this problem among elderly men. This study focused on vitamin D deficiency in elderly men living in urban areas, whether at home or in an institution. METHODS: Between December 2005 and June 2006, we randomly recruited from general practices 336 men aged 65 years or more, living either at home or in institutions for the elderly. The variables studied were: age, residence (home or institution), fall and fracture history, independence (Katz), mobility (TUG), balance, outdoor walking, blood 25-OH-D level, glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) and PINI index. RESULTS: Of the 336 men, 45 (13%) were excluded because they were already receiving vitamin D treatment. The study thus included 291 patients, 174 community-dwelling and 117 institutionalized. The latter were significantly older and had less independence. Their 25-OH-D levels were also significantly lower than for community-dwelling subjects. The prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D < 12 ng/mL) was 79% among men in institutions and 57% among those living in the community (p<0.0001), and for mild and moderate vitamin D deficiency (12-32 ng/mL), 21% and 42%, respectively. Overall, only 2 men, both living at home, had normal vitamin D levels (25-OH-D > or = 32 ng/mL). In institutions, factors predictive of severe deficiency were TUG > or = 30s, walking distance < or = 100 m and lack of outdoor walking. Among the men living at home, none of the variables studied was associated with severe vitamin D deficiency. DISCUSSION: Potential biases of the study are discussed. Seasonal variations of vitamin D levels were small and comparable in both groups. The study confirms the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly men. These results could probably be extended to other European cities with similar characteristics. The problem of interpreting 25-OH-D results with respect to current laboratory norms for defining severe or moderate vitamin D deficiency (12 and 32 ng/mL, respectively) is also discussed. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and severe in elderly men, especially those living in institutions. Moderate to severe deficiency is also frequent among men living at home. Vitamin D supplementation should be routinely prescribed in institutions for the elderly and probably also to any individual over 65 years. Laboratory norms should be harmonized and consistent with recent medical evidence.