Effects of Distraction on Reducing Pain During Invasive Procedures in Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Distraction is a known behavioral intervention that is widely used for pain management in the pediatric population. However, there is a shortage of reviews reporting the efficacy of distraction for procedural pain reduction in pediatric oncology settings. AIM: To determine the current evidence on the effects of distraction on procedural pain in children with cancer. DESIGN: This systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines SETTINGS: Six different databases from 1990 to June 2019. METHOD: A literature search was conducted to identify the effects of distraction on procedural pain reduction in children with cancer. A meta-analysis was undertaken along with applying a mixed effect model to quantify the standardized mean difference in the 95% confidence interval (CI) as the overall effects. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were included. Distraction during an invasive procedure had a large effect on pain intensity (-0.92, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.36, p = .001) and on needle insertion as well (-1.12, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.72, p = .000), but only a moderate effect on lumbar puncture procedures (-0.57, 95% CI -1.02 to -0.12, p = .012). Uncertain effects on pain relief showed up in a virtual reality (VR) distraction (-0.93, 95% CI -2.63 to 0.76, p = .28) and during active distraction (-0.72, 95% CI -1.48 to 0.03, p = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Distraction is an efficacious intervention to reduce procedural pain during needle insertion or lumbar puncture procedures in children with cancer. However, the efficacy of active distraction and VR remain uncertain. Future research should focus on specific comparisons of different forms of distractions with larger sample sizes.

Efficacy of Scenario Simulation-Based Education in Relieving Parental Anxiety about Fever in Children.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of a scenario simulation-based education intervention on parental anxiety about fever in their children. DESIGN AND METHODS: This experimental research was conducted using a two-group pretest-posttest design. One hundred and sixty parents of 3-month to 5-year-old children enrolled in preschools and kindergartens with childcare services were recruited as participants using cluster random sampling. The participants were divided randomly into an experimental group (80) and a control group (80). The former participated in a scenario simulation-based education intervention and received a fever education booklet. The latter received the booklet only. Data were collected using the Children's Fever Anxiety Inventory at three time points: before the intervention (pretest, T1) and at six-month (T2) and 12-month (T3) posttests. RESULTS: Significant intergroup differences in fever anxiety were found at both T2 and T3 (p < .001). For both groups, the scores at T2 and T3 were significantly lower than at T1 (p < .001) and the difference between T2 and T3 did not attain statistical significance (p > .05). Although both groups experienced reduced fever anxiety over time, this reduction was significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Simulation-based education may be used in conjunction with the traditional fever education booklet to further reduce parent fever anxiety over time. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This simulation-based education approach significantly and positively impacts parental anxiety about fever in their children. Furthermore, the approach may be generalizable to other childhood healthcare settings.

IJEPA: Gray Area for Health Policy and International Nurse Migration.

Indonesia is recognized as a nurse exporting country, with policies that encourage nursing professionals to emigrate abroad. This includes the country's adoption of international principles attempting to protect Indonesian nurses that emigrate as well as the country's own participation in a bilateral trade and investment agreement, known as the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement that facilitates Indonesian nurse migration to Japan. Despite the potential trade and employment benefits from sending nurses abroad under the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement, Indonesia itself is suffering from a crisis in nursing capacity and ensuring adequate healthcare access for its own populations. This represents a distinct challenge for Indonesia in appropriately balancing domestic health workforce needs, employment, and training opportunities for Indonesian nurses, and the need to acknowledge the rights of nurses to freely migrate abroad. Hence, this article reviews the complex operational and ethical issues associated with Indonesian health worker migration under the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement. It also introduces a policy proposal to improve performance of the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement and better align it with international principles focused on equitable health worker migration.

[The long road home: a discussion of the autonomy of schizophrenia patients after their discharge from the hospital].

Every adult has the right to self-determination and to have his or her autonomy respected. While schizophrenia patients have the right to be discharged from the hospital, their needs subject their caregivers to high care loadings. This situation presents a dilemma for the medical team. The authors justify the patient's autonomy to request and to be granted a discharge. Then, present the decision-making process related to discharge for the reference of medical teams. Capacity is necessary to autonomy. There is currently no standard for assessing the capacity of patients that clearly defines their competence. A sliding scale approach to decision making distinguishes between decisions involving significant potential risk and, therefore, involving higher level of capacity requirements and decisions on minimal potential risk. In order to protect the interests of patients, the sliding scale approach takes into account different decisions. Cases in which schizophrenia patients choose to self-discharge involve a high-level of risk. Poor preparations for follow-up care lead to poor-quality patient care and may cause harm to the patients. In a share decision model, the medical team plays the role of negotiator between the patient and the family and respects the autonomy of the patient while supporting the family through the hospital discharge process. Medical team must have a discharge planning for the patient and family, follow-up care system, and support network. During hospitalization, the discharge plan aims to facilitate the life adaptation and disease recovery for patients with the goal of restoring their normal home life.

[Efficacy of cultural-appropriate health education on information, motivation and behavioral skills of fever management for children in new immigrant Vietnamese mothers].

BACKGROUND: Fever is the most common symptom in pediatric healthcare. Providing parents with better information on childhood fever management can improve their cognition and home-care abilities. Vietnamese female spouse comprise the largest segment of women who have emigrated from Southeast Asia to Taiwan over the past two decades. After arrival to Taiwan, they have to encounter the events of pregnancy and being a mother. In health care services, language barriers and cultural issues are key healthcare-related barriers to the adaptation of these women to Taiwan society. PURPOSE: This study assessed the efficacy of using Vietnamese-language fever management education materials in changing the fever management behaviors of Vietnamese mothers living in Taiwan. METHODS: This experimental study used a randomly assigned, pre- and post-test approach. A snowball method was used to recruit Vietnamese women living in southern Taiwan with children under 6 years of age. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 31, Vietnamese-language fever management brochure + VCD) and comparison (n = 30, Chinese-language brochure + VCD) groups. RESULTS: Both groups achieved significantly improvement scores in (fever) information, attitudes, self-efficacy and skills, with improvements significantly higher in the experimental group than the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study supports that fever management education presented in the recipient's primary language effectively improves recipient fever management knowledge, attitudes, skills, and self-efficacy.

Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Education on Childhood Fever Management by Taiwanese Parents.

BACKGROUND: Childhood fever is a common symptom managed by parents at home. Most parents do not know the definition of fever, its effect, or its management. To establish simulation-based education for parents and evaluate its effectiveness for fever management at home are essential for nursing care. This study assesses the long-term effects of simulation-based education on information, motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors related to parental fever management in Taiwan. METHODS: Cluster random sampling was used to recruit parents having children aged from 3 months to 5 years who were attending kindergartens in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A total of 160 parents were randomly assigned into experimental (EP) and control (CP) groups equally. Parents in the EP group received simulation-based education with fever education brochures, while the CP group received only the brochure. Data on parental fever information, motivation, behavioral skills, and management behaviors were collected before the 1st day, on the 1st day (except management behaviors), at the 6-month, and at the 12-month marks post-training with a self-developed instrument based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. RESULTS: The results of a generalized estimating equation analysis indicated that the information, motivation, behavioral skills, and management behaviors of all participants had improved at the post-test assessment, with the EP group showing significantly better improvement than the CP group. This study supports that simulation-based education effectively enhances fever management of parents for a long period of time. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based education, compared to using the brochure, was a better strategy for improving parental information, motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors regarding fever management. We suggest that providing community-based education on fever with scenario simulation is needed to increase parental competence for child care.