[Deepening the Action on Salt Reduction in China-suggestions on strategy and implementation plan].

Excessive sodium/salt intake is the leading dietary risk factor for the loss of healthy life in the Chinese population. The "Healthy China 2030" Action Plan set the goal of reducing salt intake by 20% by 2030. However, salt intake in China is still at a very high level in the world, with adults reaching 11 g/d, more than twice the recommended limit of 5 g/d. The current policies and action plans of China have targeted catering workers, children, adolescents, and home chefs in salt, oil, and sugar reduction actions. However, there are still obvious deficiencies in the coordinated promotion and implementation. This study, therefore, proposed a set of comprehensive strategies (named CHRPS that is composed of communication and education, salt reduction in home cooking, salt reduction in restaurants, reducing salt content in pre-packaged food, and surveillance and evaluation) and key implementation points for further deepening the salt reduction action in China. These strategies were developed based on the main sources of dietary sodium for Chinese residents, the status of "knowledge, attitude and practice" in salt reduction, evidence of effective intervention measures, existing policies and requirements, and the salt reduction strategies of the World Health Organization and experience from some other countries. As a scientific reference, the CHRPS strategies will help the government and relevant organizations quickly implement salt reduction work and facilitate the earlier realization of China's salt reduction goal.

[Long-term therapeutic effects and liver fibrosis changes with direct-antiviral therapy in HIV/HCV co-infected patients].

Objective: To investigate the long-term characteristic changes of virus, immune status, and liver fibrosis markers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients after receiving direct-antiviral agents (DAAs). Methods: HIV/HCV co-infected patients who visited the Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University from May 2014 to December 2019 were selected as the research subjects. The changes of virological response rate, peripheral blood CD4(+)T lymphocyte level and serological markers of liver fibrosis (APRI score and FIB-4 index) were observed during 144 weeks of follow-up course after the end of DAAs treatment. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical approach. Results: A total of 103 cases were included in the study. There were 87 males (87.5%), with a median age of 44 years. Sustained virological response rate at 12 weeks (SVR12) after DAAs treatment was 97.6%, and the SVR during the entire follow-up period was at least 95.9%. Compared with baseline, CD4(+)T lymphocyte count were significantly increased equally at 12 weeks (Z = -2.283, P = 0.022), 24 weeks (Z = -3.538, P < 0.001), 48 weeks (Z = -3.297, P = 0.001), 96 weeks (Z = -3.562, P < 0.001), and 144 weeks (Z = -2.842, P = 0.004). APRI score (Z = -6.394, P < 0.001) and FIB-4 index (Z = -2.528, P = 0.011) were significantly lower than baseline at week 4 of DAAs treatment, and thereafter remained at a low level, without further declination. Conclusion: HIV/HCV co-infected patients can maintain high SVR for a long time, acquire good immune reconstitution, and significantly improve liver fibrosis after DAAs treatment.

[Health literacy: a new perspective of cancer prevention and control].

In the past decade, the incidence and mortality of malignant tumors in China have been growing as a serious public health problem. Health literacy is closely related to the individual cancer risk awareness, early cancer symptom recognition, cancer screening behavior, treatment compliance, disease self-management ability and outcome. It also has an important impact on the occurrence, development and outcome of cancer and plays an important role in the tertiary cancer prevention. This issue focuses on the consciousness of cancer prevention, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment, as well as the demand of and access to the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge, and could provide reference for cancer prevention and control in urban residents.

[Health literacy and cancer prevention].

This article reviews the literature on health literacy and cancer prevention, screening, treatment and prognosis. A large number of studies have shown that health literacy is positively correlated with public cancer risk awareness, cancer knowledge awareness rate, and cancer screening behavior, and positively correlated with the health service resource utilization ability of cancer patients, treatment compliance, and quality of life, and negatively correlated with the unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking and drinking. Some studies have problems such as small sample size, limited population, and inappropriate design. Some studies do not support the conclusions above. Therefore, multi-center, large-scale clinical studies and cohort studies should be conducted to provide more robust evidence for the relationship between the health literacy and cancer prevention, screening, and treatment.

Microneedle fractional radiofrequency treatment of facial photoageing as assessed in a split-face model.

BACKGROUND: A new therapeutic device passes radiofrequency energy through microneedles to targeted tissue. Three-dimensional photography may be useful for evaluating the clinical efficacy of microneedle fractional radiofrequency (MFR) used on the appearance of rhytids and to improve facial laxity. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of MFR in the treatment of facial photoageing. METHODS: In total, participants with facial photoageing were enrolled in the study. All volunteers were randomized to receive split-face treatments with MFR 2 months apart. The participants self-evaluated at baseline, Days 1-7, and Months 1 and 3 after the final treatment. Objective evaluation was provided by a three-dimensional in vivo imaging system. In addition, skin melanin index, erythema index, immediate reactions, healing times and other adverse effects were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with the untreated side, the treated side of most participants improved, based on clinical assessments at the 1- and 3-month follow-up visits after treatment. Both objective and participative assessments were satisfactory. The participants demonstrated a decrease of roughness parameter (Sa) value at each follow-up visit. Compared with pretreatment value, Sa decreased significantly at Months 1 and 3 on the treated side (P < 0.05). Minimal and reversible adverse effects and rapid healing were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: MFR appears to be an excellent treatment for photodamaged facial skin in Chinese patients.

[Expert consensus on rabies exposure prophylaxis].

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by lyssavirus and characterized by central nervous system symptoms. The fatality rate of rabies is almost 100%. About 59 000 cases die of rabies worldwide every year, mainly in Asia and Africa. China is an epidemic country of rabies. Grade II and III exposures are the main types of rabies exposures in China. Standardized post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can prevent rabies almost 100%. Human Rabies Vaccine Technical Working Group, National Immunization Advisory Committee and invited experts reached an expert consensus on PEP by referring to the World Health Organization's position paper on rabies vaccine in 2018 and related research progress in recent.

[Analysis of the awareness rate and correlates of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in elderly in Chinese].

Objective: To understand the awareness and influencing factors of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly population in China. Methods: The study included all participants aged ≥60 from the "13th Five-Year" National Tuberculosis Control Plan end-term assessment in 2020, with 13 706 valid questionnaires obtained. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of the awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly. Results: The total awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly aged ≥60 was 78.4%, with the highest for "suspicious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis" (85.4%) and the lowest for "whether pulmonary tuberculosis can be cured" (65.3%). The complete awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in the elderly was 41.3%, and the proportion of those who received tuberculosis health education is 67.6%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that factors associated with low awareness of core information included females (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-1.00), ages 70- (OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.84-0.98) and ≥80 (OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.68-0.87) and minority ethnicity (OR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.74-0.99). Factors associated with high awareness of core information included educational levels of junior high school (OR=1.46, 95%CI: 1.34-1.58), high school (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.45-1.81), junior college (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.68), and an undergraduate degree or higher (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.09-2.11), and receiving tuberculosis health education (OR=2.13, 95%CI: 1.97-2.27). Conclusions: In 2020, the awareness rate of core information on tuberculosis prevention and control in Chinese older adults aged ≥60 was lower than the national planning target. Therefore, there should be an increased focus on health education about tuberculosis for elderly females, those aged ≥70, ethnic minorities, and those with lower education levels.

[Description of epidemic features and control status on tuberculosis in China, 1990-2017].

Objective: To analyse the epidemic features and programs of control on tuberculosis (TB) in China from 1990 to 2017 to provide references and evidence on prevention and control of the disease. Methods: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 to analyse the trends of incident and death cases of TB in China from 1990 to 2017. Results: In 2017, there were an estimated 831.0 thousand (age-standardized incidence: 54.18 per 100 000 population) incident cases and 39.3 thousand (age-standardised mortality: 2.17 per 100 000 population) deaths of TB in the country. The incident cases and deaths of TB decreased by 51.05% and 76.24% compared with the numbers in 1990, respectively. The average annual declining rates on incident cases and deaths of TB were 2.61% and 5.18%, respectively, from 1990 to 2017. The number of incident cases of TB decreased from 833.6 thousand in 2016 to 831.0 thousand in 2017 (decreased by 0.31%). The number of deaths of TB decreased from 40.7 thousand in 2016 to 39.3 thousand in 2017 (decreased by 3.44%). The number of incident cases and deaths of drug-sensitive TB showed a declining trend from 1990 to 2017. However, the number of incident cases and deaths showed first increased and then decreased trends for both multidrug-resistant TB (MDRTB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDRTB) in the same period. The number of incident cases of XDRTB increased from 2 979 in 2016 to 3 018 in 2017, with an increasing rate by 1.32%. The number of deaths of XDRTB increased from 819 in 2016 to 829 in 2017, with an increase rate by 1.22%. Conclusions: China made substantial progress in reducing both the TB incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2017 but the rate of decline became slow in the later years. We noticed that the increase of TB caused by XDR-TB had been increasing which called for special attention.

The mechanism of exogenous adiponectin in the prevention of no-reflow phenomenon in type 2 diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction during PCI treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of exogenous adiponectin in the prevention of no-reflow phenomenon in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 66 patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 33 cases in each group. According to the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) emergency treatment principle, patients from the control group were treated with an intracoronary injection of adenosine combined with a micro-pump intravenous infusion of tirofiban. Patients from the observation group were injected with exogenous adiponectin in addition to the adenosine and tirofiban treatments. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in gender, age, location of the target lesion, degree of stenosis, stent implantation number, length and the inner diameter between control and observation group (p > 0.05). Lower frequent of slow blood flow and no-reflow and shorter interventional procedures were observed in observation group compared with those of control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the increase of plasma creatine kinase (CK-MB) in patients of observation group was lower than that of the patients in control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the levels of troponin-I (cTnI), IL-6, TNF- α, endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial adhesion molecular I (VCAM-1) and bax/Bcl-2 were significantly lower in observation group than those in control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during a 12-month follow-up was significantly lower in the observation group than that of control (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exogenous adiponectin further reduced the no-reflow phenomenon during PCI treatment of the patients with T2DM combined with AMI. The function of exogenous adiponectin is associated with the reduced myocardial and endothelial cell injury and the inhibited inflammation and apoptosis. The application of exogenous adiponectin can significantly improve the clinical outcomes.

[Advances in the research of mechanism in prevention and treatment of scar with botulinum toxin type A and its clinical application].

Scar is a common complication in wound healing process, and how to effectively prevent and treat it is a hot and difficult problem in burns and plastic surgery field. Botulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin that has been widely and effectively used in the cosmetic surgery field such as anti-wrinkle and thin face. In recent years, botulinum toxin type A has been applied in prevention and treatment of scar, which causes a great concern. Nowadays, the relevant reports have gradually increased, and the mechanisms have been explored more deeply. This article aims to summarize the possible mechanisms and clinical reports on the prevention and treatment of scar by botulinum toxin type A to provide a new way for the prevention and treatment of scar after surgery.