Government-led initiative increased the effective use of Kangaroo Mother Care in a region of North India.

AIM: To learn how to achieve high-quality, effective coverage of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), defined as 8 hours or more of skin-to-skin contact per day and exclusive breastfeeding in district Sonipat in North India, and to develop and evaluate an implementation model. METHODS: We conducted implementation research using a mixed-methods approach, including formative research, followed by repeated, rapid cycles of implementation, evaluation and refinement until a model with the potential for high and effective coverage was reached. Evaluation of this model was conducted over a 12-month period. RESULTS: Formative research findings informed the final implementation model. Programme learning was critical to achieve high coverage. The model included improving the identification of small babies, creating KMC wards, modification in hospitalisation criteria, private sector engagement and in-built programme learning to refine implementation progress. KMC was initiated in 87% of eligible babies. At discharge, 85% received skin-to-skin contact care, 60% effective KMC and 80% were exclusively breastfed. At home, 7-day post discharge, 81% received skin-to-skin care and 79% were exclusively breastfed in the previous 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Achieving high KMC coverage is feasible in the study setting using a model responsive to the local context and led by the Government.

Health equity impact of community-initiated kangaroo mother care: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) can substantially enhance overall survival of low birthweight babies. In a large randomized controlled trial, we recently showed that supporting mothers to provide community initiated KMC (ciKMC) can reduce mortality among infants up to 180 days of life by 25% (hazard ratio (HR) 0.75). With the current analysis, we aimed to explore if ciKMC promotion leads to increased inequity in survival. METHODS: In the trial we randomized 8402 low birthweight babies to a ciKMC (4480 babies) and a control (3922 babies) arm, between 2015 and 2018 in Haryana, India. We estimated the difference in concentration indices, which measure inequality, between babies in the ciKMC and control arms for survival until 180 days of life. Further, we compared the effect of ciKMC promotion across subgroups defined by socioeconomic status, caste, maternal literacy, infant's sex, and religion. RESULTS: Our intervention did not increase survival inequity, as the concentration index in the ciKMC arm of the trial was 0.05 (95% CI -0.07 to 0.17) lower than in the control arm. Survival impact was higher among those belonging to the lower two wealth quintiles, those born to illiterate mothers and those belonging to religions other than Hindu. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ciKMC promotion did not increase inequity in survival associated with wealth. The beneficial impact of ciKMC tended to be larger among vulnerable groups. Supporting mothers to provide KMC at home to low birthweight babies will not increase and could indeed reduce inequities in infant survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02653534 . Registered January 12, 2016-Retrospectively registered.

Scaling up Kangaroo Mother Care in Ethiopia and India: a multi-site implementation research study.

OBJECTIVES: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), prolonged skin-to-skin care of the low birth weight baby with the mother plus exclusive breastfeeding reduces neonatal mortality. Global KMC coverage is low. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate context-adapted implementation models to achieve improved coverage. DESIGN: This study used mixed-methods applying implementation science to develop an adaptable strategy to improve implementation. Formative research informed the initial model which was refined in three iterative cycles. The models included three components: (1) maximising access to KMC-implementing facilities, (2) ensuring KMC initiation and maintenance in facilities and (3) supporting continuation at home postdischarge. PARTICIPANTS: 3804 infants of birth weight under 2000 g who survived the first 3 days, were available in the study area and whose mother resided in the study area. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were coverage of KMC during the 24 hours prior to discharge and at 7 days postdischarge. RESULTS: Key barriers and solutions were identified for scaling up KMC. The resulting implementation model achieved high population-based coverage. KMC initiation reached 68%-86% of infants in Ethiopian sites and 87% in Indian sites. At discharge, KMC was provided to 68% of infants in Ethiopia and 55% in India. At 7 days postdischarge, KMC was provided to 53%-65% of infants in all sites, except Oromia (38%) and Karnataka (36%). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows how high coverage of KMC can be achieved using context-adapted models based on implementation science. They were supported by government leadership, health workers' conviction that KMC is the standard of care, women's and families' acceptance of KMC, and changes in infrastructure, policy, skills and practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ISRCTN12286667; CTRI/2017/07/008988; NCT03098069; NCT03419416; NCT03506698.

Research priorities to reduce global mortality from newborn infections by 2015.

BACKGROUND: Newborn infections are responsible for approximately one-third of the estimated 4.0 million neonatal deaths that occur globally every year. Appropriately targeted research is required to guide investment in effective interventions, especially in low resource settings. Setting global priorities for research to address neonatal infections is essential and urgent. METHODS: The Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development of the World Health Organization (WHO/CAH) applied the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) priority-setting methodology to identify and stimulate research most likely to reduce global newborn infection-related mortality by 2015. Technical experts were invited by WHO/CAH to systematically list and then use standard methods to score research questions according to their likelihood to (i) be answered in an ethical way, (ii) lead to (or improve) effective interventions, (iii) be deliverable, affordable, and sustainable, (iv) maximize death burden reduction, and (v) have an equitable effect in the population. The scores were then weighted according to the values provided by a wide group of stakeholders from the global research priority-setting network. FINDINGS: On a 100-point scale, the final priority scores for 69 research questions ranged from 39 to 83. Most of the 15 research questions that received the highest scores were in the domain of health systems and policy research to address barriers affecting existing cost-effective interventions. The priority questions focused on promotion of home care practices to prevent newborn infections and approaches to increase coverage and quality of management of newborn infections in health facilities as well as in the community. While community-based intervention research is receiving some current investment, rigorous evaluation and cost analysis is almost entirely lacking for research on facility-based interventions and quality improvement. INTERPRETATION: Given the lack of progress in improving newborn survival despite the existence of effective interventions, it is not surprising that of the top ranked research priorities in this article the majority are in the domain of health systems and policy research. We urge funding agencies and investigators to invest in these research priorities to accelerate reduction of neonatal deaths, particularly those due to infections.

Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025.

BACKGROUND: In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health research priorities for 2013-2025. METHODS: We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts. RESULTS: Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour. CONCLUSION: These findings will assist both donors and researchers in supporting and conducting research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging research funders to support them. We will track research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.

Impact on inequities in health indicators: Effect of implementing the integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness programme in Haryana, India.

BACKGROUND: A trial to evaluate the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) strategy showed that the intervention resulted in lower infant mortality and improved infant care practices. In this paper, we present the results of a secondary analysis to examine the effect of the IMNCI strategy on inequities in health indicators. METHODS: The trial was a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 18 primary health centre areas. For this analysis, the population was divided into subgroups by wealth status (using Principal Component Analysis), religion and caste, education of mother and sex of the infant. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine inequity gradients in neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, care practices and care seeking, and the differences in these gradients between intervention and control clusters. FINDINGS: Inequity in post-neonatal infant mortality by wealth status was lower in the intervention as compared to control clusters (adjusted difference in gradients 2.2 per 1000, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0 to 4.4 per 1000, P = 0.053). The intervention had no effect on inequities in neonatal mortality. The intervention resulted in a larger effect on breastfeeding within one hour of birth in poorer families (difference in inequity gradients 3.0%, CI 1.5 to 4.5, P < 0.001), in lower caste and minorities families, and in infants of mothers with fewer years of schooling. The intervention also reduced gender inequity in care seeking for severe neonatal illness from an appropriate provider (difference in inequity gradients 9.3%, CI 0.4 to 18.2, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of IMNCI reduced inequities in post-neonatal mortality, and newborn care practices (particularly starting breastfeeding within an hour of birth) and health care-seeking for severe illness. In spite of the intervention substantial inequities remained in the intervention group and therefore further efforts to ensure that health programs reach the vulnerable population subgroups are required. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00474981; ICMR Clinical Trial Registry CTRI/2009/091/000715.

Household trials with very small samples predict responses to nutrition counseling intervention.

Household trials were conducted to test the acceptability and feasibility of the recommendations to be delivered to the mothers in the context of a randomized intervention implemented in Pelotas, Brazil. A first home visit was paid to assess child health and feeding problems. In a second visit, the mother was encouraged to select one or two recommendations to try out over five days. The last visit was used to assess the mothers' experiences in attempting to implement the recommendations. Nonexclusive breastfeeding, use of the bottle, monotonous diet, and low energy density of foods were the most common problems. The most frequently selected recommendations were those aiming to increase the energy density of foods. Mothers generally reported positive responses to the recommendations. The household trials highlighted the acceptability and feasibility of the planned recommendations and correctly predicted the changes that were successfully implemented by the mothers in the large intervention study.

Effect of implementation of integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness programme on treatment seeking practices for morbidities in infants: cluster randomised trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of implementation of the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness strategy on treatment seeking practices and on neonatal and infant morbidity. DESIGN: Cluster randomised trial. SETTING: Haryana, India. PARTICIPANTS: 29,667 births in nine intervention clusters and 30,813 births in nine control clusters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The pre-specified outcome was the effect on treatment seeking practices. Post hoc exploratory analyses assessed morbidity, hospital admission, post-neonatal infant care, and nutritional status outcomes. INTERVENTIONS: The Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness intervention included home visits by community health workers, improved case management of sick children, and strengthening of health systems. Outcomes were ascertained through interviews with randomly selected caregivers: 6204, 3073, and 2045 in intervention clusters and 6163, 3048, and 2017 in control clusters at ages 29 days, 6 months, and 12 months, respectively. RESULTS: In the intervention cluster, treatment was sought more often from an appropriate provider for severe neonatal illness (risk ratio 1.76, 95% confidence interval 1.38 to 2.24), for local neonatal infection (4.86, 3.80 to 6.21), and for diarrhoea at 6 months (1.96, 1.38 to 2.79) and 12 months (1.22, 1.06 to 1.42) and pneumonia at 6 months (2.09, 1.31 to 3.33) and 12 months (1.44, 1.00 to 2.08). Intervention mothers reported fewer episodes of severe neonatal illness (risk ratio 0.82, 0.67 to 0.99) and lower prevalence of diarrhoea (0.71, 0.60 to 0.83) and pneumonia (0.73, 0.52 to 1.04) in the two weeks preceding the 6 month interview and of diarrhoea (0.63, 0.49 to 0.80) and pneumonia (0.60, 0.46 to 0.78) in the two weeks preceding the 12 month interview. Infants in the intervention clusters were more likely to still be exclusively breast fed in the sixth month of life (risk ratio 3.19, 2.67 to 3.81). CONCLUSION: Implementation of the Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness programme was associated with timely treatment seeking from appropriate providers and reduced morbidity, a likely explanation for the reduction in mortality observed following implementation of the programme in this study.Trial registration Clinical trials NCT00474981; ICMR Clinical Trial Registry CTRI/2009/091/000715.

Por que investir e o que será necessário para melhorar as práticas de amamentação? / Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?

Apesar de seus benefícios estabelecidos, a amamentação não é mais uma norma em muitas comunidades. Os determinantes multifatoriais da amamentação necessitam de medidas de suporte em diversos níveis, de legislações e políticas a atitudes e valores sociais, condições de trabalho e emprego para mulheres, e serviços de saúde para possibilitar que as mulheres amamentem. Quando intervenções relevantes são oferecidas adequadamente, as práticas de amamentação são responsivas e podem melhorar rapidamente. Os melhores resultados são obtidos quando intervenções são implementadas concomitantemente por diversos canais. A propaganda de substitutos ao leite materno afeta negativamente a amamentação: as vendas em todo o mundo em 2014 de 44,8 bilhões de dólares demonstram a grande ambição competitiva da indústria com a alimentação infantil. Não amamentar está associado com menor inteligência e perdas econômicas de aproximadamente 302 bilhões de dólares anualmente ou 0,49% do produto nacional bruto mundial. A amamentação fornece, em curto e longo prazos, vantagens para a saúde, econômicas e ambientais para as crianças, mulheres e para a sociedade. Para alcançar estes ganhos, suporte político e investimento financeiro são necessários para proteger, promover e dar suporte à amamentação.

Infant feeding patterns and risks of death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre cohort study

To determine the association of different feeding patterns for infants (exclusive breastfeeding, predominant breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and no breastfeeding) with mortality and hospital admissions during the first half of infancy...

Nutrition Counseling Increases Weight Gain among Brazilian Children

To assess the impact on child growth of the nutrition-counseling component of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) strategy, a randomized trial was implemented...

Research priorities to reduce global mortality from newborn infections by 2015

Newborn infections are responsible for approximately one-third of the estimated 4.0 million neonatal deaths that occur globally every year...

Effect of community-based promotion of exclusive breastfeeding on diarrhoeal illness and growth: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended until age 6 months. We assessed the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of an educational intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding for this length of time in India. METHODS: We developed the intervention through formative research, pair-matched eight communities on their baseline characteristics, and randomised one of each pair to receive the intervention and the other to no specific intervention. We trained health and nutrition workers in the intervention communities to counsel mothers for exclusive breastfeeding at multiple opportunities. We enrolled 1115 infants born in the 9 months after training-552 in the intervention and 473 in the control communities. Feeding at age 3 months, and anthropometry and of diarrhoea prevalence at age 3 months and 6 months were assessed. All analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: We assessed 483 and 412 individuals at 3 months in the intervention and control groups, respectively, and 468 and 412 at 6 months. At 3 months, exclusive breastfeeding rates were 79% (381) in the intervention and 48% (197) in the control communities (odds ratio 4.02, 95% CI 3.01-5.38, p<0.0001). The 7-day diarrhoea prevalence was lower in the intervention than in the control communities at 3 months (0.64, 0.44-0.95, p=0.028) and 6 months (0.85, 0.72-0.99, p=0.04). The mean weights and lengths, and the proportion with weight-for-height or height-for-age Z scores of 2 or less, at age 3 months and 6 months did not differ much between groups. Intervention effect on exclusive breastfeeding, diarrhoeal morbidity, and anthropometry at age 6 months in the low-birthweight subgroup was similar to that for all births. INTERPRETATION: Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding until age 6 months in a developing country through existing primary health-care services is feasible, reduces the risk of diarrhoea, and does not lead to growth faltering.

Avaliação da eficácia do aconselhamento nutricional dentro da estratégia do AIDPI (OMS/UNICEF) / Evaluating the efficacy of the nutritional couseling component of the AIDPI

Este foi um estudo randomizado, controlado, cego, cujo objetivo foi avaliar o impacto do aconselhamento nutricional, dentro da estratégia da Atençäo Integral às Doenças Prevalentes na Infância (OMS/UNICEF), sobre o crescimento infantil. Os 28 postos de saúde de Pelotas foram emparelhados conforme indicadores nutricionais. Um posto de cada par foi aleatoriamente selecionado e seus médicos treinados em aconselhamento nutricional. Foram incluídos 33 médicos e de cada um deles selecionados 12-13 pacientes, de 0 a 18 meses de idade. O estudo incluiu avaliaçäo de consultas e visitas domiciliares aos 8, aos 45 e aos 180 dias após a consulta inicial. O conhecimento materno, as práticas aumentares e a aderência às recomendaçöes foram avaliadas. Foram tomadas medidas antropométricas das crianças. O consumo de alimentos foi avaliado para um dia inteiro em uma subamostra de crianças. Os médicos do grupo intervençäo sabiam mais sobre nutriçäo infantil e melhoraram seu desempenho em avaliaçäo da alimentaçäo e em aconselhamento nutricional. O recordatório materno, bem como a satisfaçäo com a consulta, foram maiores no grupo intervençäo. O uso referido dos alimentos recomendados foi maior no grupo intervençäo. O aporte diário de lipídeos, calorias e zinco foi maior no grupo intervençäo. As crianças de 12 meses ou mais apresentaram ganhos significativos no peso e diferenças positivas, embora näo significativas, em comprimento. O treinamento em aconselhamento nutricional melhorou o desempenho dos médicos, as práticas maternas, as dietas e o crescimento das crianças. O desenho randomizado com avaliaçäo cega do desfecho sugere fortemente uma associaçäo causal

Por que promover a amamentaçäo nos programas de controle de diarréia? / Why promote breastfeeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes?

A melhoria da prática de manejo de caso clínico é o que de mais importante foi alcançado pelos programas nacionais de controle de diarréia, podendo levar a rápida reduçäo da mortalidade por esta causa. Existe entretanto, crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de açöes que possam reduzir a morbidade por diarréia, especialmente naqueles países em que as atividades de manejo clínico já se encontram bem estabelecidas. O Programa de Controle de Doenças Diarréicas da OMS recomenda que a amamentaçäo seja promovida como uma das mais importantes medidas para prevenir diarréia. Existem hoje evidências claras de que a amamentaçäo confere proteçäo significativa contra doenças e morte associadas a diarréia, e diminui seus efeitos nutricionais adversos. Já se demonstrou que a promoçäo da amamentaçäo é uma medida eficiente para prevenir diarréia, além de trazer muitos outros benefícios sociais, econômicos e à saúde. Este artigo resume tais evidências e descreve as atividades planejadas e em andamento do Programa, no seu esforço em promover a amamentaçäo.

Motivos de consultas mais frequentes e utilizaçäo de um serviço de atençäo primária à saúde / More frequent reasons for consultation and use of a primary health care service

Numa populaçäo brasileira de baixa renda säo estudados os motivos mais frequüentes de consultas a um serviço médico e a utilizaçäo deste serviço por esta populaçäo. Infecçöes respiratórias, diarréia aguda, hipertensäo arterial sistêmica, problemas emocionais e pré-natal säo os cinco motivos de consultas mais freqüentes. Mulheres utilizam mais o serviço numa proporçäo de 6:5; 45% de todos os pacientes estäo na faixa etária de 0-14 anos. Um terço dos pacientes consultaram menos de uma vez por ano, um terço consultaram de uma a três vezes por ano e um terço consultaram mais de três vezes por ano. Säo discutidas algumas implicaçöes deste fatos