Hot streaks in artistic, cultural, and scientific careers.

The hot streak-loosely defined as 'winning begets more winnings'-highlights a specific period during which an individual's performance is substantially better than his or her typical performance. Although hot streaks have been widely debated in sports1,2, gambling3-5 and financial markets6,7 over the past several decades, little is known about whether they apply to individual careers. Here, building on rich literature on the lifecycle of creativity8-22, we collected large-scale career histories of individual artists, film directors and scientists, tracing the artworks, films and scientific publications they produced. We find that, across all three domains, hit works within a career show a high degree of temporal regularity, with each career being characterized by bursts of high-impact works occurring in sequence. We demonstrate that these observations can be explained by a simple hot-streak model, allowing us to probe quantitatively the hot streak phenomenon governing individual careers. We find this phenomemon to be remarkably universal across diverse domains: hot streaks are ubiquitous yet usually unique across different careers. The hot streak emerges randomly within an individual's sequence of works, is temporally localized, and is not associated with any detectable change in productivity. We show that, because works produced during hot streaks garner substantially more impact, the uncovered hot streaks fundamentally drive the collective impact of an individual, and ignoring this leads us to systematically overestimate or underestimate the future impact of a career. These results not only deepen our quantitative understanding of patterns that govern individual ingenuity and success, but also may have implications for identifying and nurturing individuals whose work will have lasting impact.

Practitioner Review: Effectiveness and mechanisms of change in participatory arts-based programmes for promoting youth mental health and well-being - a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Participatory arts-based (PAB) programmes refer to a diverse range of community programmes involving active engagement in the creation process that appear helpful to several aspects of children's and young people's (CYP) mental health and well-being. This mixed-methods systematic review synthesises evidence relating to the effectiveness and mechanisms of change in PAB programmes for youth. METHOD: Studies were identified following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach. Eleven electronic databases were searched for studies of PAB programmes conducted with CYP (aged 4-25 years), which reported mental health and well-being effectiveness outcomes and/or mechanisms of change. A mixed-methods appraisal tool assessed study quality. A narrative synthesis was conducted of effectiveness and challenges in capturing this. Findings relating to reported mechanisms of change were integrated via a metasummary. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included. Evidence of effectiveness from quantitative studies was limited by methodological issues. The metasummary identified mechanisms of change resonant with those proposed in talking therapies. Additionally, PAB programmes appear beneficial to CYP by fostering a therapeutic space characterised by subverting restrictive social rules, communitas that is not perceived as coercive, and inviting play and embodied understanding. CONCLUSIONS: There is good evidence that there are therapeutic processes in PAB programmes. There is a need for more transdisciplinary work to increase understanding of context-mechanism-outcome pathways, including the role played by different art stimuli and practices. Going forward, transdisciplinary teams are needed to quantify short- and long-term mental health and well-being outcomes and to investigate optimal programme durations in relation to population and need. Such teams would also be best placed to work on resolving inter-disciplinary methodological tensions.

Effects of arts and medicine salon events on wellness of participants.

Context: In the early 20th century artists and scientists would gather together for mutual fellowship in salons. These events would allow sharing of ideas and experiences and led to new creative endeavors. This type of interaction may lead to increased wellness. Primary care specialties see large volumes of patients which would benefit from physicians who are well versed in the humanities. These salon events may lead to increased humanities understanding as well as increased wellness. Objective: We sought to recreate these events in a 21st century environment. With the onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic, we switched events to a virtual format and chose to evaluate the impact of the events on the wellness of the participants. Study Design: We used a mixed methods survey to identify the impact and effectiveness of the virtual events. The survey used a combination of scaled and open-ended questions to evaluate the impact of the events and the pandemic on participants. Setting: 7 Arts & Medicine Salon events were held, 3 in person and 4 virtually. We analyzed the data from the virtual events. Population: Academic & Community Physicians, Scientists, Artists and learners training in those professions. Outcome Measures: We asked participants to rate and describe the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on their wellbeing as well as the impact and effectiveness of the events both before and after the start of the global pandemic. Results: Both qualitative and quantitative data demonstrated a positive effect from the events on participants. The qualitative data was very strongly in favor of the events being helpful. The quantitative data was less exuberant. For some participants the events were felt to be integral to their ability to connect to the arts and other like-minded participants and were successful in mitigating the negative wellness effects of Covd-19. Conclusions: Learners and Professionals reported positive outcomes in both health and wellness from attending the virtual art and medicine salon events. There is a need for further research on the subject and experimentation with the events. This study was supported by a NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award Grant (UL1 TR002366) awarded to the University of Kansas Medical Center.

The Proposal.

While the connection between arts, culture, and public health is not new, intentional efforts toward cross-sector collaboration in these areas are being lifted as timely and transformative. This is a call to artists, creatives, culture bearers, and activators. This is a call to public health practitioners, doctors, educators, and the myriad of peoples whose work touches the public's health. In this piece, I propose a marriage of these two seemingly disparate disciplines-arts and public health-their actors and engagements. In this piece, I propose this marriage as dance, as movement, as evolution, even revolution. What could our world look like if more of the people and the sectors of arts and public health worked together to advance our most pressing public health priorities? I offer this work to help us imagine the possibilities of growing this intentional collaboration. This piece both proposes and marries; iterates and exemplifies. By presenting this work as poetry, I propose that art not be the afterthought, the accent, the cherry on top as we strive to address public health issues, a multitude exacerbated and illuminated in the face of COVID-19. I posit that art is the consistency, the substance, the forethought, and a vehicle through which we can come to realize the positive change that we hope to see. As we ponder our next potential public health engagements, know this. Not only can this marriage soothe us and move us; but it can literally improve us. This is the proposal. Will you accept?To view the original version of this poem, see the supplemental material section of this article online.

#MentalHealthArt: How Instagram artists promote mental health awareness online.

OBJECTIVES: Instagram artwork about mental illness was examined to learn how artists promote awareness about mental health and mental illness. STUDY DESIGN: Mixed methods predictive and descriptive analyses were conducted on a public dataset of artwork posts from Instagram. METHODS: One thousand art images were classified by media (painting, drawing, collage, photograph, digital art, printmaking, sculpture, jewelry, or other) and style (representational, nonrepresentational, and functional). Text captions were clustered using latent semantic analysis. Predictive modeling was used to determine whether the frequency of online community response to posts (likes and comments) varied by artwork features or tagged mental health condition. RESULTS: Results suggest that artists using mental health art hashtags most often posted two-dimensional, representational art with text descriptions about emotions and personal experience. However, the minority of images of functional art objects received the most frequent number of community responses. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that artists may use informational and commercial strategies to engage online communities and promote mental health awareness.

The HIVE: a co-created art installation about health.

OBJECTIVES: We consider how artists explore complex health issues in a large-scale, collaborative art installation. STUDY DESIGN: This article describes - The HIVE - an arts-based knowledge translation (ABKT) initiative through which artists collaborated with researchers, service providers, health consumers, and carers affiliated with a major translational health research centre in Australia. METHODS: We present a case study that draws on artist statements and visual documentation to evoke the different facets of the initiative. RESULTS: The eight projects encompassed by The HIVE were diverse. Artistic media included textiles, sculpture, poetry and photography. Health issues ranged from palliative care to child healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: The HIVE was not simply an installation but a nucleus that fostered collaboration through the design and development of creative artworks. In emphasising empathy and non-verbal communication, The HIVE at once translated and expanded health(care) research and practice.

The white coat public art project: using the white coat as a canvas for reflection for women in medicine.

OBJECTIVES: Burnout and low job satisfaction have disproportionately impacted female physicians compared with their male counterparts, with gender-specific oppression and bias in the workforce. This project aims to address the relationship of women in medicine to their chosen field through public art. STUDY DESIGN: A call for using the white coat as a canvas to describe positive attributes and self-reflection was shared with all American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) branches at medical schools. METHODS: Students in AMWA branches created white coats, designing them to answer the posed question. RESULTS: White coats were sent to the national conference for display, revealing certain themes, challenges, resilience, and humanization of the training and working experience for women in medicine. CONCLUSION: This white coat public art project directly and indirectly addresses causes of burnout and serves as a way to create community, address isolation, and empower women in medicine.

Imagining the COVID-19 pandemic through the minds of 9-11 years old: findings from an art exhibition in India.

OBJECTIVES: To understand children's perspectives of COVID-19 and lockdown through art. STUDY DESIGN: Observational; Qualitative study. METHODS: The drawings and descriptive notes along with the drawings were presented in an art exhibition and were thematically analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-three documents were created, out of which 134 quotations, 24 codes, 21 themes, and six groups were synthesized. The themes were mainly related to positive experiences, negative experiences, unity, safety, hope, uncertainty, gratitude, faith, and future expectations. CONCLUSION: This study contributes to a better understanding of children's perspectives of the pandemic situation.

Addressing Inequity Through Public Health, Community Development, Arts, and Culture: Confluence of Fields and the Opportunity to Reframe, Retool, and Repair.

As the public health field deepens its focus on social and environmental determinants of health and, as that field expands its attention to finding allied interests in the community development field, a critical opportunity to better understand the power of arts and culture in pursuit of shared goals has emerged. This is an extraordinary time in which the confluence of public health, community development, and the arts can lead to transformational ways of working, resulting in changes in industry standards in all three fields and most importantly, more healthy, just, and equitable communities. Drawing from 30 years of work to better understand the roles of arts and cultural activity in historically marginalized communities, this article presents reasons for and ways in which these fields can and should be allied. Specifically, it calls attention to gaps in community development and planning that have resulted in the fields' lack of attention to historic and present harm in the form of often racialized dehumanization. It also draws attention to the role of the arts in the critical collective work of reframing community concerns and conditions, retooling or finding new more effective ways of working toward repair-the redress of historic and current harm experienced in low-income and historically marginalized communities. The essay lifts up the possibility of transformational work and also presents important barriers that must be overcome by stakeholders from all three fields.

Artists on the Research Team: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Team Science, Research Rigor, and Creative Dialogue.

In an arts in public health research team, artists may be undervalued as key research collaborators because of the difficulties in skillful integration of experts who possess not only different bodies of knowledge but also different ways of examining and valuing the world. Under the stewardship of two Rhode Island state agencies, an innovative research-driven enterprise, comprising researchers, clinicians, and community artists, was brought together to integrate arts-based interventions into statewide public health policy and practice. Here, we examine our work with the Rhode Island Arts and Health Advisory Group as a case study to illuminate our experiences in collaborating with artists on public health policy and practice research. Using existing frameworks from the literature, we define the attributes of, and challenges to, successful research collaborations and identify from our work how these apply to interdisciplinary collaborations between artists and public health practitioners. To support others working at the nexus of arts in public health, we include key experiences that were specific to the engagement of artists in research teams.

Toward a Culture of Health in the United States: Introducing the HPP Arts in Public Health Supplement.

The arts-and the arts and culture sector-offer fertile ground for achieving a culture of health in the United States. The arts and artists are agents of change and can help enable this vision and also address the most critical public health issues we are contending with, including COVID-19 and racism. The arts provide means for engaging dialogue, influencing behaviors, disrupting paradigms and fueling social movements. The arts uncover and illuminate issues. They engage us emotionally and intellectually. They challenge assumptions. They call out injustice. They drive collective action. They heal-making arts + public health collaboration very relevant in this historic moment. In this special Health Promotion Practice supplement on arts in public health, you'll find powerful examples and evidence of how cross-sector collaboration between public health and the arts can advance health promotion goals and impacts, and make health promotion programs not only more accessible to diverse populations but also more equitable and effective in addressing the upstream systems, policies, and structures that create health disparities. You will see how the arts can empower health communication, support health literacy, provide direct and measurable health benefits to individuals and communities, and support coping and resilience in response to COVID-19. This issue itself exemplifies cross-sector collaboration, as it was created through partnership between Health Promotion Practice, the Society for Public Health Education, ArtPlace America, and the University of Florida Center for Arts in Medicine, and presents voices from across the public health, arts, and community development sectors.

Critical success factors of public health sponsorship in Australia.

Public health sponsorship is a unique phenomenon in Australia. The current research examines the critical success factors of Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation's (Healthway) sponsorship program, Australia's largest public health sponsorship program. Using stakeholder interviews and expert observational studies, two studies present five key success factors: (i) effective segmentation and targeting of health messages; (ii) collaboration between Healthway and partnering organization to leverage sponsored events; (iii) displacement of unhealth sponsorship; (iv) use of leveraging strategies to raise awareness of health messages; and (v) environmental changes that facilitate behavioural change. The current research provides insights into how and why sponsorship is an effective public health promotion tool.

Building Communities in Tense Times: Fostering Connectedness Between Cultures and Generations through Community Arts.

The worldwide upsurge in social polarizations generates intercommunity tensions that challenge the social fabric of urban neighborhoods and undermine the relationships between their members. Because community arts can foster the creation of connections between people that would not have been in contact otherwise, they are often perceived as being powerful tools to foster community resilience. Through a multiple case study approach, this article describes how three community arts projects, carried out in two socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods of Montreal (Canada), influenced the social relationships between participants from diverse ethnocultural backgrounds and generations. Using participant observation and arts-based data collection methods (photography, video, and arts productions), the authors examine how the three projects illustrate (a) the interactive processes at play, (b) the transmission and hybridization of stories and images of adversity and resiliency, and (c) the access to a collective voice.

Artspace: Enabling young women's recovery through visual arts: A qualitative study.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: This article reports the qualitative evaluation of "Artspace," an innovative clinical program combining creative arts with physical and mental health care for young women. The program, provided since 2004, comprises weekly visual arts sessions alongside a youth health clinic offering drop-in appointments with a nurse, GP and counsellor. METHODS: A qualitative evaluation of Artspace was conducted between 2016 and 2017. RESULTS: The evaluation showed that Artspace was particularly beneficial for those clients who had considerable exposure to social adversity and trauma, and were experiencing related serious health impacts. Artspace facilitated their recovery by enabling equitable access facilitation, social inclusion, creating a "holding" environment, and through the directly therapeutic benefits of artist-led arts processes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the positive impact of artist-led programs such as Artspace. It also attests to the importance of long-term sustainability of services, to allow the time needed for young people to experience genuine and sustained recovery, and to reduce the otherwise likely disadvantages associated with mental and physical health problems, as they move into their adult lives. SO WHAT?: Youth health researchers have been recommending arts programs at health services as a means of engaging young people in health care for over 15 years, however, it remains an underutilised approach in primary care settings. Our evaluation affirms the effectiveness of art programs for this, and also demonstrates that art programs can be a key contributor to recovery from the serious health impacts of adversity and trauma.

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Using Picture Books: The Effect of Book Character and Message Framing.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how a picture book preventing child sexual abuse can improve children's self-protection skills. The study was conducted in China with Chinese children. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, character in the book (human versus animal) and message framing (gain versus loss) were manipulated. Compared to a baseline group who were not exposed to the prevention book, children in the experimental groups significantly enhanced their ability to recognize a potential abuse situation and refuse an inappropriate touch request. Results suggest that the prevention picture books are more effective when using a human character and a gain-framed message. The explanation for this was that human characters simulated children's perceived norm and gain-framed messages increased children's message recall, perceived self-efficacy and positive attitude toward the message, all of which in turn positively affected children's self-protection skills.

Life is for living: the contribution of the arts and gardens.

Quality of life and life enrichment are important throughout the lifespan and no less during ill-health or later life. The role of the arts and gardens and their potential benefits are not prominent within healthcare practice. This paper outlines the evidence reported in two literature reviews, one addressing the arts and the other focusing on gardens and gardening so that district nurses can understand what art-based and gardening opportunities they may offer their clients and their carers.

Picturing academic learning: salutogenic and health promoting perspectives on drawings.

More than 20 years ago an article about the use of drawings in higher education appeared in a medical journal. After that, other papers explored the possible contribution of drawings in adult education, while only very few in the field of health promotion and education. This article aims to introduce the use of drawing in this field using the salutogenic lens to think, plan and reflect on academic learning. Reflections on what salutogenesis is and what we can consider a clear application of salutogenic principles to the learning process answer a hypothetical question for the reader concerning the relationship between drawings and health promotion theories. They appear as communication tools capable of exploring meaning-making processes, capturing data that is flexible to dynamic systems, power relations, as well as emotional and latent aspects of human experience. This article proposes a connection between salutogenesis and drawings through: a theoretical framework on salutogenic learning and drawings; a teacher practice and its tools focusing the critical point on visual data analysis in a learning environment; a learner case example for knowledge and capacity building through the drawing process; and a health promotion competency-based analysis. Our case example illustrates how drawings were introduced in a post-graduate course in Health Promotion and Education and argues their strengths and weaknesses.

Place of Strength: Indigenous Artists and Indigenous Knowledge is Prevention Science.

The Place of Strength (PoS) project represents an effort to Indigenize program evaluation with Indigenous communities by melding art with prevention science. We propose that Native artists as evaluators: (a) opens avenues of communication for Indigenous perspectives; (b) provides opportunities to capture spiritual, relational, and emotional impacts of prevention programming; and (c) maintains Indigenous processes, language, and values at the center of knowledge production. The New Mexico Tribal Prevention Project (NMTPP) funded seven Southwestern tribes to develop substance abuse prevention programs. In response to their expressed negative experiences with evaluation of prevention strategies, NMTPP piloted PoS. PoS shifted systematic knowledge paradigms to Tribal thought, values, and perspectives embodied in art. Art exists in Native communities as a way of documenting lifeways and historical experiences through various cultural forms. We share the process of collaborating with Native artists to document the impact of substance abuse prevention initiatives through their art within a community context. We offer concepts derived from this project as a community psychology model for re-conceptualizing evaluation utilizing Indigenous knowledge.

Arts-based palliative care training, education and staff development: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The experience of art offers an emerging field in healthcare staff development, much of which is appropriate to the practice of palliative care. The workings of aesthetic learning interventions such as interactive theatre in relation to palliative and end-of-life care staff development programmes are widely uncharted. AIM: To investigate the use of aesthetic learning interventions used in palliative and end-of-life care staff development programmes. DESIGN: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: Published literature from 1997 to 2015, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, key journals and citation tracking. RESULTS: The review included 138 studies containing 60 types of art. Studies explored palliative care scenarios from a safe distance. Learning from art as experience involved the amalgamation of action, emotion and meaning. Art forms were used to transport healthcare professionals into an aesthetic learning experience that could be reflected in the lived experience of healthcare practice. The proposed learning included the development of practical and technical skills; empathy and compassion; awareness of self; awareness of others and the wider narrative of illness; and personal development. CONCLUSION: Aesthetic learning interventions might be helpful in the delivery of palliative care staff development programmes by offering another dimension to the learning experience. As researchers continue to find solutions to understanding the efficacy of such interventions, we argue that evaluating the contextual factors, including the interplay between the experience of the programme and its impact on the healthcare professional, will help identify how the programmes work and thus how they can contribute to improvements in palliative care.

Biomedicine and the humanities: growing pains.

In this article, we discuss the challenges facing humanities researchers approaching studies in clinical and community health settings. This crossing of disciplines has arguably been less often explored in the countries we discuss-Kenya, Tanzania and South Africa-but our experiences also speak to broader trouble with disciplinary 'ethnocentrism' that hampers the development of knowledge. After a brief contextualising overview of the structures within our universities that separate or link the humanities, medicine and social science, we use case studies of our experiences as an arts researcher, an anthropologist and a historian to draw attention to the methodological clashes that can hobble research between one disciplinary area and another, whether this manifests in the process of applying for ethical clearance or a professional wariness between healthcare practitioners and humanities scholars in health spaces. We argue overall for the great potential of humanities in the health 'space'-as well as the need for improved dialogue between the disciplines to bring a diverse community of knowledge to bear on our understandings of experiences of health. And we suggest the need for a robust awareness of our own positions in relation to medicine, as humanities scholars, as well as a patient persistence on both sides of the humanities-health science equation to create a broader and ultimately more effective research system.