Caffeine versus antioxidant combination (Antox) and their role in modifying cadmium-induced testicular injury in adult male albino rats.

The aim of the current work was to compare the roles of caffeine and antioxidants in prevention of cadmium-induced testicular damage when given, in addition to cadmium, in adult male albino rats. Histopathological and ultra-structural examination as well as biochemical and molecular assessments were done. Cadmium chloride (4 mg/kg body weight) was administered via oral gavage from day 21 to 28 of the experiment. Caffeine (25 mg/kg) via intra-peritoneal injection and antioxidant preparation (Antox) 10 mg/kg via oral gavage were given as a pre-treatment for 21 days and concomitantly with Cd from day 21 to 28. Real-time PCR was done for determination of 3, 17 ß hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, caspase-9 and mitofusin 1,2 gene expression. Testosterone level, glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase were measured spectrophotometrically by ELISA. Histological and ultra-structural evaluation revealed disturbance of normal architecture, vacuolisation and necrosis. Vascular dilatation and congestion and collagen fibre deposition were present. A statistically significant difference was seen in all parameters when caffeine and antioxidants were given against cadmium-induced testicular injury. Overall, we conclude that both caffeine and antioxidants have the ability to reverse cadmium-induced testicular injury when given as pre-treatment prior to cadmium exposure.

Nitroglycerin ameliorates sperm parameters, oxidative stress and testicular injury following by testicular torsion/detorsion in male rats.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the probable protection mechanisms of nitroglycerin, a widely used medication for treatment of heart failure and angina, in amelioration of testicular ischemia/reperfusion damage. METHODS: 24 adult male rats were randomly divided into three equal groups; with eight rats in each group: Group 1 (Sham) was sham-operated. Group 2 (T_D): 2 h testicular torsion was induced, afterward detorsion was performed and maintained for 2 h. Group 3 (NG): Nitroglycerin was administered immediately after detorsion. Sperm quality parameters such as viability, motility, morphology, and concentration, levels of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)), and amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood plasma were examined in each group, thereafter histopathological parameters including germinal epithelial cell thickness (GECT), mean seminiferous tubular diameter (MSTD), Johnson's score and Cosentino's score were assessed. RESULTS: Testicular T_D significantly reduced sperm viability, motility, and normal morphology, whereas the NG administration remarkably increased the percentage of live, motile, and normal spermatozoa (p < 0.05). Levels of GPx, CAT, and TAC significantly reduced and the MDA level significantly increased in the T_D group in comparison to the sham group (p < 0.05). The NG treated group demonstrated significantly reduced MDA concentrations as well as elevated levels of GPx and CAT compared to the T_D group (p < 0.05). Induction of testicular torsion significantly reduced Johnson's score, GESCT (µm), and MSTD (µm), and remarkably increased the Cosentino's score (P < 0.05), while NG injection significantly increased Johnson's score, GESCT (µm), and MSTD (µm) and reduced the Cosentino's score (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the findings in this research, nitroglycerin was able to protect the testicular tissue from ischemia-reperfusion damage caused by induced torsion/detorsion.

Testicular lymphocytic vasculitis treated with prednisolone and azathioprine.

Testicular vasculitis is a rare condition and little is known about its morphological features. Herein, we report a case of testicular lymphocytic vasculitis, which is rarely documented, in an elderly man. He presented with left testicular swelling and fever, but without any signs of other organ involvement. He was effectively treated with prednisolone and azathioprine. This case report offers information related to the disease course and the importance of biopsy.

Unique presentation of testicular involvement in lymphomatoid granulomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare angiodestructive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. It predominantly affects the lungs, skin, liver, kidneys, spleen, and central nervous system. Testicular involvement has never previously been described. The authors present the first documented case of testicular involvement in lymphomatoid granulomatosis. CASE REPORT: A 55-year-old gentleman with confirmed lymphomatoid granulomatosis on lung biopsy was noted to have a swelling in his scrotum. Ultrasound scanning demonstrated multiple ill-defined areas of reduced echogenicity throughout both testes with evidence of increased vascularity. Biopsy of the testis confirmed the presence of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. The patient was commenced on alpha-interferon therapy. However, marked clinical improvement occurred only following addition of high-dose oral corticosteroid approximately 1 week later. This resulted in resolution of the testicular swelling and his other symptoms. CONCLUSION: Prognosis with lymphomatoid granulomatosis depends mainly on grade. Our patient responded well to therapy but will continue to be closely followed up in the outpatient setting.

Preventing complications of sexually transmitted disease. New treatment guidelines for an expanded spectrum of problems.

Newly recognised sexually transmitted diseases have combined with the traditional venereal diseases to present clinicians with a demanding management challenge. Besides the increases in incidence of some of these diseases, many of the associated organisms are becoming more resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Predictably, accompanying this trend are increasing numbers of serious complications affecting men, women and infants. Timely and appropriate management of patients presenting with sexually transmitted diseases are imperative to stem the swelling tide of these conditions and prevent their insidious consequences. Clinicians must therefore remain knowledgeable about the effective therapies (and regimens) that are available. An update of the treatment guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases is provided in this article. As well as selecting appropriate antimicrobial regimens, it is equally important that clinicians educate their patients about their disease and its probable course, explain the administration of medications clearly to patients, and follow them up appropriately to detect resistant cases and non-compliers, and ultimately ensure effective treatment. In addition, no patient should be considered appropriately managed until his or her sexual partners have been properly dispositioned. For most patients, this will entail examining their sexual partners and treating them immediately. Execution of these treatment guidelines and management principles will help protect the reproductive capability of many women by preventing pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.

[Drug therapy options for oligoasthenoteratozoospermia syndrome]. / Medikamentöse Therapiemöglichkeiten des Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoospermie-Syndroms.

Medical treatment of oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) syndrome includes many different treatment concepts. The targeted causes in the treatment of OAT syndrome are either hormonal, as for example hypothalamic, pituary, or, seldom, hyperprolactinemic disturbances, or acute or chronic urogenital infections, as well as ejaculatory disorders. Often no pathogenic reason for OAT syndrome can be found and targeted. Most treatment concepts in the past tried to improve sperm quality. Administration of antiestrogens, antioxidants, hormones, and micronutrients has been tried and used to improve sperm quality. The present article provides an overview of current medical treatment options for OAT syndrome, including former unsuccessful treatment concepts. The article furthermore sketches out potential treatment options, which might be available in the future.

Use of lidocaine plaster for testicular pain.

Male chronic urogenital pain syndromes are difficult to manage. A comparably simple topical application of lidocaine offers us a potentially useful therapy for men with intractable testicular pain.