SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin Y antibodies are protective in infected mice.

Safe, passive immunization methods are required against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. Immunization of chickens with antigen is known to induce specific IgY antibodies concentrated in the egg yolk and has a good safety profile, high yield of IgY per egg, can be topically applied, not requiring parenteral delivery. Our data provide the first evidence of the prophylactic efficacy of Immunoglobulin Y antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Lohmann hens were injected with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein; IgY-Abs were extracted from the eggs and characterized using SDS-PAGE. Antiviral activity was evaluated using plaque reduction neutralization tests. In additional experiments, IgY-RBD efficacy was examined in mice sensitized to SARS-CoV-2 infection by transduction with Ad5-hACE2 (mild disease) or by using mouse-adapted virus (severe disease). In both cases, prophylactic intranasal administration of IgY-Abs reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication, and reduced morbidity, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and edema in the lungs and increased survival compared to control groups that received non-specific IgY-Abs. These results indicate that further evaluation of IgY-RBD antibodies in humans is warranted.

"Unravelling the impacts of climatic heat events on cardiovascular health in animal models".

Climate change has led to an increase in high ambient temperatures, causing extreme heat events worldwide. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), July 2023 marked a historic milestone as the Earth reached its hottest recorded temperature, precisely hitting the critical threshold of 1.5 °C set by the Paris Agreement. This distressing development led to a stark warning from the United Nations, signaling the dawn of what they call "an era of global boiling". The increasing global temperatures can result in high heat stress which leads to various physiological and biochemical alterations in the human body. Given that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, heat events exacerbate this public health issue. While clinical and in-vitro studies have suggested a range of pathophysiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the body's response to heat stress, the complex nature of organ-system level interactions makes precise investigation challenging. To address this knowledge gap effectively, the use of animal models exposed to acute or chronic heat stress can be invaluable. These models can closely replicate the multifaceted effects observed in humans during heat stress conditions. Despite extensive independent reviews, limited focus has been shed on the high heat-induced cardiovascular complications and their mechanisms, particularly utilizing animal models. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we highlight the crucial biomarkers altered during heat stress, contributing significantly to various CVDs. We explore potential mechanisms underlying heat-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and damage, delving into various animal models. While traditional rodent models are commonly employed, we also examine less conventional models, including ruminants, broilers, canines, and primates. Furthermore, we delve into various potential therapeutic approaches and preventive measures. These insights hold significant promise for the development of more effective clinical interventions against the effects of heat stress on the human cardiovascular system.

A good egg: An evaluation of a social and behavior change communication campaign to increase egg consumption among children in Rwanda.

Childhood malnutrition, which is endemic in rural areas of low-income countries, leads to a host of deleterious outcomes such as poor cognitive development, low educational attainment and lower lifetime wages. Promoting the consumption of eggs among young children has emerged as a promising strategy to combat childhood malnutrition, though pathways to scale remain unclear. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of a social and behaviour change communication (SBCC) campaign combined with a program in which rural families purchased chickens on credit (poultry + SBCC; n = 769) relative to an arm in which families only received the poultry intervention (poultry only; n = 750), using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy with propensity score matching. The SBCC consisted of radio messages, in-person training, text message reminders and posters. We found a relatively modest but statistically significant increase in the number of times per week respondents in the poultry + SBCC arm reported feeding eggs to children of 0.28 (p = 0.02) compared to the poultry-only arm. The increase in egg feeding, however, was more pronounced for boys (0.42, p < 0.01) than for girls (0.14, p = 0.26). In addition, the campaign increased egg feeding more for those who were already feeding eggs to children (0.63, p < 0.01) than those who were not engaging in those practices at baseline (0.26, p < 0.01). However, the difference in these differences was not statistically significant. Future campaigns should ensure higher saturation of messaging and include specific messaging around the importance of feeding girls as well as boys. Campaigns seeking to scale up egg feeding quickly could potentially target the easier-to-reach segment of caregivers who already occasionally feed eggs to children though these might not be the neediest group.

Bacteriophage cocktail application for Campylobacter mitigation - from in vitro to in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Effective strategies are urgently needed to control Campylobacteriosis, one of the most important foodborne gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. Administering bacteriophages (phages) is under evaluation as a possible intervention strategy in primary poultry production to reduce the public health risk of human infection. A major challenge is the translation of results from small-scale animal studies to large broiler flocks. In this study, the in vitro lytic activity of 18 Campylobacter-specific group II phages and 19 group III phages were examined singly, and in different combinations from the same group and from both groups using a planktonic killing assay. Based on these results, a combination of phage NCTC 12,673 (group III) and vB_CcM-LmqsCPL1/1 (group II) was selected for in vivo application in a seeder bird model to study its effectiveness under conditions as close as possible to field conditions. One hundred eighty Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into a control and a treatment group. Ten days post hatch, seeder birds were orally inoculated with the C. jejuni target strain. Phages were administered via drinking water at a total concentration of 107 PFU/mL four, three, and two days before necropsy. RESULTS: Combining group II and group III phages resulted in significantly higher in vitro growth inhibition against the C. jejuni target strain BfR-CA-14,430 than single application or combinations of phages from the same group. The results of the animal trial showed that the application of the two phages significantly reduced Campylobacter counts in cloacal swabs. At necropsy, Campylobacter counts in colonic content of the treatment group were significantly reduced by 2 log10 units compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that combining phages of groups II and III results in significantly increased lytic activities. The in vitro results were successfully translated into practical application in a study design close to field conditions, providing new data to apply phages in conventional broiler flocks in the future. Phage application reduced the fecal Campylobacter excretion and Campylobacter concentrations in the colon of broilers.

Epidemiology-driven approaches to surveillance in HPAI-vaccinated poultry flocks aiming to demonstrate freedom from circulating HPAIV.

Incursion pressure of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) by secondary spread among poultry holdings and/or from infected migratory wild bird populations increases worldwide. Vaccination as an additional layer of protection of poultry holdings using appropriately matched vaccines aims at reducing clinical sequelae of HPAIV infection, disrupting HPAIV transmission, curtailing economic losses and animal welfare problems and cutting exposure risks of zoonotic HPAIV at the avian-human interface. Products derived from HPAIV-vaccinated poultry should not impose any risk of virus spread or exposure. Vaccination can be carried out with zero-tolerance for infection in vaccinated herds and must then be flanked by appropriate surveillance which requires tailoring at several levels: (i) Controlling appropriate vaccination coverage and adequate population immunity in individual flocks and across vaccinated populations; (ii) assessing HPAI-infection trends in unvaccinated and vaccinated parts of the poultry population to provide early detection of new/re-emerged HPAIV outbreaks; and (iii) proving absence of HPAIV circulation in vaccinated flocks ideally by real time-monitoring. Surveillance strategies, i.e. selecting targets, tools and random sample sizes, must be accommodated to the specific epidemiologic and socio-economic background. Methodological approaches and practical examples from three countries or territories applying AI vaccination under different circumstances are reviewed here.

Appliances Used by Consumers to Prepare Frozen Stuffed Chicken Products - United States, May-July 2022.

Frozen stuffed breaded raw chicken products have repeatedly been implicated in Salmonella outbreaks (1). These products are partially cooked to set the breading, often making them appear cooked (2). Despite their appearance, these products need to be cooked to an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) to ensure that they are safe to eat. Producers began implementing labeling changes in 2006 to more clearly identify these products as raw; many warn against using microwave ovens (microwaves) to prepare them and provide validated cooking instructions solely for conventional ovens (ovens) (3,4). However, outbreaks continued to occur after implementation of these labeling changes (4). To describe the demographic characteristics of persons who prepare frozen stuffed chicken products and which appliances they use to prepare them, data from a May-July 2022 representative panel survey were analyzed. Although most (82.7%) respondents used an oven as one of their cooking methods, more than one half (54.0%) of respondents also used another appliance, including 29.0% who used a microwave. Oven use was lower among respondents with household income <$25,000 (68.9%), and who lived in mobile homes or other portable types of homes (66.5%). Among respondents who reported using microwaves to cook these products, 8% reported using a microwave with ≤750 W of power, which might be insufficient to thoroughly cook such products (1,5,6). Economic and other factors might influence some groups' access to recommended cooking appliances. Companies could consider implementing additional interventions that rely less on labeling and consumer preparation practices and focus on controlling or reducing levels of Salmonella in these products, such as selling them fully cooked, or monitoring and testing Salmonella levels, to ensure safety. These findings highlight challenges consumers might face in preparing frozen stuffed chicken products safely and can guide strategies for regulatory authorities and industry to prevent outbreaks and illnesses associated with them.

Cannabidiol and Nano-Selenium Increase Microvascularization and Reduce Degenerative Changes in Superficial Breast Muscle in C. perfringens-Infected Chickens.

Here, we demonstrated the potential of Cannabis-derived cannabidiol (CBD) and nanosized selenium (nano-Se) for the modulation of microvascularization and muscle fiber lesions in superficial breast muscle in C. perfringens-challenged chickens. The administration of CBD resulted in a decreased number of atrophic fibers (3.13 vs. 1.13/1.5 mm2) compared with the control, whereas nano-Se or both substances resulted in a decreased split fiber number (4.13 vs. 1.55/1.5 mm2) and in a lower number of necrotic myofibers (2.38 vs. 0.69/1.5 mm2) in breast muscle than the positive control. There was a significantly higher number of capillary vessels in chickens in the CBD+Nano-Se group than in the control and positive control groups (1.31 vs. 0.97 and 0.98, respectively). Feeding birds experimental diets lowered the activity of DNA damage repair enzymes, including 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytosine (by 39.6%), 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (by 37.5%), 8-oxo-guanine (by 36.2%), formamidopyrimidine (fapy)-DNA glycosylase (by 56.2%) and human alkyl adenine DNA glycosylase (by 40.2%) in the ileal mucosa, but it did not compromise the blood mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (-2.67 OD/min on average). These findings indicate a potential link between gut mucosa condition and histopathological changes in superficial pectoral muscle under induced inflammation and show the ameliorative effect of CBD and nano-Se in this cross-talk due to their protection from mucosal DNA damage.

[Loss of tolerance : Anaphylaxis after milk protein shake consumption in an adult sportsman]. / "Loss of tolerance" : Anaphylaxie nach Milcheiweißshake bei einem erwachsenen Sportler.

We describe the case of a man who developed an acute allergic reaction for the first time in his life directly after drinking a protein shake after a workout session. Allergy diagnostics, including skin prick testing and the determination of specific IgE antibodies revealed sensitizations to cow's milk and hen's egg. Due to the association between the onset of symptoms after ingestion of a milk protein shake, a type-1-allergic reaction to milk protein was suggested. The patient denied a provocation test, although this could have been an opportunity to elucidate the role of physical exercise in this case. We suspect in the present case a loss of tolerance of early childhood sensitization due to repetitive high protein exposure in the context of physical activity. The patient was provided information regarding dietary and emergency management.

Bird flu outbreak amidst COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa: Efforts and challenges at hand.

Over the months of April and May 2021, South Africa has witnessed several outbreaks of highly infective avian influenza (H5N1) in different poultry farms. This came as a shock to a country that was already battling with the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of the virus has spurred import bans and massive culls in the poultry business. Local experts have also called for a restriction on the movement of people and cars in and out of their chicken farms. Employees have also been encouraged to shower in the mornings when they arrive at the farms and wear fresh clothes, as the flu spreads very quickly. In a country that is already facing the economic implications of the COVID-19, this has the potential to cause a significant dent in the economy, as well as severely impact people's day-to-day life. Bird flu-also called avian influenza-is a viral infection that can infect not only birds but also humans and other animals. The threat of a new influenza pandemic has prompted countries to draft national strategic preparedness plans to prevent, contain and mitigate the next human influenza pandemic. This paper describes the South African burden, current efforts, and preparedness against the avian influenza virus.

Soybean and Lupine Addition in Hen Nutrition-Influence on Egg Immunoreactivity.

Modifying hen fodder is a common way of changing eggs composition today. However, there is no information on the effect of the source of protein in the fodder replacement on egg allergenicity. This research aimed to detect potential differences in the immunoreactivity and protein composition of eggs from hens fed with fodder containing legume. The aim of the first step of the study was to select the proper solvent for extracting allergenic proteins from hen eggs. Two of them (containing Tween 20 and Triton 100) were selected, based on protein profile and concentration analysis. Egg-white- and egg-yolk-proteins extracts prepared with them were checked for potential differences, using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and then the Western-blot method, using sera from children allergic to eggs and soy. Preliminary studies on the influence of fodder composition on the composition of egg proteins suggest that the addition of soy and lupine to fodder modifies the expression of egg proteins. The observed differences in the immunoreactivity of proteins contained in hen egg-white samples do not seem to be as significant as the appearance of protein with a molecular weight of ~13 kDa in the yolk of eggs obtained from soybean-fed hens. This protein may increase the immunoreactivity of eggs for children allergic solely to soy.

The Un Oeuf study: Design, methods and baseline data from a cluster randomised controlled trial to increase child egg consumption in Burkina Faso.

In many low-income countries, such as Burkina Faso, rates of malnutrition are high among children. Research indicates that animal source foods may provide important elements to improve growth and development of young children, especially during periods of rapid development, such as the first 1,000 days of life. The Un Oeuf study is designed to test an innovative behaviour change communication strategy to increase egg consumption in children 6-24 months in Burkina Faso, thereby improving dietary diversity and nutritional outcomes. This 1-year cluster randomised controlled trial tests whether the gifting of chickens by a community champion directly to a child, combined with a behaviour change package of integrated poultry management and human nutrition trainings, can significantly increase egg consumption among children under 2 years in rural communities where egg consumption is very low. The nutrition-sensitive behaviour change package is designed to increase egg consumption through improving livestock production, women's empowerment and food security at the household level. This paper presents a detailed account of the study design and protocol for the Un Oeuf study, alongside a description of the study population. Baseline data show a study population with high rates of malnutrition (stunting 21.6%, wasting 10.8% and underweight 20.4%) and a very low rate of egg consumption-less than 10% among children. Although poultry production is quite common, egg consumption is low reportedly because of cultural norms, including widespread practice of allowing eggs to hatch and a lack of knowledge about the nutritional benefits of egg consumption.

The contribution of extensive chicken production systems and practices to Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya.

Newcastle disease (ND) poses a challenge especially for farmers rearing indigenous chicken under the extensive system. This is due to the lack of uniformity in practices, favoring the introduction and spread of the disease. This is worsened by the lack of information on how management practices contribute to the spread of ND. The current study assessed the role of extensive chicken production systems and management practices on the frequency of ND outbreaks in Kenya using a Poisson regression model (PRM) on primary survey data from 332 farmers in Kakamega and Machakos counties. Descriptive results showed a low access to institutional support services like extension, training, credit, and vaccination services for both male and female farmers. Results from the PRM analysis show that flock size, isolated and confined housing, multi-aged flock mixture, screening of birds, access to ND vaccination, ND awareness, distance to agro-veterinary service providers, and access to animal health training and extension services had significant effects on the frequency of ND outbreaks. The findings underscore the need for innovative extension approaches that facilitate the use of information communication technologies to create more awareness on disease detection and mitigation measures. Use of farmer groups as innovation platforms for enhanced skill sharing and as key peer monitoring channels would also improve compliance with prescribed disease control methods. Further, there is a need for partnerships between local-level county governments, vaccine producers, and agro-veterinary service providers to ensure the development of low-cost vaccines and requisite storage facilities, and their timely delivery to the male and female resource-poor smallholder extensive chicken farmers.

Experimental infection with Escherichia coli in broilers: Impacts of the disease and benefits of preventive consumption of a stimulator of homeopathic immunity.

Colibacillosis is a disease caused by Escherichia coli that manifests itself when there are homeostatic imbalances or in the context of increased exposure, in which case the organism displays opportunistic behavior. To control this problem in poultry, antibiotics are used in the feed, because E. coli is component of the intestinal microbiota of birds. However, because of the changing dietary habits of the human population that seeks out healthier foods without antimicrobial residues, there have been many studies of alternatives to replace conventional antimicrobials as performance enhancers. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine whether daily consumption of a homeopathic product (immune stimulator) by broilers stimulates immune responses and thereby minimizes the negative effects of experimental E. coli infection. We used 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks, distributed in two groups with eight repetitions each, and 20 birds per repetition: control (CG) and homeopathy (HG). HG birds consumed doses of 0.02 mL/bird/day (1-7 d) via water, 0.01 ml/bird (8-21 d), 0.02 ml/bird (22-28 d), 0.01 mL/bird (29-35 d), and 0.02 mL/bird (35-45 d), as recommended by the manufacturer. At day 22 of the birds' life, the two groups were divided into four subgroups, with four repetitions per subgroup. On day 22, birds in CG1 and HG1 groups were infected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of inoculum containing 1.0 × 108 CFU of E. coli/mL. During the experimental period, data were collected for analysis of performance. On days 21 and 45 of age, we collected blood and feces. During the first 21 days of the experiment, we found that birds that consumed the immunostimulator had lower neutrophil counts and higher levels of globulins, however without significant difference between groups in terms of performance. Uninfected birds that consumed the homeopathic product in the water had less feed conversion (HG2) between days 1-35 and 1 to 45 compared to the other treatments. Mortality was higher in groups experimentally infected with E. coli (HG1 and CG1) from 22 to 35 days of life. There were greater numbers of lymphocytes in the HG2 group on day 45 than in CG1 and CG2; while numbers of neutrophils were lower at 42 days in birds of groups HG1 and HG2 than in CG1. Lower total bacterial counts, total coliforms and E. coli were observed in the feces of birds in the HG2 group compared to the other groups. Taken together, these findings suggest that inclusion of homeopathic product in the water of broilers had positive effects on the modulation of the immune response and on feed conversion in birds not challenged with E. coli. But the preventive protocol used in this study was not able to minimize the negative effects caused by the experimental E. coli intraperitoneal infection in broilers, featuring a substantial infectious challenge.

Low allergen content of commercial baby foods.

AIM: Introduction of allergenic solid foods, especially peanut and hen's egg reduces the risk of food allergy development in early childhood. Ideally, parents will offer their infants home-prepared foods; however, many rely on the availability of convenient ready to purchase infant foods. This audit aimed to assess the major food allergen content of commercial infant foods. METHODS: Infant foods available for sale in 2019 in Australia were the focus of this audit. The major food allergens investigated were peanut, tree nuts, hen's egg, cows milk, wheat, fish, shellfish, soy, sesame and lupin. Websites of infant food manufacturers and major supermarkets were used to identify ingredient lists of infant foods available for purchase. Where ingredients listings were unavailable this information was sourced directly from the product labels in the supermarket. RESULTS: Fourteen companies were identified, manufacturing over 251 foods specifically for the infants aged less than 1 year of age. Although there were many choices available containing wheat (27 products) and cows milk proteins (73 products), none contained peanut, tree nuts, sesame, shellfish or lupin. CONCLUSIONS: Despite infant feeding advice encouraging early introduction to food allergens, of 251 commercial baby foods surveyed only 1% contained egg and none contained peanut, the most common food allergies in young Australian infants. This low food allergen content may be disadvantageous for infants fed mostly commercial infant foods as they are unlikely to be exposed to sufficient amounts of the major food allergens on a regular basis during infancy.

Poultry Farms as a Potential Source of Environmental Pollution by Pharmaceuticals.

Industrial poultry breeding is associated with the need to increase productivity while maintaining low meat prices. Little is known about its impact on the environment of soil pollution by pharmaceuticals. Breeders routinely use veterinary pharmaceuticals for therapeutic and preventive purposes. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of mass breeding of hens on the soil contamination with 26 pharmaceuticals and caffeine. During two seasons-winter and summer 2019-15 soil samples were collected. Liquid extraction was used to isolate analytes from samples. Extracts were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed the seasonal changes in pharmaceutical presence in analyzed soil samples. Ten pharmaceuticals (metoclopramide, sulphanilamide, salicic acid, metoprolol, sulphamethazine, nimesulide, carbamazepine, trimethoprim, propranolol, and paracetamol) and caffeine were determined in soil samples collected in March, and five pharmaceuticals (metoclopramide, sulphanilamide, sulphamethazine, carbamazepine, sulfanilamid) in soil samples collected in July. The highest concentrations were observed for sulphanilamide, in a range from 746.57 ± 15.61 ng/g d.w to 3518.22 ± 146.05 ng/g d.w. The level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics did not differ between samples coming from intensive breeding farm surroundings and the reference area, based on antibiotic resistance of 85 random bacterial isolates.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken eggs and cow milk around municipal dumpsites in Abuja, Nigeria.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in electronic equipment, as polymers in vehicles or construction, and in textiles. These additive flame retardants are emerging pollutants in Africa, released by the non-environmentally sound disposal of consumer products, often imported as secondhand, that have increasingly reached their end-of-life in the last decade. In Nigeria, which is a major receiver of e-waste and secondhand cars, there is a dearth of information regarding the levels of PBDEs in the environment, biota, and food. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the PBDE contamination of food samples of animal origin (chicken eggs and cow milk) around municipal waste dumpsites and background areas in Nigeria, to elucidate the role of dumpsites as potential sources of PBDE pollution and exposure in the country. Biological samples were collected over two years from two municipal waste dumpsites in Abuja. Fifty-six samples each of free-range chicken eggs and cow milk were collected. Control samples were collected approximately 5 km away from the dumpsites. After extraction and clean-up, the levels of POP-PBDEs listed in 2009 (major congeners of tetraBDE to heptaBDE), plus BDE-28 (Σ7PBDEs) were determined using GC-ECD. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test at α0.05. Levels of Σ7PBDEs (ng/g lipid weight (lw)) in chicken eggs at the two study sites ranged from 262.3 to 313.4 (ng/g lw), more than one order of magnitude higher than those at the control site in a village near the dumpsites (14.9 ±â€¯3.73 ng/g lw), and two and more orders of magnitude higher compared to PBDE levels in these products in industrial countries and Nigerian supermarkets. Median PBDE levels in cow milk from the two dumpsites were 49.1 and 81.5 ng/g lw, respectively, considerably higher than levels in other studies. Proper disposal methods of waste polymers containing PBDEs such as co-incineration in BAT cement kilns and plastic recycling with separation is urgently needed in Nigeria and other parts of Africa, to prevent open burning as well as crude recycle to reduce PBDE levels in the environment and human food.

Protective effects of antioxidant egg-chalaza hydrolysates against chronic alcohol consumption-induced liver steatosis in mice.

BACKGROUND: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is highly related to some human chronic diseases. There are approximately 400 metric tons of chalazae produced yearly after the processing of the liquid-egg production, which are disposed of as waste. The objectives of this study were to look for the optimal production condition of antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant capacity via a chronic alcohol consumption mouse model. RESULTS: Antioxidant crude chalaza hydrolysates (CCH-As) could be produced by protease A at 1:100 ratio (w/w) and 0.5 h hydrolytic period. After our analyses, CCH-As were rich in leucine, arginine, phenylalanine, valine, lysine and antioxidant dipeptides (anserine and carnosine), and the major molecular masses were lower than 15 kDa. Regarding protective effects of CCH-As against oxidative damage in alcoholic-liquid-diet-fed mice, alcohol-fed mice had lower (P < 0.05) liver antioxidant capacities, and higher (P < 0.05) liver lipid contents, serum lipid/liver damage indices and IL-1ß/IL-6 values. CCH-A supplementation reversed (P < 0.05) liver antioxidant capacities and reduced (P < 0.05) serum/liver lipids in alcohol-fed mice, which may result from increased (P < 0.05) fecal lipid output, upregulated (P < 0.05) fatty acid ß-oxidation and downregulated (P < 0.05) lipogenesis in the liver. CONCLUSION: Taken together, this CCH-A should benefit the liquid-egg industry, while also offering consumers a choice of healthy ingredients from animal sources. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Containment of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Lebanon, 20161.

A preparedness plan for avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection was activated in Lebanon in 2016 after reported cases in poultry. Exposed persons were given prophylaxis and monitored daily. A total of 185 exposed persons were identified: 180 received prophylaxis, 181 were monitored, and 41 suspected cases were reported. All collected specimens were negative for virus by PCR.

Review of egg-related salmonellosis and reduction strategies in United States, Australia, United Kingdom and New Zealand.

Globally, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is one of the most commonly reported causes of foodborne illness in humans. Contaminated food products of animal origin, particularly egg and egg products are frequently implicated in outbreaks of human salmonellosis. Salmonella enteritidis is frequently involved in egg and egg products-associated foodborne outbreaks in the USA and UK. However, in Australia and New Zealand, human infections caused by this serovar occur as a result of infection acquired while overseas travel, with Salmonella typhimurium being a predominant cause of local foodborne outbreaks. In this paper, an overview of Salmonella epidemiology on laying farms, egg-related Salmonella outbreaks in humans, and regulatory practises to control Salmonella across USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand is provided. Considering the estimated production of eggs in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand in 2015, the risk of foodborne illness in general is quite low for humans consuming eggs. Salmonella diagnostics, reporting and surveillance systems have improved over the years and will continue to improve in the years to come. However, given the number of different emerging Salmonella serovars a regular review of Salmonella control strategies from farm to fork is required.

The benefits of animal products for child nutrition in developing countries.

One in five children across the globe experience stunted growth and underdevelopment due to malnutrition. Animal-source foods (ASFs) offer the opportunity to address this problem and make significant progress towards achieving the World Health Assembly nutrition targets. Eggs and milk are among nature's first foods, providing holistic packages of nutrients and bioactive factors to support healthy growth. They are also affordable and accessible to lowresource, vulnerable populations. Biological and evolutionary rationale argues for the use of ASFs during the complementary feeding period when children are most at risk from infectious diseases and malnutrition. Dietary patterns in the evolutionary history of hominids point to the importance of ASFs for increased brain size and function. Studies also demonstrate high bioavailability of limiting nutrients, such as vitamin A, iron, zinc and fatty acids in the ASF matrix, ensuring efficient absorption and metabolism. The empirical evidence for intervention using eggs, milk and fish, however, remains somewhat limited. One recent trial in Ecuador, the Lulun Project, demonstrated that one egg per day for six months, beginning early in complementary feeding, produced a large effect on linear growth and reduced stunting risk by 47%. To sustainably build systems that support equitable and adequate ASFs in the diets of all children globally, consideration should be given to microeconomic and macroeconomic factors, 'One Health', and maintaining balance in the ecosystem. Important contributions may then be achieved through ASFs for the well-being of populations worldwide.

Un enfant sur cinq dans le monde souffre d'un retard de croissance et de développement dû à la malnutrition. Les aliments d'origine animale permettent de résorber ce problème et d'avancer de manière significative vers la réalisation des objectifs de nutrition fixés par l'Assemblée mondiale de la santé. Les oeufs et le lait comptent parmi les principaux aliments naturels qui apportent un ensemble de nutriments et de facteurs bioactifs essentiels pour une croissance saine. En outre, leur faible coût les rend abordables pour les populations vulnérables et à revenus modestes. Des arguments reposant aussi bien sur la biologie que sur les principes du développement infantile encouragent à recourir aux aliments d'origine animale pendant la période d'alimentation complémentaire, qui correspond à l'âge où l'enfant est le plus exposé aux maladies infectieuses et au risque de malnutrition. L'étude des habitudes alimentaires au cours de l'évolution des hominidés a mis en lumière l'importance des aliments d'origine animale dans l'augmentation de la taille du cerveau et le développement des fonctions cognitives. Des études ont également montré la biodisponibilité élevée dans les matrices alimentaires d'origine animale de facteurs limitants tels que la vitamine A, le fer, le zinc et les acides gras, qui contribuent à une absorption efficace et à un meilleur métabolisme. Les preuves empiriques de l'efficacité d'une supplémentation basée sur l'apport d'oeufs, de lait ou de chair de poisson sont encore limitées. Lors d'une étude conduite récemment en Équateur (projet Lulun), il a été démontré que la consommation quotidienne d'un oeuf pendant six mois dès le début de la période d'alimentation complémentaire a un impact notable en termes de croissance linéaire et réduit de 47 % le risque de retard de croissance. Pour mettre en place des systèmes nutritionnels durables garantissant un apport d'aliments d'origine animale équitable et approprié pour tous les enfants du monde, il convient de prendre en considération les facteurs tant microéconomiques que macroéconomiques ainsi que les principes « Une seule santé ¼ et la nécessité de préserver l'équilibre des écosystèmes. Les aliments d'origine animale permettront ainsi d'améliorer notablement le bien-être des populations du monde entier.

Uno de cada cinco niños del planeta sufre de retraso del crecimiento y subdesarrollo a causa de la malnutrición. Los alimentos de origen animal brindan la posibilidad de combatir este problema y avanzar así sustancialmente hacia el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en materia de nutrición. Los huevos y la leche están entre los primeros alimentos con que la naturaleza nos surte de un conjunto holístico de nutrientes y factores bioactivos para potenciar un crecimiento sano. Además, tienen un precio asequible y son accesibles para poblaciones vulnerables con escasos recursos. Las consideraciones biológicas y evolutivas abonan el uso de alimentos de origen animal durante el periodo de alimentación complementaria, en el que los niños están más expuestos que nunca a enfermedades infecciosas y a la malnutrición. Los patrones de alimentación que se observan en la historia evolutiva de los homínidos parecen poner de relieve la importancia de los alimentos de origen animal en el proceso de crecimiento del encéfalo y aumento de las funciones cerebrales. Los estudios demuestran asimismo que la matriz de los alimentos de origen animal contiene nutrientes limitantes como vitamina A, hierro, zinc y ácidos grasos en forma muy biodisponible, lo que asegura una absorción y un metabolismo eficaces. Sin embargo, los datos científicos que avalan la intervención con huevos, leche y pescado siguen siendo relativamente escasos. En un experimento realizado hace poco en el Ecuador, el Proyecto Lulun, se demostró que el consumo de un huevo al día durante seis meses, empezando en las primeras fases de la alimentación complementaria, ejercía un gran efecto en el crecimiento lineal y reducía en un 47% el riesgo de retrasos del crecimiento. Para instaurar duraderamente sistemas que favorezcan una presencia adecuada y equitativa de alimentos de origen animal en el régimen alimentario de todos los niños del mundo es preciso tener en cuenta factores tanto microeconómicos como macroeconómicos, así como los postulados de «Una sola salud¼ y el objetivo de mantener el equilibrio de los ecosistemas. Si se dan tales condiciones, los alimentos de origen animal pueden contribuir sustancialmente al bienestar de las poblaciones del mundo entero.