The resilience of Peruvian immigrants through participation in community-based organizations in urban Chile.

This study explores the situational elements related to the resilience of Peruvian immigrants in Santiago, Chile. Through extensive fieldwork with Santiago community-based organizations, in-depth semistructured interviews (N = 18) completed with Peruvian leaders, and an innovative grounded theory situational analysis, a critical psychopolitical framework of community participation of Peruvian immigrants was generated. More specifically, three main themes emerged from data analysis and describe resilience processes, including, negotiating historical narratives and multiple identities; navigating to resources; and resisting racism and dehumanization. Results describe how community participation plays a role in promoting resilience by transforming immigrants' conditions and contexts while increasing their sense of mattering, and their access to resources and human rights.

Leaving to get ahead: assessing the relationship between mobility and inequality in Peruvian migration.

Analysis of the impact of international migration on the socioeconomic conditions of migrants and their families in Peru, using data from the Latin American Migration Project, suggests that international migration contributes to individuals' socioeconomic well-being. While those who migrate tend to come from relatively privileged backgrounds in the first place, they gain further relative economic advantage by moving out of the country. A possible implication of this is that the growing international migration observed today is likely to exacerbate rather than ameliorate the already uneven distribution of income and rigid socioeconomic hierarchy in Peru.

Outsourcing care: how Peruvian migrants meet transnational family obligations.

Migration from Peru has increased dramatically over the past decade, but the social and relational repercussions of these transnational movements have not yet been fully explored. Examination of the way migrants manage their responsibilities to dependent kin in Peru reveals that child fostering makes it possible for adults to migrate in search of better work opportunities by ensuring care for their children and company for their older relatives. For Peruvians engaging in labor migration, child fostering tempers some of the challenges of continuing to participate in established social networks from a distance.

Numbers that Matter: Right to Health and Peruvian Maternal Strategies.

The rights to health and to culturally respectful care are inextricably linked in the documents supporting Peruvian Maternal Health Policy. Strategies of Intercultural Birthing and Maternal Waiting Houses were purported to reduce maternal deaths, while extending the right to health to marginalized indigenous women. Based on 17 months of field research in Peru, I argue that the narrow focus on achieving "good numbers" creates and sustains coercive modes of strategy applications. As a result, the on-the-ground implementation of these innovative strategies made them incompatible with right to health and culturally respectful care approaches.

[Difficulty in diagnosing pediatric tuberculosis]. / Tubercolosi pediatrica una diagnosi difficile.

Tuberculosis (TB) in children is an important warning sign in a community, as it could signal recent infection of a cavitary form in an adult. Thus, while early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment in children, it is also imperative for the control of tuberculosis at the public health level since it allows rapid identification of contagious adult cases. Here we report four cases of difficult and delayed diagnosis of TB in children. From this experience we highlight the need for an extensive medical history of the patient during diagnostic work-up. This includes: the positive history for contact with infected adults, especially for immigrant children; exclusion of TB diagnosis for persistent respiratory symptoms (2-3 weeks) after antibiotic therapy; and the need for high-definition CT scan when the radiological picture is not specific, especially for children under 5 years of age.

Analysing the relationship between urban livelihoods and water infrastructure in three settlements in Cusco, Peru.

This paper explores the role played by water infrastructure in urban livelihoods. It is based on a study of three settlements in Cusco, Peru, and shows that different modes of organising infrastructure co-exist within the same city, despite national policy prescriptions for urban water provision. Further, unequal access of households to these services exists within the same settlements and amplifies household vulnerability which, in turn, feeds back to undermine local, autonomous governance of water. This paper draws on the work of van Vliet et al. and Marvin and Graham to develop a framework that considers infrastructure organisation alongside household livelihoods in order to analyse the features of governance and vulnerability that affect urban livelihoods by privileging some groups and bypassing others.

Análise morfométrica das estruturas maxilo-mandibulares de indivíduos pré-colombianos e contemporâneos da Costa Central do Peru / Morphometric analysis of themaxillo-mandibular structuresof individualspre-Columbian and modernthe central coastof Peru

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar morfometricamente as modificações ocorridas ao longo de 500 anos nas estruturas maxilo-mandibulares de indivíduos da Costa Central do Peru. Foram utilizadas telerradiografias laterais de 30 crânios secos, sem deformidades esqueléticas e em normoclusão, do período Pré-colombiano (grupo Pré-colombiano) e de 30 peruanos nativos contemporâneos, com características esqueléticas e oclusais semelhantes, provenientes da mesma região geográfica (grupo Contemporâneo). Estas telerradiografias foram digitalizadas e 14 pontos cefalométricos foram marcados e utilizados como marcos anatômicos homólogos para a análise morfométrica. O tamanho do centróide, a forma e a alometria foram comparados entre os grupos para a amostra total, para homens e para mulheres, pelos testes de one-way ANOVA, função discriminante e regressão multivariada, respectivamente. As mesmas avaliações foram realizadas para homens e mulheres do mesmo grupo. O tamanho do centróide foi significativamente maior para o grupo Contemporâneo tanto para a amostra total, quanto para homens e mulheres, demonstrando que as estruturas maxilo-mandibulares dos indivíduos contemporâneos é maior do que de seus ancestrais. Quando homens e mulheres foram comparados intra-grupos o tamanho do centróide foi significativamente maior para os homens do grupo Contemporâneo, com a mesma tendência para os homens pré-colombianos, porém sem significância estatística. Observou-se diferenças significativas entre os grupos para a forma das estruturas maxilo-mandibulares indicando que ao longo do tempo houve um deslocamento posterior da região da pré-maxila e um deslocamento considerável para cima e para trás da apófise coronóide, uma abertura do ângulo na região goníaca e um alongamento no sentido vertical da região da sínfise mandibular. Essas mudanças morfológicas foram mais evidentes nas mulheres ...

The purpose of this study was to perform a morphometric evaluation of the changes in the maxillo-mandibular structures of individuals of the Central Coast of Perualong 500 years.The sample consisted of lateral cephalometric radiographs of 30 dry skullsof the pre-columbian era, without skeletal deformities and in normocclusion (Pre-columbian group) and of 30 contemporaneous native Peruvians, with similar skeletal and occlusal characterisitics, from the same geographical region (Contemporaneous group). These radiographs were digitized and 14 cephalometric points were used as homologous anatomic landmarks for the morphometric analysis. Centroid size, shape and allometry were compared between groups for the whole sample, for males and for females by the one-way Anova, discriminant analysis and multivariate regression, respectively. The same evaluations were performed between males and females of the same groups. Centroid size was significantly larger for the Contemporaneous group for the total sample, as well as for males and for females, demonstrating that the maxilo-mandibular structures of the contemporaneous individuals are larger than those of their ancestors. When males and females were compared in the same group, centroid size was significantly larger for contemporaneous males, with the same tendency for pre-columbian males, but with no statistical significance. Significant differences between groups were found for maxillo-mandibular shape, indicating that there was a posterior displacement of the premaxilla , a considerable backward and upward displacement of the coronoid process, an opening of the gonial angle and a vertical elongation of the mandibular symphisis, along time. These changes were more evident in females than in males, suggesting a greater effect of secular trends in women. There were no morphological differences between males and females of the same group, demonstrating that these results ...

Estudio sobre la enfermedad de Hansen en San Pablo de Loreto, Peru

Se revisaron retrospectivamente 14 casos nuevos de la enfermedad de Hansen, ocurridos entre los años 1981 y 1984 en San Pablo de Loreto (Perú). En cada uno de ellos se realizó una historia clínica completa, clasificándoles de acordo a la metodología de Ridley y Jopling, se les tomó baciloscopía, biopsia y se aplicó lepromina. Los casos fluctuaban entre los 5 y 28 años de edad, siendo 10 de ellos (71'42 por ciento) oriundos de la región. En el 100 por ciento de los casos el contacto se refiere al ámbito familiar. En relación al método de hallazgo: 4 (28'5 por ciento) van a la consulta por otras causas. otros 4 (28'5 por ciento) se diagnosticaron en el control de contactos, 5 (35'7 por ciento) por revisión escolar y 1 (7'1 por ciento acude a la consulta por la enfermedad. Las formas clínicas encontradas fueron: lepra indeterminada en 6 casos (42 por ciento)y lepra lepromatosa en 2 casos (14'2 por ciento), borderline pura en 2 casos (14'2 por ciento) y borderline lepromatosa en 4 casos (28'4 por ciento); no encontrándose ningún caso de lepra tuberculóide ni borderline tuberculóide. En 7 pacientes (50 por ciento) se encontró baciloscopia positiva, 6 de estos 7 pacientes ubicados utilizando el rango de 0 a 3, en el paciente restante sólo se encontró un bacilo. En sólo 4 casos (28'4 por ciento) se confirmó el diagnóstico con anatomía patológica y estos fueron de las formas borderline lepromatosa y L. lepromatosa. En lo querespecta al tratamiento: 3 pacientes están incluidos en el esquema para multibacilares (OMS-82), 7 dentro del esquema para paucibacilares (OMS-82), 2 recibieron otros tratamiento. Se revisaron así mismo los casos nuevos ocurridos desde 1970 a 1980, encontrándose que habían sido notificados en este periodo de 11 años, 19 casos nuevos de Hansen. De los cuales: 8 (42'1 por ciento) no pudimos entrevistarlos por hallaese ausentes de la zona y otros por no ser conocidos. Otros 6 (31'57 por ciento) fueron examinados de nuevo y confirmamos que no padecian esta enfermedad, 2 (10'52 por ciento) habían fallecido y 3 (15'78 por ciento) se revisaron e hizo su completa hsitoria clínica, baciloscopía, anatomía patológica y se aplicó lepromina e incluyéndoles a 2 de ellos en tratamiento combinado. Es de anotar que estos 3 casos: dos eran menores de 14 años y un adulto; dos formas LL y uno LT. Los 3 de San Pablo. Ver tabla 1. Este...