Mass Panic Disaster Management in COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic occurred abruptly. It is an unexpected disaster. Uncertain treatment for this viral infection increases excessive anxiety, which does not occur only in one person but also in majority of people; therefore, it can create mass panic. Mass panic is a serious problem that must be immediately identified and managed. Mass panic management will reduce COVID-19 incidence.

If you can't eat what you like, like what you can: how children with coeliac disease and their families construct dietary restrictions as a matter of choice.

Although it is recognised that a gluten-free diet has many social implications for coeliac disease patients, not much is known about how such patients actually manage these implications in their everyday interactions. This article examines how dietary restrictions are treated by patients and their families. Data from recorded mealtime conversations of seven Dutch families with children suffering from coeliac disease were analysed using discursive psychology. We found two main discursive strategies by which patients and their families manage the diet during mealtime interactions. A reference to pleasure is used to manage the tension between the child's agency and parental responsibility in the face of health requirements and, by softening the denial of food, the diet is normalised and treated as a shared family practice. The analysis shows that the gluten-free diet is demedicalised and treated as a matter of choice rather than prescription. We conclude with the practical implications of these findings.

Bullying, psychiatric pathology and suicidal behavior.

Bullying is a highly prevalent behavior which carries a significant social, medical and financial cost for its victims and perpetrators, with powerful and long-lasting psychological and social impact. Bullying has been defined as a specific form of intentional, repeated aggression, that involves a disparity of power between the victim(s) and perpetrator(s). The aggression can take physical, verbal or gestural forms. The behavior of bullying crosses sociodemographic categories of age, gender, ethnicity, level of academic achievement and professional environment. It has been abundantly observed by teachers and parents in elementary schools, but has also shown its negative presence in corporate boardrooms. The direct outcome of bullying, for both victims and perpetrators, is an increased risk of psychiatric disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Cruelty (and bullying, as one of its manifestations) breaks the basis of morality. Mental health professionals usually treat the victims of those actions unfortunately long after they have been exposed to the harm. The evidence does not support the idea that the majority of cruel actions are intrinsically "pathological", in the sense of being motivated by "mental disorders". Therefore, only moral rules and legal actions - but not psychiatric or psychological interventions - may dissuade humans from this form of cruelty.

Enhancing placebo effects: insights from social psychology.

Placebo effects are widely recognized as having a potent impact upon treatment outcomes in both medical and psychological interventions, including hypnosis. In research utilizing randomized clinical trials, there is usually an effort to minimize or control placebo effects. However, in clinical practice there may be significant benefits in enhancing placebo effects. Prior research from the field of social psychology has identified three factors that may enhance placebo effects, namely: priming, client perceptions, and the theory of planned behavior. These factors are reviewed and illustrated via a case example. The consideration of social-psychological factors to enhance positive expectancies and beliefs has implications for clinical practice as well as future research into hypnotic interventions.

The ephemeral effects of fact-checks on COVID-19 misperceptions in the United States, Great Britain and Canada.

Widespread misperceptions about COVID-19 and the novel coronavirus threaten to exacerbate the severity of the pandemic. We conducted preregistered survey experiments in the United States, Great Britain and Canada examining the effectiveness of fact-checks that seek to correct these false or unsupported beliefs. Across three countries with differing levels of political conflict over the pandemic response, we demonstrate that fact-checks reduce targeted misperceptions, especially among the groups who are most vulnerable to these claims, and have minimal spillover effects on the accuracy of related beliefs. However, these reductions in COVID-19 misperception beliefs do not persist over time in panel data even after repeated exposure. These results suggest that fact-checks can successfully change the COVID-19 beliefs of the people who would benefit from them most but that their effects are ephemeral.

Mentoring Programs by and for a New Generation of Latino Investigators in Behavioral-Social Science HIV Research.

Latinos represent a critical resource of talent that could be cultivated to expand the HIV research workforce. However, their rapid growth, as the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group in the US population, has yet to translate into a significant increase in Latino health academic researchers. Historically, strategies to build a diverse research workforce have grouped together individuals from underrepresented minority populations obscuring significance between and within group differences. This limits approaches that are responsive to the diversity of needs and experiences of emerging investigators from underrepresented groups. In this article, we discuss challenges associated with heterogeneity of Latinos and barriers that impede research independence/career success in the context of a review of Latino-investigator targeted mentorship approaches on the behavioral-social science of HIV infection. Mentorship workforce strategies could benefit from a personalized framework emphasizing individualized and tailored approaches to address the limitations and gaps in knowledge regarding Latino research development. This perspective encourages increased emphasis on organizational and structural processes to aid in overcoming institutional-level barriers that impede research and career development. Recommendations are proposed for features and components of effective mentorship programs that will lead to robust outcomes for strengthening the Latino research workforce in the HIV research field and elsewhere.

Social-psychological principles of community-based conservation and conservancy motivation: attaining goals within an autonomy-supportive environment.

Community-based natural resource conservation programs in developing nations face many implementation challenges underpinned by social-psychological mechanisms. One challenge is garnering local support in an economically and socially sustainable fashion despite economic hardship and historical alienation from local resources. Unfortunately, conservationists' limited understanding of the social-psychological mechanisms underlying participatory conservation impedes the search for appropriate solutions. We address this issue by revealing key underlying social-psychological mechanisms of participatory conservation. Different administrative designs create social atmospheres that differentially affect endorsement of conservation goals. Certain forms of endorsement may be less effective motivators and less economically and socially sustainable than others. From a literature review we found that conservation initiatives endorsed primarily for nonautonomous instrumental reasons, such as to avoid economic fines or to secure economic rewards, are less motivating than those endorsed for autonomous reasons, such as for the opportunity for personal expression and growth. We suggest that successful participatory programs promote autonomous endorsement of conservation through an administrative framework of autonomy support-free and open democratic participation in management, substantive recognition and inclusion of local stakeholder identity, and respectful, noncoercive social interaction. This framework of the autonomy-supportive environment (self-determination theory) has important implications for future research into program design and incentive-based conservation and identifies a testable social-psychological theory of conservancy motivation.

Psychology in the community: a community psychologist looks at 30 years in community mental health.

I review my 30 years in the community mental health field, emphasizing the personal and historical context that shaped this career. I especially highlight the origins of the values that guided significant career decisions, including family, neighborhood, religious and educational influences. The core guiding value was the belief that public service is both a privilege and an obligation, and that righting social injustice through such service is a noble calling. I trace the evolution of my thoughts and actions reflecting this value, from an early desire to "help children," through preparation to become a child psychologist, and ultimately to practice in a public community mental health setting and a career dedicated first to primary prevention and then to broader safety net services for those in need. I highlight a corresponding intellectual evolution as well, a progressive change in identity from "clinical psychologist in the community" to community psychologist.

The possibilities of performing social-psychological and ethnic mediations in Community Psychology in a Deep America perspective.

In this article, we problematize the approximation between Community Psychology and the idea of Deep America, considering it capable of contributing through mediations and translations in the construction of knowledge and the recreation of social, ethnic, and human life as local diversity. We want to clarify the matter from Liberation and Southern epistemologies' point of views, and to present experiences that confirm this Community Psychology method. We talk about coloniality, connecting it to the Community Psychology method and emphasizing the importance of the social-psychological/ethnic mediation, of view interpretation, and the aspects that constitute mediation: dialogic, experiential, and participant. Finally, we briefly report some facilitation and research experiences performed by us in Ceará, mainly in the capital, Fortaleza, and in Sobral County.

Assumptions and values of community health psychology.

There is a need to widen the practice of health psychologists to include the theories and methods of community psychology and an awareness of contemporary issues in community health. The aim of such a community health psychology would be both to deepen our understanding of the aetiology of health and illness in society and to develop strategies that will contribute to a reduction in human suffering and an improvement in quality of life. The aim of this article is to review the background and assumptions of community health psychology and to consider some values that would underlie such an approach.

Strengthening quality and continuity of diabetes care in rural ghana: a critical social psychological approach.

Adopting critical social psychology and community psychology perspectives, this article examines the links between shared social knowledge of diabetes, illness experience and illness action through semi-structured individual and group interviews with diabetes sufferers and lay healthy individuals in two rural Ghanaian communities. Analysis highlights that both groups make sense of diabetes and illness experience by drawing interchangeably from four shared knowledge modalities: common-sense, scientized, religious and emotional. Common-sense notions of health and illness and scientized understandings of diabetes frame illness action goals that merge with biomedical goals. These goals are compromised by structural, community/family and emotional dynamics. Findings suggest that the best immediate solutions lie in addressing availability and cost of biomedical care and quality food, with concomitant attention to community education and self-help groups as negotiators of psychosocial and economic support.

The transformation of social representations of chronic disease in a self-help group.

A Participant Action Research process was carried out with individuals affected by Inflammatory Bowel Disease, more specifically Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. The results show evidence of a transformation of social representations of disease. 'Normalization' is the central component of the transformation, indicating the achievement of a more restricted representation of the illness. This change is an attitudinal modification, which is characterized by higher tolerance of the disease--accepting its chronic nature and the limitations it imposes on daily life--, acceptance of the possibility of being supported by others in facing the disease, and the recognition of a transformational process that involves different stages in dealing with and accepting the disease.

Towards a new theory of practice for community health psychology.

The article sets out the value of theorizing collective action from a social science perspective that engages with the messy actuality of practice. It argues that community health psychology relies on an abstract version of Paulo Freire's earlier writing, the Pedagogy of the Oppressed, which provides scholar-activists with a 'map' approach to collective action. The article revisits Freire's later work, the Pedagogy of Hope, and argues for the importance of developing a 'journey' approach to collective action. Theories of practice are discussed for their value in theorizing such journeys, and in bringing maps (intentions) and journeys (actuality) closer together.

Violência e prevenção na escola: as possibilidades da psicologia da libertação / Violencia y prevención en las escuelas: las posibilidades de psicología de la liberación / Violence and prevention in school: the possibilities of liberation psychology

Resumo O artigo reflete sobre a violência no contexto da escola pública brasileira a partir da concepção construída por Ignacio Martín-Baró. Tomamos o conceito de situação-limite, construído pelo autor com o objetivo de investigar qual a compreensão que professoras da educação básica têm a respeito do que sejam situações-limite para o desenvolvimento de seus alunos. Para tanto, construímos um questionário, composto por perguntas norteadoras que foram respondidas por duas professoras de uma escola pública de ensino fundamental de uma cidade no interior do Estado de São Paulo. O método está fundamentado no Materialismo Histórico Dialético e busca evidenciar, por meio das respostas ao questionário, o confronto entre um conceito teoricamente sistematizado e os sentidos que ele pode assumir na prática. A promoção da consciência sobre esses sentidos, bem como o papel do psicólogo escolar na escola e na comunidade, são necessidades apontadas pelos resultados, cujas implicações devem sustentar pesquisas futuras.

Resumen El artículo reflexiona sobre la violencia en el contexto de la escuela pública brasileña desde el diseño construido por Ignacio Martín-Baró. Tomamos el concepto de situación extrema, construido por el autor con el fin de investigar el entendimiento de que los maestros de educación básica tienen acerca de cuáles son las situaciones extremas para el desarrollo de sus estudiantes. Por lo tanto, se construyó un cuestionario compuesto de preguntas guía que fueron contestadas por dos profesores de una escuela pública primaria en una ciudad en el estado de Sao Paulo. El método se basa en ló Materialismo Historico Dialectico y pretende mostrar, através de las respuestas al cuestionario, el enfrentamiento entre un concepto teóricamente sistematizado y los sentidos que puede tener en la práctica. Promover el conocimiento de estos sentidos, así como el papel del psicólogo escolar en las necesidades de la escuela y la comunidad están identificados por los resultados, las implicaciones de los que se basará la investigación futura.

Abstract It reflects about the issue of violence in the context of a Brazilian public school. Reviewing the literature on this topic we highlighted the design constructed by Ignacio Martín - Baró. We took the concept of limit-situation constructed by the author with the goal of investigate which are the teacher’s conception about limit-situations. A questionnaire was constructed consisting of guiding questions that were answered by two teachers of a public elementary school in a city in the state of São Paulo. The method is based on Historical Dialectical Materialism and seeks to show, through the responses to the questionnaire, the confrontation between a concept theoretically systematized and senses that it can take in practice. Promoting awareness of these senses and the role of the school psychologist in school and comunity are needs identified by the results whose implications should sustain future research.

Comparative study of representations of professional autonomy produced by first and last-period undergraduate nursing students / Estudo comparativo sobre representações da autonomia profissional elaboradas por estudantes de enfermagem iniciantes e concluintes / Estudio comparativo sobre las representaciones de la autonomía profesional elaboradas por estudiantes iniciantes y concluyentes del curso de enfermería

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the social representations of professional nurse autonomy produced by first and last-period undergraduate nursing students. Method: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study, based on the structural approach of social representations, the Central Core Theory, carried out with 171 students from three federal public universities, using the free association technique on the object "professional nurse autonomy". The data were submitted to EVOC 2005 software and to similarity analysis. Results: care was the central core of the representational structure identified among the students of the first period. Among last-period students, knowledge stood out as a core element. The term responsibility was identified as common to both central cores. Conclusion: regarding professional autonomy, the results point to an overlapping process of the reified and consensual universes during the undergraduate course. However, responsibility, inherent in the profession, remains cross-sectional. For the first period students, autonomy is resignified in a practical and attitudinal way, whereas for the last period students, the knowledge acquired stimulates them to assign meaning to professional autonomy with a cognitive and attitudinal representation. The data can support the use of innovative teaching practices in nursing undergraduate courses.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar as representações sociais da autonomia profissional do enfermeiro, elaboradas por estudantes de graduação em enfermagem do primeiro e do último período. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, delineado a partir das representações sociais em abordagem estrutural pela Teoria do Núcleo Central, realizado com 171 estudantes de três universidades públicas federais, mediante técnica de evocações livres, com o termo indutor "autonomia profissional do enfermeiro". Os dados foram submetidos ao software EVOC 2005 e à análise de similitude. Resultados: o cuidado figurou o núcleo central da estrutura representacional identificada entre os estudantes do primeiro período. Já entre os do último, o conhecimento destacou-se enquanto qualidade de elemento nuclear. Comum a ambos os núcleos centrais, identificou-se o termo responsabilidade. Conclusão: no tocante à autonomia, conclui-se haver, durante o curso de graduação, processo de sobreposição do universo reificado sobre o consensual, no entanto, o encargo inerente à profissão se mantém transversal. Para os alunos do primeiro período a autonomia é ressignificada de forma prática e atitudinal, enquanto que, para os do último período, a aquisição do saber os incentiva a atribuir sentido à autonomia profissional, com representação cognitiva e atitudinal. Os dados podem subsidiar a condução de práticas de ensino inovadoras na graduação em enfermagem.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar las representaciones sociales de la autonomía profesional del enfermero, elaboradas por estudiantes de graduación del primer y del último período del curso de enfermería. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, delineado a partir de las representaciones sociales de la Teoría del Núcleo Central, de abordaje estructural, realizado con 171 estudiantes de tres universidades públicas federales, mediante técnica de evocaciones libres con el término inductor "autonomía profesional del enfermero". Los datos se sometieron al software EVOC 2005 y al análisis de similitud. Resultados: el cuidado era el núcleo central de la estructura representacional identificada entre los estudiantes del primer período. Entre los del último periodo, se destacó el conocimiento como elemento central. Común a ambos núcleos centrales, se identificó el término responsabilidad. Conclusión: en lo tocante a la autonomía, se concluye que hubo, durante el curso de grado, un proceso de superposición del universo rectificado sobre el consensual; no obstante, el encargo inherente a la profesión se mantuvo transversal. Para los alumnos del primer período la autonomía está resignificada de forma práctica y actitudinal, mientras que para los del último período, la adquisición del saber los estimula a atribuir sentido a la autonomía profesional, con representación cognitiva y actitudinal. Los datos pueden auxiliar en la conducción de prácticas de enseñanza innovadoras en la graduación de enfermería.

Psicologia Comunitária: a clínica ampliada na localidade de Muzema / Community Psychology: the broaded clinic work at Muzema community / Psicología Comunitaria: la clínica ampliada en la localidad de Muzema

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o relato de uma experiência de clínica, como supervisora em Psicologia Comunitária, do Serviço de Psicologia Aplicada, no Posto de Saúde da localidade de Muzema (Rio de Janeiro). A clínica ampliada, com enfoque teórico-psicanalítico, aproveitando as contribuições da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, é uma proposta construída nesta experiência. As conclusões indicam que o reconhecimento do sujeito singular, decorrente da valorização do sujeito inconsciente, pode mostrar-se como uma condição fecunda para que o sujeito possa transitar nos pólos individual e coletivo, fortalecendo sua capacidade de crítica de si mesmo e da realidade social.

The objective of this article is to discuss about an clinic experience as Community Psychology supervisor at the Applied Psychology Service, Muzema Health Center, Rio de Janeiro. The broadened clinic work, with the psychoanalytic approach, considering the contributions of socio-historical references, is a proposal built on practical experience. The conclusions indicate that recognition of a uniqueness subject, as consequence of unconscious subject valorization, may show itself as an fertile condition so that this subject can move in the individual and collective axis, building up his critical capacity about himself and, also, about social reality.

El propósito de este artículo es un informe de una experiencia clínica, como supervisor en Psicología Comunitaria, el Departamento del Psicología Aplicada, el Centro de Salud en la localidad de Muzema (Rio de Janeiro). La clínica ampliada, con el enfoque teórico psicoanalítico, a partir de las aportaciones de la psicología socio-histórica, es una propuesta basada en esta experiencia. Los resultados indican que el reconocimiento del sujeto singular, debido a la apreciación del sujeto inconsciente, puede resultar fructífero, como condición para la cual el sujeto puede mover los polos, individual y colectivamente, para fortalecer su capacidad para la autocrítica y también, del la realidad social.

A Psicologia Social do programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da PUCRS e suas conexões com a revista Psico / Social Psychology in PUCRS Post-Graduate program and its connections with Psico Journal / La Psicología Social en el programa de Posgrado en Psicología de la PUCRS y sus conexiones con la revista Psico

Este texto apresenta um levantamento de temas e autores publicados na área de Psicologia Social no decorrer dos quarenta anos de existência da revista Psico. Tal esforço é relevante pela importância dessa área para a consolidação do Programa de Pós-Graduação, especialmente a partir de 1983, com a criação do Curso de Especialização em Psicologia Social, que tornou ainda mais visível a necessidade da produção de conhecimentos por meio de pesquisas e a sua consequente divulgação. Desse modo, os processos de construção e fortalecimento da área na Pós-Graduação teve – e tem – na revista Psico uma importante fonte para consultas e apoio aos processos de investimento em pesquisa e socialização do conhecimento produzido.

This text presents a survey of themes and authors published in the Social Psychology field in the course of the forty years of existence of Psico journal. This effort is relevant because of the importance of that field for the consolidation of the Post-Graduate Program, especially from 1983, with the creation of the Graduate Specialization Course in Social Psychology, which made even more visible the necessity of production of knowledge by means of researches and their publication. Thereby, the processes of construction and fortification of the field in the Post-Graduate Program had – and has – in the Psico journal an important research source, as well as support for the processes of investment in research and socialization of the produced knowledge.

Este texto presenta un levantamiento de temas y autores publicados en el área de la Psicología Social al recorrer de los cuarenta años de existencia de la revista Psico. Tal esfuerzo es relevante por la importancia del área para la consolidación del Programa de Posgrado, especialmente a partir de 1983, con la creación del Curso de Especialización en Psicología Social, que brindo aun más visible la necesidad de la producción de conocimientos por intermedio de pesquisas y consecuente divulgación. Siendo así, los procesos de construcción y fortalecimiento del área en el Programa de Posgrado tubo y tiene, en la revista Psico, importante fuente para consultas y apoyo a los procesos de inversión en pesquisa y socialización del conocimiento producido.Palabras clave: Psico; Psicología Social; Programa de Posgrado.

Bridging the personal and the political: practices for a liberation psychology.

In the Irish context, legacies of colonialism, the Northern Ireland conflict situation, and the strength of community and women's liberation movements all provide rich resources for understanding the processes involved in both oppression and liberation. This paper draws on the theoretical and research literature and on Irish experiences to develop an understanding of some of the processes and practices that aid in liberation. The research is grounded in diverse writings on oppression and liberation, which include writings on colonialism (E. Duran & B. Duran, 1995; F. Fanon, 1967; V. Kenny, 1985, L. Maracle, 1996), feminist psychology (J. B. Miller, 1986; S. Wilkinson, 1996), liberation psychology (H. A. Bulhan, 1985; L. Comas-Díaz, M. B. Lykes, & R. D. Alarcon, 1998; I. Martín-Baró 1994; Starhawk, 1987), and psychological aspects of racism (b. hooks, 1993; A. Mama, 1995; R. J. Watts, D. M. Griffith, & J. Abdul-Adil, 1999), homophobia (A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson, 1995), poverty (K. O'Neill, 1992), and other dimensions of oppression.

[The position of concentrated relaxation in a training program for the psychoprerention of myocardial infarction]. / Die Stellung der Konzentrativen Entspannung in einem Trainingsprogramm zur Psychoprophylaxe des Myokardinfarktes

After a summarised presentation of the institutional framework and of the aims of a training programme developed from psychotherapeutic and social psychological techniques, the method of concentrated relaxation is described in detail and its especial function in the first phase of training is explained. Through prompt realization results being made available through identification being made easier by the assigning into groups, through the stimulation of independent activity and the creation of an initial awareness of the problem, concentrated relaxation becomes the upholding element of this first phase, the aim of which is the increasing of motivation towards further participation in training in this relatively unsusceptible group.