Uso de corticoides en niños con meningitis bacteriana ¿Cuál es la evidencia actual? / Use of steroids in children with bacterial meningitis. What is the current evidence?

En modelos experimentales los corticoides redujeron la gravedad del proceso inflamatorio del espacio subaracnoideo, causante de complicaciones de meningitis bacteriana. Su uso se ha propuesto como medicación coadyuvante para disminuir las muertes, secuelas neurológicas e hipoacusia post meningitis. Numerosos estudios efectuados informaron resultados contradictorios en cuanto su eficacia. En el presente trabajo se analizó la evidencia actual de los corticoides como medicación coadyuvante en meningitis bacteriana en pediatría. Material y métodos: la búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, motores de búsqueda Google y Yahoo de artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. De los 28 artículos que encontramos con las palabras claves steroids AND bacterial meningitis, 9 constituyen esta revisión. Resultados: ninguno de los 5 trabajos que analizaron la mortalidad encontró que la dexametasona la disminuía al compararlo con placebo. Los corticoides tampoco disminuían las secuelas neurológicas en los 3 artículos que trataron esta complicación. Los corticoides estaban asociados a menor tasa de hipoacusia que el placebo en meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae en 3 trabajos, no así en otros 4. Conclusiones: no hay evidencia que los corticoides prevengan la muerte o las secuelas neurológicas en niños con meningitis. Los efectos protectores en la audición son contradictorios y no existe evidencia firme que apoye su uso. El análisis de esta complicación es particularmente complejo dado los diferentes niveles de evidencia, de metodología de estudios, de evaluaciones audiométricas y de poblaciones disímiles en cuanto a acceso a servicios de salud y situación sanitaria (AU)

In experimental models dexamethasone, reduces the severity of inflammation in de subarachnoid space responsible for complications of bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone has been proposed as adjuvant therapy to reduce postmeningitis, death, neurologic sequelae and hearing loss. Numerous studies have been performed, but contradictory results have been reported regarding its efficacy. We analyzed the current evidence of steroids as adjuvant therapy in children with bacterial meningitis. Material and methods: we reviewed the MEDLINE database, Cochrane Library, Yahoo and Google search engines for articles published in the last 5 years. We found 28 articles that matched the keywords "steroids" and "bacterial meningitis" and narrowed the analysis to 9 articles containing adequate evidence. Results: mortality rates were not reduced with dexamethasone compared to placebo in the 5 articles that addressed this endpoint. Neither were neurologic sequelae reduced with steroids in the 3 articles that addressed this outcome. Steroids were associated with prevention of post meningitis hearing loss in 3 studies, but not in the other 4. Conclusions: there is no current evidence that steroids prevent death or neurologic sequelae after bacterial meningitis in children. The protective properties of steroids in hearing loss are contradictory and no firm evidence favors their use. Different levels of evidence, different methodological studies, audiometric evaluation, and dissimilar health care and sanitary conditions, make the analysis of this endpoint particularly complex (AU)

Programa de trasplante hepático en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan: 16 años de experiencia / Liver transplant program at the hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan: 16 years of experience

El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar la experiencia de 16 años del programa de traplante hepático del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan iniciado en Noviembre de 1992. Material y método: la metodología de este trabajo es de tipo retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional. Se revisaron la base de datos del servicio y las historias clínicas de 430 pacientes que fueron sometidos a uno o más trasplantes hepáticos entre noviembre de 1992 hasta marzo de 2009, en nuestro hospital. Se describieron los datos demográficos, las indicaciones de trasplante, el tipo de injerto utilizado, la compatibilidad del rupo ABO entre el donante y el receptor, la relación de peso entre donante receptor, la utilización de injertos arteriales y venosos, las complicaciones quirúrgicas, los episodios de rechazo agudo y crónico, la severidad de los mismos, los episodios de infecciones, la incidencia de enfemedad linfoproliferativa, la sobrevida del injerto y del paciente y las causas de muerte. Resultados: desde noviembre de 1992 hasta marzo de 2009 se realizaron 469 trasplantes en 430 pacientes. La causa más frecuente de trasplante en nuestra serie es la atresia de vías biliares con 162 casos que representan el 34,5 por ciento de los pacientes. En 126 casos se realizó el trasplante con donante vivo emparentado, en todos ellos se utilizó el segmento lateral izquierdo (segmeto II-III) del donante. Los 343 restantes fueron efectuados con donantes cadavéricos donde a 298 higados se le efectuó algún tipo de reducción hepática. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron biliares: 58 (13,5 por ciento) pacientes tuvieron fístulas y 52 (12 por ciento) estenosis. Se comprobó trombosis de la arteria hepática en 23 pacientes y portal en 19. Presentaron 248 pacientes (52 por ciento) uno o más episodios de rechazo agudo celular. el rechazo cronico se presentó en 24 casos ( (5 por ciento). La sobrevida actuarial del paciente y del injerto fue de 74,45 por ciento y 72,5 por ciento al año. (AU)

Evolución de niños post-trasplante hepático luego del primer año de sobrevida / Evolution of children one year post liver transplant

Orthotopic liver transplantation is the only definitive mode of therapy for children with end-stage liver disease. However, it remains challenging because of the necessity to prevent long-term complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of transplanted patients with more than one year of follow up. Between November 1992 and November 2001, 238 patients underwent 264 liver transplantations. A total of 143 patients with more than one year of follow up were included. The median age of patients +/- SD was 5.41 years +/- 5.26 (r: 0.58-21.7 years). All children received primary immunosuppression with cyclosporine. The indications for liver replacement were: fulminant hepatic failure (n: 50), biliary atresia (n: 38), cirrhosis (n: 37), chronic cholestasis (n: 13) and miscellaneous (n: 5). The indications for liver re-transplantation were: biliary cirrhosis (n: 7), hepatic artery thrombosis (n: 4) and chronic rejection (n: 3). Reduced-size liver allografts were used in 73/157 liver transplants, 14 of them were from living-related donors and 11 were split-livers. Patient and graft survival rates were 93% and 86% respectively. Death risk was statistically higher in retransplanted and reduced-size grafted patients. Growth retardation and low bone density were recovered before the first 3 years post-transplant. The incidence of lymphoproliferative disease was 7.69%. De novo hepatitis B was diagnosed in 7 patients (4.8%). Social risk did not affect the outcome of our population. The prevention, detection and early treatment of complications in the long-term follow up contributed to improve the outcome.(AU)

Hepatitis autoinmune en niños. Presentación inicial como falla hepática fulminante. / [Autoimmune hepatitis in children. Initial presentation as fulminant hepatic failure]

There are few cases reported of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) type 2 presenting as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in children. The purpose of this study was to report three girls with AIH type 2 that presented as FHF. METHODS: Over a period of 12 years, 123 patients with AIH diagnosed based on international criteria, 9 (7

) were type 2.3 of them presented as FHF. Other etiologies (viral, metabolic and toxic) were ruled out. The treatment was started with prednisone (2 mg-kg-day) and azathioprine (2 mg-kg-day). EVOLUTION: Patients 1 and 3 died while waiting for liver transplant (LT) at 72 and 48 hours after initiating medical treatment. Patient 2 underwent LT3 days after starting treatment, with excellent evolution at 3 years and 7 months of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: 1--AIH type 2 was very infrequent in our group. 2--33

of cases had initial presentation as FHF. 3--The course of the disease was aggressive, not responding to immunosuppressive therapy. The evolution was unfavorable in all patients. 4--LT is an alternative treatment for this severe disease.

Hepatitis autouinmune en niños. Presentación inicial como falla hepática fulminante / Autoimmune hepatitis in children. Initial presentation of fulminant hepatic failure

There are few cases reported of autoinmune hepatitis (AIH) tipe 2 presenting as fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in children. The purpose of this study was to report three girls with AIH type 2 that presented as FHF. METHODS: Over a period of 12 years, 123 patients with AIH diagnosed based on international criteria, 9 (7 per cent were type 2.3 of them presented as FHF. Other etiologies (viral, metabolic and toxic) were ruled out. The treatment was started with prednisone (2 mg-kg-day) and azathioprine (2 mg-kg-day). EVOLUTION: Patients 1 and 3 died while waiting for liver transplant (LT) at 72 and 48 hours after initiating medical treatment. Patient 2 underwent LT3 days after starting treatment, with excellent evolution at 3 years and 7 months of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: 1--AIH type 2 was very infrequent in our group. 2--33 per cent of cases had initial presentation as FHF. 3--The course of the disease was aggressive, not responding to immunosupreessive therapy. The evolution was unfavorable in all patients. 4--LT is an alternative treatment for this severe disease. (Au)