Rhinitis medicomentosa and substance addiction.

BACKGROUND: Rhinitis medicomentosa (RM) is a form of non-allergic rhinitis caused by the use of nasal decongestants for longer than the recommended duration. Because of this problem of use, addiction to the drug occurs in individuals. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of RM patients to substance addiction. METHODS: The study was planned as a prospective, multicentric study between September 2022 and September 2023. Patients diagnosed with RM were included in the study. Beck depression scale, Drug use disorders identification test, Substance Abuse Proclivity Scale were applied to the patients participating in the study. The research data were analyzed electronically with SPSS program version 25. RESULTS: The study included 86 patients with an average age of 31 years. The average duration of medication use was 22 months. Age, gender, duration of nasal congestion, duration of drug use and smoking were not independent predictors for depression and substance use tendency. CONCLUSION: The relationship between RM and addictive substances is not clear. The tendency to use drugs did not increase in RM patients. In the light of these data, we think that there is no need for a practice other than routine functioning in the use of drugs and similar substances that are likely to cause addiction in RM patients.

Important aspect of hypoglossal nerve injury following gunshot wound; Can the clivus has a role? A case report.

Cranial nerve palsies after gunshot injury are not uncommon. We report the mechanism of isolated hypoglossal nerve paralysis caused by a gunshot. We report a 74 years old patient in whom a bullet entered through the right nostril and then ended up right occipital condyle. The only neurologic deficit was tongue deviation which resolved in one week. The bullet was not removed. The effect of clival slope may have an importance in this type of injury.

Test-retest reliability and discriminatory power of multidimensional voice analysis program.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the test-retest reliability of acoustic parameters (jitter [%], shimmer [%], noise-to-harmonic ratio [NHR], and voice turbulence index [VTI]) by using multidimensional voice program, and to detect the discriminatory power of the acoustic measures with respect to dysphonic voices and normal voices. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND METHODS: Fifty-four (25 male and 29 female) participants with voice disorders and fifty-one (27 male and 24 female) participants with normal voices were enrolled in this study. They were assessed by anamnesis, visual examination, auditory perceptual assessment (GRBAS), and acoustic measurements. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to determine the test-retest reliability. The effect size (d value) and p value obtained from the t-test were used to determine the discriminatory power. RESULTS: In the normal group, good reliability was observed for jitter, shimmer, and NHR, and moderate reliability was observed for VTI. With regard to the dysphonic group, jitter, shimmer, and VTI were moderately reliable, and the NHR had good reliability. Meanwhile, the discriminatory powers of jitter and shimmer were evaluated as 'medium', and those of NHR and VTI as 'small'. CONCLUSION: The reliability and discriminatory powers of our acoustic measures were high compared with most other studies. Their level of reliability and discriminatory power can be maximised by using stringent rules. However, attaining an excellent level of reliability and discriminatory seems infeasible power owing to the variable characteristic of voice. Therefore, acoustic measures should be adopted as a complementary tool.

Comparison of effects of dexmedetomidine and amifostine against X-ray radiation-induced parotid damage.

Radiotherapy can be employed as a therapeutic modality alone in the early stages of cancer and is used together with other treatments such as surgery and chemotherapy in more advanced stages. However, exposure to ionizing radiation in association with radiotherapy affects several organs in the head and neck and can give rise to early and late side effects. Exposure to ionizing radiation used in radiotherapy is known to cause cell damage by leading to oxygen stress through the production of free oxygen radicals (such as superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet oxygen), depending on the total radiation dosage, the fractionation rate, radiosensitivity, and linear energy transfer. The purpose of the present study was to determine the potential protective role of a powerful and highly selective α2-adrenoreceptor agonist with a broad pharmacological spectrum against salivary gland damage induced by ionizing radiation exposure. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups-control, ionizing radiation, ionizing radiation + dexmedetomidine (100 µg/kg), ionizing radiation + dexmedetomidine (200 µg/kg), and ionizing radiation + amifostine (200 mg/kg). Following exposure to ionizing radiation, we observed necrosis, fibrosis, and vascular congestions in parotid gland epithelial cells. We also observed increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and cleaved Caspase-3 levels and a decrease in glutathione (GSH). In groups receiving dexmedetomidine, we observed necrotic epithelial cells, fibrosis and vascular congestion in parotid gland tissue, a decrease in MDA levels, and an increase in GSH. Dexmedetomidine may be a promising antioxidant agent for the prevention of oxidative damage following radiation exposure.

Effects of long-term Doppler ultrasound exposure on cochlea and cochlear nucleus in prenatal period in an experimental model.

BACKGROUND: New generation Doppler ultrasonography (DUSG) application effects on cochlea and cochlear nucleus (CN) are unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of new generation DUSG application at different frequencies in prenatal period on cochlea and CN in rats. OBJECTIVE: Twenty-four pregnant female rats were divided into three groups (n = 8). Group 1 was the control group and was not subjected to any treatment. Group 2 was determined as the USG every day (USGED) treatment group. Group 2 has received DUSG application every day from the 4th to 18th day (20 min/15 per day). Group 3 has received DUSG application as "2 days/one dose as every other day application" (USG2D1) from the 4th to 18th day (20 min/8 every other day). Twenty-four female rats were sacrificed in 21 days. Also, 24 pups were sacrificed after two days. First day after born, the cochlear activities of the right ears of all pups were examined using DPOAEs. Second day, neural tissues from CN were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: There was no any statistical difference between the groups in respect of histopathologically. USGED group showed mild caspase-3 positive neurons and glial cells. However, there was no significant difference between the USGED and other groups (p>.05). Similarly, the rats applied with USG2D1 had mild caspase-3 expression, but no significant difference between the USG2D1 and other groups (p>.05). Differences in DPOAE amplitudes, and therefore in cochlear activity, between the groups were revealed. The decrease in cochlear activity between the groups involved frequencies at 2, 8, 16, and 32 kHz (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple administration of new generation DUSG to pregnant rats has not shown harmful effects on the cochlear neural tissue. High frequencies are more sensitive in cochlea to apply DUSG.

Revision of cartilage tympanoplasty with endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty.

PURPOSE: While the use of cartilage graft for revision tympanoplasty is quite common, the data on the revision of cartilage tympanoplasty are limited. Our study aims to present the results of our patients who underwent endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty for the revision of cartilage tympanoplasty. METHODS: Demographic data, ear sides, perforation locations, graft success rates and hearing results of the patients who underwent endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty for revision of cartilage tympanoplasty between Sep 2017 and Jan 2020 were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients with 7 (41%) females and 10 (59%) males were included in our study. Eight of the ears (47%) were right and nine (53%) were left. Perforation locations included ten (59%) anterior, six (35%) inferior, and one (6%) posterior. The graft success rate of our study was 100%. No changes were observed in post-operative air conduction, bone conduction and air-bone gap values compared to the pre-operative period (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty for the revision of cartilage tympanoplasty is considered to be a safe surgical technique with satisfactory anatomical and hearing results.

The protective effect of astaxanthin on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

BACKGROUND: Promising studies have been conducted with many substances to reduce the ototoxic effects of cisplatin, but there is no treatment that completely eliminates the ototoxic effect. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of astaxanthin (ASX) as a protective agent against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group 1 received no drug injections except for anesthetics; group 2 received intraperitoneal (IP) olive oil only for 8 days; group 3 received only IP ASX 75 mg/kg dissolved in olive oil for 8 days; group 4 received a single dose of only IP 16 mg/kg cisplatin on the 5th day; group 5 received 25 mg/kg ASX IP daily for 8 days and a single 16 mg/kg dose of cisplatin on the 5th day; group 6 received 75 mg/kg ASX IP daily for 8 days and a single 16 mg/kg dose of cisplatin on the 5th day. The animals were tested for distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) before and 3 days after cisplatin treatment. The animals in all groups were sacrificed under anesthesia on the 10th day. Before sacrifice, inferior vena cava blood samples were drawn into commercial tubes for biochemical analysis and their cochlea were prepared for histological analysis. RESULTS: The ASX+cisplatin groups demonstrated significantly higher DPOAE thresholds when compared to the cisplatin-only group (p < 0.05). The ASX 25 mg/kg/day+cisplatin group showed a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity compared to the cisplatin-only group, whereas the ASX 75 mg/kg/day+cisplatin group had significantly lower total oxidative stress and oxidative stress index. Histologic results showed that the cortical organ was better preserved in the ASX+cisplatin groups compared to the cisplatin-only group, and the degeneration in the spiral ganglion and inner and outer hair cells was less visible in the ASX groups. CONCLUSIONS: Astaxanthin can protect hearing from cisplatin-induced ototoxicity, prevent cellular degeneration and significantly reduce oxidative stress.

Effects of Smoking on the Auditory System: Is There a Gender Difference?

The main aim of our study is to evaluate whether the effect of smoking on the auditory system shows gender differences. Another aim is to evaluate whether smoking has any influence on the absorbance of sound. There were 236 volunteers including 90 nonsmokers (42 females and 48 males) and 146 smokers (72 females and 74 males) in the study. Smokers were grouped according to pack-years of smoking as 5 to 10 pack-years, 11 to 20 pack-years, and more than 20 pack-years. Pure tone audiometry and wideband tympanometry were performed in all individuals. Both female and male smokers who consume more than 20 pack-years had significantly higher hearing thresholds at 4 and 6 kHz and significantly lower sound energy absorbance rates at 4, 6, and 8 kHz. Moreover, female smokers with a consumption of 11 to 20 pack-years had significantly higher hearing thresholds at 6 kHz and significantly lower sound energy absorbance rates at 6 and 8 kHz. Smoking causes hearing loss at high frequencies in both females and males, especially in a dose-dependent manner affecting individuals with a consumption of more than 20 pack-years. The sound energy absorbance is significantly reduced at 4, 6, and 8 kHz. In addition, these effects may occur in women with even less exposure.

Laryngeal Cavernous Lymphangioma in an Adult Patient.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphangiomas are uncommon congenital lesions of the lymphatic system, and most of them are detected by the second year of life. Although head and neck region is the most common location, laryngeal involvement isextremely rare, and the literature is largely limited to few case reports. CASE REPORT: A 51-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with clinical history of hoarseness. Performed direct laryngoscopy revealed a pedunculated cystic mass located in the right ventricle of the larynx. The mass was totally excised, and the case was reported as cavernous lymphangioma. CONCLUSION: Isolated laryngeal lymphangioma is extremely rare in adults. The other benign lesions or inflammatory processes in this region can mimic laryngeal lymphangioma. Therefore, this entity should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis especially in adults, to avoid overtreatment.

The evaluation of prognostic factors in endoscopic cartilage tympanoplasty.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic factors that may affect the success in endoscopic cartilage tympanoplasty and determine the outcomes of endoscopic cartilage tympanoplasty. METHODS: This study included 312 patients who underwent transcanal endoscopic type I cartilage tympanoplasty. The effects of sex, the affected side, the size of the perforation, the location of the perforation, the absence of myringosclerosis, external ear canal protrusion, the condition of the contralateral ear, and surgical experience on the rate of graft success and hearing improvement were investigated. RESULTS: The affected side, sex, location of the perforation, myringosclerosis, the condition of contralateral ear, and surgical experience did not significantly affect the surgical success (p > 0.05). However, the size of perforation and ear canal wall protrusion were significantly related to both functional and anatomical success (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic transcanal type I cartilage tympanoplasty can be performed with a high anatomical and functional success rate. However, surgeons should be more careful and design a case-specific operation strategy in patients with external ear canal anterior wall protrusion and large perforations.

Wideband Tympanometry in Meniere's Disease.

The aim of our study was to obtain wideband tympanometry (WBT) findings in Meniere's disease (MD). It also aimed to evaluate whether the data obtained have diagnostic significance. 21 patients who were followed-up for unilateral Meniere's Disease were evaluated. The ears with Meniere disease were grouped as the MD group and the opposite ears were grouped as the control group. WBT results were recorded as resonance frequency (RF) and frequency-specific absorbance values at 10 different frequencies in the 0.25-8.0 kHz range. Statistical analysis was performed with t test and receiver-operating characteristic analysis. Considering the WBT results, RF was significantly lower in the MD group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Frequency-specific absorbance values at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 kHz were significantly lower in the MD group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found at 1.5 kHz and above (p > 0.05). For the MD, the RF below 598 Hz was 85.7% sensitive and 76.2% specific, the absorbance at 0.25 kHz below 8% was 66.7% sensitive and 61.9% specific, the absorbance below 17% at 0.5 kHz was 71.4% sensitive and 62.1% specific, the absorbance below 36% at 0.75 kHz was 81% sensitive and 57.8% specific, and the absorbance below 46% at 1 kHz was 71.5% sensitive and 66.7% specific. When MD was compared with intact ears, it was observed that RF was lower, and absorbance decreased in low frequencies. These data is statistically significant, but the sensitivity level is not enough for diagnostic use. Therefore, it is considered as an complementary test for the diagnosis.

Bilateral same-day endoscopic tympanoplasty.

PURPOSE: Although bilateral same-day tympanoplasty is a faster and more comfortable procedure for patients, it is rarely performed due to its theoretical risks. The present study aims to evaluate the results of patients who underwent bilateral same-day endoscopic tympanoplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 26 patients and 52 ears were evaluated. Postoperative anatomic success rate, pre- and postoperative hearing test results, hearing gains and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperative anatomic success rate was 92.3% (48/52). Audiological tests revealed the preoperative air-bone gap (ABG) as 19.1 ± 8.8 (7-35) dB and postoperative ABG as 9.8 ± 5.7 (5-25) dB. Postoperative ABG decreased significantly (p: <0.001) and 9.2 ± 4.6 (2-23) dB hearing gain was obtained. We did not observe any significant complications. CONCLUSION: Bilateral same-day endoscopic tympanoplasty is a feasible surgical procedure with good anatomic and functional outcomes, low complication rate and good postoperative patient comfort.

Tympanomeatal flap creation in endoscopic stapedotomy: cautery vs. cold instrumentation.

PURPOSE: Bleeding is one of the most challenging issues for surgeons performing endoscopic stapedotomy. During creation and elevation of the tympanomeatal flap (TMF) prevention or control of bleeding greatly facilitates the safety and comfort in the next steps of the surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cautery versus cold instrumentation during creation of TMF at endoscopic stapedotomy surgery. METHODS: We investigated 15 patients TMF created with cautery and 14 patients with cold instrument, and compared bleeding scores, operation time, postoperative hearing, pain and complications between groups. RESULTS: The mean bleeding score was significantly lower in cautery incised patients compared to cold instrument patients (1.2 ± 0.9 vs. 2.3 ± 1, p = 0.005). Mean duration of surgery was also significantly shorter in cautery used patients (35.3 ± 6.8 vs. 48.8 ± 9.2 min, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between postoperative pain, complications, wound healing, and auditory outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Cautery may be a better choice for the creation of TMF in endoscopic stapedotomy surgery due to reduced bleeding, shorter operation time and increased comfort without causing any complications.

Endoscopic type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty in children.

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty using cartilage grafts for repair of chronic tympanic membrane perforation is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of endoscopic type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients under 18 years of age who underwent type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty between January 2013 and February 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Anatomic success rate was calculated according to the intact status of the graft. Air conduction (AC), bone conduction (BC), air-bone gap (ABG) and hearing gain were calculated using pure tone audiometry tests at pre-operative, and 6th month postoperative period. Patients with postoperative ABG ≤20 dB were considered as functionally successful. RESULTS: The study included 56 patients (6 bilateral) and 62 ears. The anatomic success rate of our study was 91.9% (57/62). Preoperative AC was 36.4 ± 6.5 (21-50) dB, BC was 7.8 ± 3.7 (5-25) dB, and ABG was 28.6 ± 6.9 (10-41) dB. Postoperative AC was 24.5 ± 8.8 (7-45) dB, BC was 7.6 ± 3.4 (5-19) dB, and ABG was 16.9 ± 7.4 (2-32) dB. There was no change in postoperative BC (p: 0.683), whereas AC, and ABG significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Mean hearing gain was 12.1 ± 6.2 (3-26) dB and the functional success rate was 72.5% (45/62). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic type 1 cartilage tympanoplasty, a minimally invasive surgical procedure, provided successful functional and anatomical results at the pediatric population.

What Are We Missing From Asymmetric Relationship Between the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Profiles and Sphenoid Sinus Volume?

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY: Detailed analysis of retinal structure such as the retinal nerve fiber layer can be performed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). There are no published studies concerning a relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer and human sphenoid sinus volumes. We investigated this relationship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Spectral-domain OCT. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and sphenoid sinus volume estimation of both sides of sex-matched patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The mean RNFL thicknesses at the left side (91.8 µm) were significantly smaller than the right side (94.5 µm) (P = 0.040). However, the mean left sinus volume (44.5 cm) is larger than the right side, (34.5 mm) (P < 0.005). Left and right differences of both parameters are statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a negative correlation between mean RNFL thicknesses and mean sinus volumes. To our knowledge, this article is the first report demonstrating the asymmetry relationship between RNFL and sphenoid sinus volumes.

Endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty for large perforations.

PURPOSE: Nowadays, the use of otoendoscopy is becoming increasingly popular in ear surgery. Data on endoscopic tympanoplasty are quite current but not yet sufficient. This study aims to present the anatomical and functional results of endoscopic butterfly inlay myringoplasty in large perforations. METHODS: The graft success rates and audiological outcomes of 26 ears of 23 patients who underwent endoscopic cartilage inlay myringoplasty due to large perforation (more than two-thirds of the area of tympanic membrane) from March 2016 to August 2018 were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 13.3 ± 7.1 (6-32) months. Graft success rate was 96% (25/26 ears). The preoperative mean air-bone gap (ABG) was 21.4 dB and postoperative mean was 14.4 dB. Significant improvement was observed in postoperative air-bone gap values compared to preoperative period (p 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic inlay butterfly myringoplasty is a safe surgical technique and has satisfactory anatomic and audiological outcomes in large tympanic perforations.

Protective Effect of Whortleberry Extract on Salivary Gland Damage Induced by Neck Irradiation in Rats.

Radiotherapy is a method of treatment used on malignant head and neck tumors; however, it may lead to adverse effects by influencing other tissues because its effects are not specific to tumor tissues. These adverse effects limit the effectiveness of the treatment and sometimes lead to termination of the treatment. This study aims to histopathologically and biochemically investigate the protective effect of whortleberry against the cellular degeneration and oxidative stress that take place in salivary glands due to radiotherapy. The rats were divided into 6 groups. One group was given radiotherapy only, one group was given radiotherapy and 100 mg/kg of whortleberry, and one group was given radiotherapy and 200 mg/kg of whortleberry. The remaining 3 groups were designated as whortleberry, sham, and control groups. At the end of the study, samples collected were histopathologically and biochemically analyzed. In the group given radiotherapy only, acinar areas were reduced histopathologically, whereas ductal areas increased (P < .01). Oxidative stress increased only in the group given radiotherapy, whereas the oxidative stress levels in the other groups were close to those in the control groups. In conclusion, whortleberry reduces cellular degeneration and oxidative stress that take place in salivary glands due to radiotherapy.

The protective effects of whortleberry extract against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats / Efeitos protetores do extrato de uva-do-monte contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina em ratos

Abstract Introduction: Cisplatin is one of the main chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of many types of cancer. However, ototoxicity, one of the most serious side effects of cisplatin, restricts its usage. Objective: We aimed to investigate the protective effects of whortleberry extract against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by evaluating hearing and histopathological cochlear damage and by measuring the biochemical parameters affected byoxidative stress. Methods: Forty-eight male rats were included in the study after performing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission test to confirm that their hearing levels were normal. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the sham group, and, which received only whortleberry extract, only cisplatin, cisplatin + 100 mg whortleberry extract, cisplatin + 200 mg whortleberry extract, respectively. Audiologic investigation was performed by performing the Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission test at the beginning and at the eighth day of the study. Cardiac blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the rats were sacrificed to obtain cochlear histopathological specimens on the eighth day. Results: The results revealed that whortleberry protects hearing against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity independent of the dose. However, high doses of whortleberry extract are needed to prevent histopathological degeneration and oxidative stress. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study show that whortleberry extract has a protective effect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Resumo Introdução: A cisplatina é um dos principais agentes quimioterápicos utilizados para o tratamento de muitos tipos de câncer. No entanto, a ototoxicidade, um dos efeitos colaterais mais graves da cisplatina, restringe seu uso. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi investigar os efeitos protetores do extrato de uva-do-monte contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina, avaliar o dano auditivo e histopatológico coclear e medir os parâmetros bioquímicos afetados pelo estresse oxidativo. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 48 ratos machos após teste de emissão otoacústica evocada por produto de distorção para confirmar que seus níveis de audição eram normais. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos: o grupo controle, o grupo simulado, o que recebeu apenas extrato de uva-do-monte, o que recebeu apenas cisplatina, o que recebeu cisplatina + 100 mg de extrato de uva-do-monte e o que recebeu cisplatina + 200 mg de extrato de uva-do-monte, respectivamente. A investigação audiológica foi feita através do teste de emissão otoacústica de produto de distorção no início e no oitavo dia do estudo. As amostras de sangue cardíaco foram coletadas para análise bioquímica e os ratos foram sacrificados para obtenção de espécimes histopatológicos cocleares no oitavo dia. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que o extrato de uva-do-monte protege a audição contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina, independentemente da dose. No entanto, são necessárias doses elevadas do extrato para evitar a degeneração histopatológica e o estresse oxidativo. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostram que o extrato de uva-do-monte tem um efeito protetor contra a ototoxicidade induzida por cisplatina.

First emerging objective experimental evidence of hearing impairment following subarachnoid haemorrhage; Felix culpa, phonophobia, and elucidation of the role of trigeminal ganglion.

Objective: The exact mechanism of phonophobia induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been understood well. This subject was investigated. Material and methods: This study was conducted on 25 rabbits. They divided into three groups: Five as control, five as SHAM, 20 as SAH group. All animals objected to 85 dB impulse noise by daily periods, and their phonophobic score values were examined by daily periods for 20 days. Their brains, trigeminal ganglia were extracted bilaterally. The normal and degenerated neuron densities of trigeminal ganglia were examined by stereological methods and compared with phonophobia scores. Results: Phonophobic score was 19-17, mean live neuron density (LND) of the trigeminal ganglia was 16.321 ± 2.430/mm3, and degenerated neuron density (DND) was 1.15 ± 0.120/mm3 in animals of control groups (n = 5). The phonophobic score was 17-14, LND: 14.345 ± 1.913/mm3, DND of the trigeminal ganglia was 1.150 ± 0.110/mm3 in SHAM group (n = 5). The phonophobic score was 14-8, LND: 12.987 ± 1.966/mm3, mean DND of the trigeminal ganglia was 2.520 ± 510/mm3 in animals with high phonophobia scores (n = 6). The phonophobic score was 7-4, LND: 9.122 ± 1.006, mean DND of the trigeminal ganglia was 5.820 ± 1.610/mm3, in animals with fever phonophobia scores (n = 9). Conclusion: An inverse relationship between DND trigeminal ganglion (TGG) and phonopobic score was found. The paralysis of tensor tympani muscle owing to trigeminal ganglia ischemia may be responsible for phonophobic clinical state in animals with SAH. In addition, there seems to be an important concern for the verbal component of GCS in SAH. These two important findings have not been published previously.

The protective effects of whortleberry extract against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Cisplatin is one of the main chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of many types of cancer. However, ototoxicity, one of the most serious side effects of cisplatin, restricts its usage. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the protective effects of whortleberry extract against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by evaluating hearing and histopathological cochlear damage and by measuring the biochemical parameters affected byoxidative stress. METHODS: Forty-eight male rats were included in the study after performing Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission test to confirm that their hearing levels were normal. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: the control group, the sham group, and, which received only whortleberry extract, only cisplatin, cisplatin+100mg whortleberry extract, cisplatin+200mg whortleberry extract, respectively. Audiologic investigation was performed by performing the Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission test at the beginning and at the eighth day of the study. Cardiac blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the rats were sacrificed to obtain cochlear histopathological specimens on the eighth day. RESULTS: The results revealed that whortleberry protects hearing against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity independent of the dose. However, high doses of whortleberry extract are needed to prevent histopathological degeneration and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study show that whortleberry extract has a protective effect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.