Recent Advances on Immune Targeted Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Using bi-Specific Antibodies and Therapeutic Vaccines.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a universal heterogeneous disease that is characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and cancer vaccines are substitute strategies for CRC treatment. When cancer immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, the CRC treatment would become excessively efficient. One of the compelling immunotherapy approaches to increase the efficiency of CRC therapy is the deployment of therapeutic mAbs, nanobodies, bi-specific antibodies and cancer vaccines, which improve clinical outcomes in patients. Also, among the possible therapeutic approaches for CRC patients, gene vaccines in combination with antibodies are recently introduced as a new perspective. Here, we aimed to present the current progress in CRC immunotherapy, especially using Bi-specific antibodies and dendritic cells mRNA vaccines. For this aim, all data were extracted from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier, using keywords cancer vaccines; CRC immunotherapy and CRC mRNA vaccines. About 97 articles were selected and investigated completely based on the latest developments and novelties on bi-specific antibodies, mRNA vaccines, nanobodies, and MGD007.

Designing a diagnostic kit for Oxalyl CoA Decarboxylase enzyme by ELISA method.

Urinary stones are the third most commonly reported urinary tract disease. Kidney stones are one of the most common types of urinary stones that most of them (70-80%) are calcium oxalate. Oxalic acid is highly oxidized organic compounds, which found in dietary and produced by the intestinal microflora. Oxalyl CoA decarboxylase is a key enzyme and plays an important role in oxalate degradation. In this study, the Oxalyl CoA decarboxylase gene which contains an -histidine tag was cloned in pET 28a (+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The purified Oxalyl CoA decarboxylase protein was injected into rabbit for immunization. The antibody against Oxalyl CoA decarboxylase protein was used in ELISA assy. eventually, this ELISA system was used for patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones. ELISA analysis of serum samples of patient white calcium oxalate kidney stones showed that 88.8% of patient was lacking in antibody against Oxalyl CoA decarboxylase. This study suggests that antibodies against oxalyl-co-decoxylase proteins are useful in the detection of urinary tract stones and It can be used to measure oxalyl CoAdecoxylase enzymes in a simple method.

Targeted cancer therapy through antibody fragments-decorated nanomedicines.

Active targeting in cancer nanomedicine, for improved delivery of agents and diagnose, has been reviewed as a successful way for facilitating active uptake of theranostic agents by the tumor cells. The application of a targeting moiety in the targeted carrier complexes can play an important role in differentiating between tumor and healthy tissues. The pharmaceutical carriers, as main part of complexes, can be polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, nanogels and carbon nanotubes. The antibodies are among the natural ligands with highest affinity and specificity to target pharmaceutical nanoparticle conjugates. However, the limitations, such as size and long circulating half-lives, hinder reproducible manufacture in clinical studies. Therefore, novel approaches have moved towards minimizing and engineering conventional antibodies as fragments like scFv, Fab, nanobody, bispecific antibody, bifunctional antibody, diabody and minibody preserving their functional potential. Different formats of antibody fragments have been reviewed in this literature update, in terms of structure and function, as smart ligands in cancer diagnosis and therapy of tumor cells.