RESUMEN
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common long-term complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Additionally, various factors, such as socio-demographics, type of DM, fasting blood glucose, regular diabetes monitoring, comorbid chronic diseases, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), and duration of DM, are also thought to predispose individuals to developing UTIs more frequently when they have DM. This research aims to evaluate the risk factors for UTIs and their prevalence among people with DM in Saudi Arabia (KSA). This cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 adults with type 1, type 2, and gestational DM. The participants had to be at least 18 years old, of both genders, and had been suffering from DM for any period of time. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data on demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, height, weight, material state, education level, income, and clinical profiles of DM and UTI. The crude (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated using logistic regression in the IBM SPSS software. The incidence of types 1 and 2 DM and gestational diabetes reached 34.1, 60.9, and 5%, respectively. Most of the participants had first-degree relatives with DM (65.9%). UTI was common in 39.3% of participants. A chi-squared statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of UTI varied depending (χ2 = 5.176, P = 0.023) on the type of DM. Burning urination and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms. The CORs for sex, marital status, hypertension, and BMI were significant (P < 0.05) and had values of 2.68 (95% CI = 1.78-4.02), 0.57 (95% CI = 0.36-0.92), 1.97 (95% CI = 1.14-3.43), and 2.83 (95% CI = 1.19-2.99), respectively. According to the adjusted model, only sex influenced the occurrence of UTIs. The AOR for sex was 3.45 (95% CI = 2.08-5.69). Based on this study, the authorities related to the health of DM patients can use its findings to guide awareness programs and clinical preparedness.
RESUMEN
Background: The assembly and disassembly of the focal adhesions (FA) components occurs throughout life cycle of adhesion, with conservation of balance between removal and recruitment rate during temporal stages. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphotidyilinositols play a role in regulating FA turnover. However, a little attention has been given to quantify the dynamics changes of Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns (3,4,5) P3) within and during fast and slow turnover rates of FA. Methods: In this study, we developed a protein purification MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was used as a model in this study due to high metastatic and motile. These cells were co-transfected with GFP- paxillin/vinculin, as FA marker, and the GFP/mCherry-Btk-PH, as a biosensor to visualize PtdIns (3,4,5) P3. Confocal time-lapse images were used to monitor changes or differences in the local generation of PtdIns (3,4,5) P3 within and during assembly and disassembly of FA. Following transfection, immunostaining was used to examine the spatial co-localization between FA and PtdIns (3,4,5) P3. Results: Our data demonstrated that PtdIns (3,4,5) P3 co-localized with FAs and increase during assembly and decline during disassembly of FA which exhibits slow turnover rates and was in a constant level during assembly and disassembly of FA that displays fast turnover rates. Discussion: Our result suggested that the dynamic changes of PtdIns (3,4,5) P3, it may depend on components undergo turnover, such that early, nascent FA displays fast turnover rates and mature FA exhibits slow turnover rates. Thus, the local enrichment of PtdIns (3,4,5) P3 enhances FA assembly and disassembly activation.
RESUMEN
Background: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5) P3) and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5) P2] form an insignificant amount of phospholipids but play important roles in controlling membrane-bound signalling. Little attention has been given to visualize and monitor changes or differences in the local generation of PtdIns(4,5) P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5) P3 in the cell membranes of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Methods: PLCδ1-PH-GFP and Btk-PH-GFP were used as biosensors to detected PtdIns(4,5) P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 respectively. These biosensors and antibodies were transfected, immuostained and then visualized by confocal microscopy on different cell surfaces. Results: Our results showed that PLCδ1-PH-GFP/mCherry was localized at the cell membrane, while Btk-PH-GFP/mCherry was sometimes localized at the cell membrane but there was also a large amount of fluorescence present in the cytosol and nucleus. Our results also showed that the cells that expressed low levels of Btk-PH-GFP the fluorescence was predominantly localised to the cell membrane. While the cells that expressed high levels of Btk-PH-GFP the fluorescence was localization in the cytosol and cell membrane. Our results demonstrated that both anti-PtdIns(4,5)P2 and anti-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 antibodies were localized everywhere in cell. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PLCδ1-PH-GFP and Btk-PH-GFP/mCherry have more specificity, reliability, suitability and accuracy than antibodies in binding with and detecting PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and in studying the molecular dynamics of phospholipids in live and fixed cells.
