Enhancing cell activities through integration of polyanionic alginate or hyaluronic acid derivatives with triboelectric nanogenerators.

The impact of electrical stimulation has been widely investigated on the wound healing process; however, its practicality is still challenging. This study explores the effect of electrical stimulation on fibroblasts in a culture medium containing different electrically-charged polysaccharide derivatives including alginate, hyaluronate, and chitosan derivatives. For this aim, an electrical stimulation, provided by a zigzag triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), was exerted on fibroblasts in the presence of polysaccharides' solutions. The analyses showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and an improvement in wound closure (160 % and 90 %, respectively) for the hyaluronate-containing medium by a potential of 3 V after 48 h. In the next step, a photo-crosslinkable hydrogel was prepared based on hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA). Then, the cells were cultured on HAMA hydrogel and treated by an electrical stimulation. Surprisingly, the results showed a remarkable increase in cell growth (280 %) and migration (82 %) after 24 h. Attributed to the electroosmosis phenomenon and an amplified transfer of soluble growth factors, a dramatic promotion was underscored in cell activities. These findings highlight the role of electroosmosis in wound healing, where TENG-based electrical stimulation is combined with bioactive polysaccharide-based hydrogels to promote wound healing.

Effect of precipitating agent, N2 gas, extract volume and pH on the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by green synthesis from aqueous pomegranate peel extract.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) have attracted considerable attention in biomedicine, particularly magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment. However, the development of efficient and eco-friendly methods for synthesizing SPMNPs remains a challenge. This study reports on a green synthesis approach for SPMNPs using pomegranate peel extract as a stabilizing agent. The effects of various synthesis parameters, including the type of precipitating agent (NH3 and NaOH), N2 gas, extract volume, and pH, were systematically investigated with regard to the size, morphology, and magnetic properties of the nanoparticles. The results showed that reducing the volume of the extract increased the saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles. N2 gas was found to be essential in preventing the oxidation of the nanoparticles. The type of precipitating agent also affected the size and magnetization of the nanoparticles, with NaOH leading to the synthesis of SPMNPs with higher magnetization (∼4 times) compared to NH3. Additionally, nanoparticles synthesized at pH 10 exhibited higher magnetization than those synthesized at pH 8 and 12. In conclusion, the optimized synthesis conditions significantly affected the magnetization and stability of SPMNPs. These nanoparticles are suitable for use in magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia applications.

Static magnetic field can ameliorate detrimental effects of cryopreservation on human spermatozoa.

This study aims to improve the freezing-thawing process of human sperm using a static magnetic field. The study included 25 normozoospermic human samples. After an initial evaluation of sperm parameters, samples were prepared by the direct swim-up method. Before freezing, sperm motility, viability, morphology, acrosome reaction and DNA fragmentation rate were assessed. The samples were divided into 4 groups: 0, 1, 5 and 10 mT, and each group was frozen by the rapid freezing method. After thawing, the parameters were re-evaluated and compared between groups. Sperm motility decreased significantly during cryopreservation in all groups. The static magnetic field did not protect against decreased progressive motility after freezing, but the total sperm motility was significantly higher in the 10 mT group compared to the other groups. Sperm viability was higher in the 10 mT group than in the other groups. There was no significant difference in the rate of normal sperm morphology after freezing. The rate of spermatozoa with intact acrosome decreased after freeze-thawing, and the static magnetic field did not protect against the acrosome reaction. The rate of DNA integrity was significantly higher in the 10 mT group compared to the other groups. A static magnetic field with an intensity of 10 mT improved sperm viability and DNA integrity compared to other groups. However, it did not provide significant protection against decreased sperm motility or acrosome reaction.

Static magnetic field reduces cisplatin resistance via increasing apoptosis pathways and genotoxicity in cancer cell lines.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug widely used in cancer treatment. Alongside its clinical benefits, however, it may inflict intolerable toxicity and other adverse effects on healthy tissues. Due to the limitation of administering a high dose of cisplatin as well as cancer drug resistance, it is necessary to utilize new methods optimizing treatment modalities through both higher therapeutic efficacy and reduced administered doses of radiation and drugs. In this study, sensitive (A2780) and resistant (A2780CP) ovarian carcinoma cells underwent treatment with cisplatin + static magnetic field (SMF). First, the levels of genotoxicity after treatment were evaluated by Comet assay. Then, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay were conducted by a flow cytometer. Lastly, the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis and cellular drug uptake were investigated by PCR. After treating different groups of cells for 24, 48, and 96 h, the co-treatment of SMF and cisplatin as a combination managed to increase the amount of DNA damage in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. A considerable increase in mortality of cells was also observed mostly in the form of apoptosis, which was caused by inhibition of the cell cycle. The combination also increased the expression levels of apoptotic genes, namely P53 and P21; however, it did not have much effect on the expression levels of BCL2. Besides, the levels of CTR1 gene expression increased significantly in the groups receiving the aforementioned combination. Our study suggests that the combination of cisplatin + SMF might have clinical potential which needs further investigations through future studies.

Prediction of size-selective permitted daily exposures for mineral oil mist based on an in vitro study in different scenarios.

The incidence of DNA damage from exposure to specific types of metalworking fluids has been reported. In this research, size-selective permissible limits to prevent genotoxic damage in A549 cell lines exposed to two types of mineral oil were estimated for the first time using a benchmark dose approach and extrapolated to workers. The comet assay was performed based on Olive and Banath protocol to determine DNA damage. Then, the Benchmark Dose, the 95% lower bound confidence limit BMD, and the 95% upper-bound confidence limit BMD were determined using continuous response data. Finally, the four Benchmark Dose levels reported in the A549 cell line were extrapolated to the human population in occupational settings in two phases. This study showed when determining the permissible limits, the type used or unused, the type of injury, the organ affected in the body and the size of the particles should also be considered.

Cell toxicity assessment in co-treatment to metalworking fluids and vibration: an in vitro study of occupational exposure setting.

This study was designed to study dual risk of MWFs and vibration according to exposure simulation of selected industry. Air samples of two types MWFs were evaluated according to NIOSH 5026. Vibration acceleration exposure was assessed based on the ISO 8041:2005 standard. Cell treatment of both MWF air samples and vibration as the same as dual exposure to MWF airborne and vibration was assessed. There is a potency of nitrosamine formation in airborne samples of ethylamine containing MWF, while heterocyclic including bore is found in airborne bore containing MWF. DNA breaks caused by boron-containing MWF were higher than nitrosamine air samples. Oxidative stress production and chronic inflammation were highlighted in the response to cell treatments. The risk of cell toxicity in machining workers was evaluated at a level lower than the occupational exposure limit for MWFs and vibration.

Polyethylenimine-based iron oxide nanoparticles enhance cisplatin toxicity in ovarian cancer cells in the presence of a static magnetic field.

Background: Drug resistance in cancer cells is a major concern in chemotherapy. Cisplatin (CIS) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutics for ovarian cancer. Here, we investigated an experimental approach to increase CIS cytotoxicity and overcome cell resistance using nanoparticle-based combination treatments. Methods: Polyethylenimine (PEI)-based magnetic iron oxide nanocomplexes were used for drug delivery in genetically matched CIS-resistant (A2780/CP) and -sensitive (A2780) ovarian cancer cells in the presence of a 20 mT static magnetic field. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and bonded to PEI cationic polymers to form binary complexes (PM). The binding of CIS to the PM binary complexes resulted in the formation of ternary complexes PM/C (PEI-MNP/CIS) and PMC (PEI-MNP-CIS). Results: CIS cytotoxicity increased at different concentrations of CIS and PEI in all binary and ternary delivery systems over time. Additionally, CIS induced cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases and reactive oxygen species production in both cell lines. Ternary complexes were more effective than binary complexes at promoting apoptosis in the treated cells. Conclusion: PEI-based magnetic nanocomplexes can be considered novel carriers for increasing CIS cytotoxicity and likely overcoming drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells.

A computational study of the R120G mutation in human αB-crystallin: implications for structural stability and functionality.

The eye is a vital organ in the visual system, which is composed of transparent vascular tissue. αB-crystallin, a significant protein found in the lens, plays a crucial role in our understanding of lens diseases. Mutations in the αB-crystallin protein can cause lens diseases, such as cataracts and myopathy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the R120G mutation is not fully understood. In this study, we utilized molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate, in atomic detail, how the R120G mutation leads to the aggregation of αB-crystallin and scattering of light in the lens. Our findings show that the R120G mutation alters the dynamic and structural properties of the αB-crystallin protein. Specifically, this mutation causes the angle of the hairpin at the C-terminal to increase from 80° to 150°, while reducing the distance between the hydrophobic patches around residues 10 and 44-55 from 1.5 nm to 1 nm. In addition, our results showed that the mutation could disrupt the IPI motif - ß4/ß8 interaction. The disruption of this interaction could affect the αB-crystallin oligomerization and the chaperone activity of αB-crystallin protein. The exposed hydrophobic area at the IPI motif - ß4/ß8 could become the primary site for interprotein interactions, which are responsible for large-scale aggregation. We have demonstrated that, in wild-type αB-crystallin protein, salt bridges R120 and D109, R107 and D80 are formed. However, in the case of the R120G mutation, the salt bridges R120 and R109 are disrupted, and a new salt bridge with a different pattern is formed. In our study, it has been found that all of the changes associated with the R120G mutation are located at the interface of chains A and B, which could impact the multimerization of the αB-crystallin. Previous research on the K92-E99 residue has shown that a salt bridge in the dimer I can reduce the chaperone activity of the protein. Furthermore, the salt bridges R120 and D109, as well as R107 and D80 in dimer II, induce changes in the hydrophobic envelope of ß-sheets in the α-crystallin domain (ACD). These changes could have an impact on the multimerization of the αB-crystallin, leading to disruption of the oligomer structure and aggregation. Moreover, the changes in the αB-crystallin resulting from the R120G mutation can lead to faulty interactions with other proteins, which can cause the aggregation of αB-crystallin with other proteins, such as desmin. These findings may provide new insights into the development of treatments for lens diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synergistic cytotoxic effects of an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field with doxorubicin on MCF-7 cell line.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Magnetic fields have shown anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo as a non-invasive therapy method that can affect cellular metabolism remotely. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most commonly used drugs for treating breast cancer patients. It can be assumed that combining chemotherapy and magnetotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for breast cancer. This study aimed to investigate the potential cytotoxic effect of DOX at low concentrations in combination with extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF; 50 Hz; 20 mT). The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was examined for oxidative stress, cell cycle, and apoptosis. MCF-7 cells were treated with various concentrations of DOX as an apoptosis-inducing agent and ELF-EMF. Cytotoxicity was examined using the MTT colorimetric assay at 12, 24, and 48 h. Consequently, concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in MCF-7 cells for DOX within 24 h. The MTT assay results used showed that a 2 µM concentration of DOX reduced cell viability to 50% compared with control, and as well, the combination of ELF-EMF and DOX reduced cell viability to 50% compared with control at > 0.25 µM doses for 24 h. In MCF-7 cells, combining 0.25 µM DOX with ELF-EMF resulted in increased ROS levels and DOX-induced apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis, on the other hand, revealed enhanced arrest of MCF-7 cells in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle, as well as inducing apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells, implying that the synergistic effects of 0.25 µM DOX and ELF-EMF may represent a novel and effective agent against breast cancer.

Electromagnetic field therapy in cardiovascular diseases: A review of patents, clinically effective devices, and mechanism of therapeutic effects.

In recent years, electromagnetic field (EMF) therapy has gathered much attention for its protective effects on cardiovascular functions. From reviewing the literature, it is evident that exposure to specific EMF spectrums, such as static- and extremely low frequency (ELF)- EMFs, by EMF-generating devices can be considered as a safe method for therapeutic means in various cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. This review article will describe registered patents and non-invasive clinically effective devices that generate EMF to target various cardiovascular diseases based on their mechanism of therapeutic effects.

Molecular properties of Ca2+ transport through TRPV2 channel: a molecular dynamics simulations study.

TRPV channels are a category of nonselective cation channels that are activated by heat and ligands and permeate monovalent and divalent ions. The mechanism of Ca2+ transfer through TRPV2 channel is not well known. Here, we investigated the reaction coordination and energy fluctuation of Ca2+ transition in TRPV2 channel by steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations and potential of mean force (PMF) calculation. Results showed that electrostatic interactions between Ca2+ and residues of the first and second gates had main roles in ions transfer through the channel. Also, we recognized important amino acids in this path. Moreover, results indicated that enter and exit of calcium ions need to overcome barrier energies in the first and second gates.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Differentiating Glioblastoma Multiforme from Brain Metastases Using Multidimensional Radiomics Features Derived from MRI and Multiple Machine Learning Models.

Due to different treatment strategies, it is extremely important to differentiate between glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastases (MET). It often proves difficult to distinguish between GBM and MET using MRI due to their similar appearance on the imaging modalities. Surgical methods are still necessary for definitive diagnosis, despite the importance of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting, characterizing, and monitoring brain tumors. We introduced an accurate, convenient, and user-friendly method to differentiate between GBM and MET through routine MRI sequence and radiomics analyses. We collected 91 patients from one institution, including 50 with GBM and 41 with MET, which were proven pathologically. The tumors separately were segmented on all MRI images (T1-weighted imaging (T1WI), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging (T1C), T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)) to form the volume of interest (VOI). Eight ML models and feature reduction strategies were evaluated using routine MRI sequences (T1W, T2W, T1-CE, and FLAIR) in two methods with (second model) and without wavelet transform (first model) radiomics. The optimal model was selected based on each model's accuracy, AUC-roc, and F1-score values. In this study, we have achieved the result of 0.98, 0.99, and 0.98 percent for accuracy, AUC-roc, and F1-score, respectively, which have yielded a better result than the first model. In most investigated models, there were significant improvements in the multidimensional wavelets model compared to the non-multidimensional wavelets model. Multidimensional discrete wavelet transform can analyze hidden features of the MRI from a different perspective and generate accurate features which are highly correlated with the model accuracy.

The structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic basis of darunavir resistance of a heavily mutated HIV-1 protease using molecular dynamics simulation.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1 PR) is an important enzyme in the life cycle of the HIV virus. It cleaves inactive pre-proteins of the virus and changes them into active proteins. Darunavir (DRV) suppresses the wild-type HIV-1 PR (WT-Pr) activity but cannot inhibit some mutant resistant forms (MUT-Pr). Increasing knowledge about the resistance mechanism can be helpful for designing more effective inhibitors. In this study, the mechanism of resistance of a highly MUT-Pr strain against DRV was investigated. For this purpose, complexes of DRV with WT-Pr (WT-Pr-D) and MUT-Pr (MUT-Pr-D) were studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulation in order to extract the dynamic and energetic properties. Our data revealed that mutations increased the flap-tip flexibility due to the reduction of the flap-flap hydrophobic interactions. So, the protease's conformation changed from a closed state to a semi-open state that can facilitate the disjunction of DRV from the active site. On the other hand, energy analysis limited to the final basins of the energy landscape indicated that the entropy of binding of DRV to MUT-Pr was more favorable than that of WT-Pr. However, the enthalpy penalty overcomes it and makes binding more unfavorable relative to the WT-Pr. The unfavorable interaction of DRV with R8, I50, I84, D25', and A28' residues in MUT-Pr-D relative to WT-Pr-D is the reason for this enthalpy penalty. Thus, mutations drive resistance to DRV. The hydrogen bond analysis showed that compared with WT-Pr, the hydrogen bonds between DRV and the active-site residues of MUT-Pr were disrupted.

Design of a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate against hepatitis C virus using structural and nonstructural proteins: An immunoinformatics approach.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects the liver and causes chronic infection. Several mutations in the viral genome have been associated with drug resistance development. Currently, there is no approved vaccine against the HCV. The employment of computational biology is the primary and crucial step for vaccine design or antiviral therapy which can substantially reduce the duration and cost of studies. Therefore, in this study, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine using various immunoinformatics tools to elicit the efficient human immune responses against the HCV. Initially, various potential (antigenic, immunogenic, non-toxic and non-allergenic) epitope segments were extracted from viral structural and non-structural protein sequences using multiple screening methods. The selected epitopes were linked to each other properly. Then, toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3 and 4 agonists (50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 and human ß-defensin 2, respectively) were added to the N-terminus of the final vaccine sequence to increase its immunogenicity. The 3D structure of the vaccine was modeled. Molecular dynamics simulations studies verified the high stability of final free vaccines and in complex with TLR3 and TLR4. These constructs were also antigenic, non-allergenic, nontoxic and immunogenic. Although the designed vaccine traits were promising as a potential candidate against the HCV infection, experimental studies and clinical trials are required to verify the protective traits and safety of the designed vaccine.

Structural Analysis and Conformational Dynamics of Short Helical Hyperphosphorylated Segments of Tau Protein (Sequence 254-290) in Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose early diagnosis leads to a chance for successful treatment and decreases the side effects. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins is a pathological hallmark of AD that causes it to lose its attachment ability to the microtubules. Alteration of tau structure due to its hyperphosphorylation is an exciting challenge regarding AD treatments. Here, we aimed to examine the structural alterations of short helical segments of tau protein with one to three phosphorylated sites by molecular dynamics simulation. Results indicated that the interaction of two similar segments with three phosphorylated sites (P-Ser262, 285, and 289) formed a compact and more stable structure than the one phosphorylated site complex (P-Ser262). Moreover, due to the high dynamics of the P-Ser262 complex, several structures were made with different conformational dynamics, but there was only one stable cluster of the P-Ser262, 285, and 289 complex during simulation. It seems that the P-Ser262, 285, and 289 complex plays an important role in the formation of paired helical filaments (PHFs) by forming a stable dimer. Generally, it is important to identify how structural features of segments in tau protein change when the phosphorylated sites increase from one to three sites and their effects on the formation of PHFs for drug design and diagnostic biomarkers.

Static and Electromagnetic Fields Differently Affect Proliferation and Cell Death Through Acid Enhancement of ROS Generation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Magnetic fields remotely influence cellular homeostasis as a physical agent through the changes in cell physicochemical reactions. Magnetic fields affect cell fate, which may provide an important and interesting challenge in stem cell behaviors. Here, we investigated the effects of the static magnetic field (SMF, 20 mT) and electromagnetic field (EMF, 20 mT-50 Hz) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the acidic pH conditions as stimuli to change cell cycle progression and cell death in mesenchymal stem cells. Results show that SMF, EMF, and their simultaneous (SMF+EMF) administration increase ROS and expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as an antioxidant defense system. Besides, intracellular pH (pHi) decreases in presence of either EMF or SMF+EMF, but not SMF. Decreased ROS content using ascorbic acid in these treatments leads to increased pH compared to the magnetic field treatments alone. Furthermore, each magnetic field has different effects on the cellular process of stem cells, including cell cycle, apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, treatment by SMF enhances the cell viability after 24 h, while EMF or SMF+EMF decreases it. These observations indicate that fluctuations of ROS generation and acid enhancement during SMF and EMF treatments may reveal their beneficial and adverse effects on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the growth, death, and differentiation of stem cells.

Taxoid profile in endophytic fungi isolated from Corylus avellana, introduces potential source for the production of Taxol in semi-synthetic approaches.

Taxol (Paclitaxel) and its derivative taxanes are widely used in chemotherapy and treatment of different types of cancer. Although the extracted taxanes from Taxus sp. are currently used in semi-synthetic production of Taxol, providing alternative always available sources is still a main concern. Due to availability and fast growth rate, microorganisms are much potent alternative sources for taxanes. In the present study, 249 endophytic fungi were isolated from Corylus avellana at six different locations of Iran, among which 18 species were capable to produce taxanes. Genotyping analysis indicated that 17 genera were ascomycetes but only one basidiomycete. Seven taxanes were detected and quantified in solid and suspension cultures by HPLC and their structures were confirmed by LC-Mass analysis. Among endophytes, CA7 had all 7 taxoids and CA1 had the highest Taxol yield. In 78% of endophytes transferring to liquid media was accompanied by increase of taxanes yield and increased taxan production and its release to media up to 90%. Evaluation of cytotoxicity indicated that extracts of all isolated fungi were lethal to MCF7 cells. Since endophytes produced remarkable amounts of taxanes, they can be suggested as alternative inexpensive and easily available resources for Taxol production in semi-synthesis plans.

Lung cell toxicity of co-exposure to airborne particulate matter and extremely low-frequency magnetic field.

Although the toxic effects of urban airborne particulate matter (PM) have been known on lung cells, there is less attention to co-exposure to PM and extremely low frequency magnetic (ELF-MF) in occupational settings. The present study investigated the influences of PM and ELF-MF co-exposure on toxicity in human lung cells (A549).In this case, total PM (TPM) was evaluated according to NIOSH-0500. The TPM SiO2 and metal contents were determined based on NIOSH-7602 and 7302, respectively. Besides, 900 mG ELF-MF exposure was simulated based on field measurements. The toxicity mechanisms were assessed by examining malondialdehyde, glutathione ratio, gene expression, and DNA strand breaks. Also, the toxicity indicators of the TPM samples were MDA generation, glutathione depletion, and DNA damage, and their impacts were analysed at doses below the LD50 (4 µg).In addition, gene expression of OGG1 and MTH1 was upregulated after TPM exposure at the lowest dose (2 µg). But ITPA was upregulated in the presence of ELF-MF. The co-exposure to TPM and ELF-MF decreased oxidative stress and DNA damage levels compared to a single exposure to TPM.Although the ELF-MF reduced toxicity in response to TPM, this reduction was not lower than the unexposed cells.

Estimating the two graph dextran-stearic acid-spermine polymers based on iron oxide nanoparticles as carrier for gene delivery.

Non-viral gene carriers have shown noticeable potential in gene delivery because of limited side effects, biocompatibility, simplicity, and the ability to take advantage of electrostatic interactions. However, the low transfection rate of non-viral vectors under physiological conditions is controversial. This study aimed to decrease the transfection time using a static magnetic field. We used self-assembled cationic polysaccharides based on dextran-stearic acid-spermine (DSASP) conjugates associated with Fe3 O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles to investigate their potential as gene carriers to promote the target delivery. Our findings illustrate that the magnetic nanoparticles are spherical with a positive surface charge and exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. The DSASP-pDNA/Fe3 O4 complexes offered a strong pDNA condensation, protection against DNase degradation, and significant cell viability in HEK 293T cells. Our results demonstrated that although conjugation of stearic acid could play a role in transfection efficiency, DSASP magnetic carriers with more spermine derivatives showed better affinity between the amphiphilic polymer and the negatively charged cell membrane.

A review on antimicrobial peptides databases and the computational tools.

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) have been considered as potential alternatives for infection therapeutics since antibiotic resistance has been raised as a global problem. The AMPs are a group of natural peptides that play a crucial role in the immune system in various organisms AMPs have features such as a short length and efficiency against microbes. Importantly, they have represented low toxicity in mammals which makes them potential candidates for peptide-based drugs. Nevertheless, the discovery of AMPs is accompanied by several issues which are associated with labour-intensive and time-consuming wet-lab experiments. During the last decades, numerous studies have been conducted on the investigation of AMPs, either natural or synthetic type, and relevant data are recently available in many databases. Through the advancement of computational methods, a great number of AMP data are obtained from publicly accessible databanks, which are valuable resources for mining patterns to design new models for AMP prediction. However, due to the current flaws in assessing computational methods, more interrogations are warranted for accurate evaluation/analysis. Considering the diversity of AMPs and newly reported ones, an improvement in Machine Learning algorithms are crucial. In this review, we aim to provide valuable information about different types of AMPs, their mechanism of action and a landscape of current databases and computational tools as resources to collect AMPs and beneficial tools for the prediction and design of a computational model for new active AMPs.