Optimizing Corn Tar Spot Measurement: A Deep Learning Approach Using Red-Green-Blue Imaging and Stromata Contour Detection Algorithm for Leaf-Level Disease Severity Analysis.

Visual detection of stromata (brown-black, elevated fungal fruiting bodies) is a primary method for quantifying tar spot early in the season, as these structures are definitive signs of the disease and essential for effective disease monitoring and management. Here, we present Stromata Contour Detection Algorithm version 2 (SCDA v2), which addresses the limitations of the previously developed SCDA version 1 (SCDA v1) without the need for empirical search of the optimal Decision Making Input Parameters (DMIPs), while achieving higher and consistent accuracy in tar spot stromata detection. SCDA v2 operates in two components: (i) SCDA v1 producing tar-spot-like region proposals for a given input corn leaf Red-Green-Blue (RGB) image, and (ii) a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier identifying true tar spot stromata from the region proposals. To demonstrate the enhanced performance of the SCDA v2, we utilized datasets of RGB images of corn leaves from field (low, middle, and upper canopies) and glasshouse conditions under variable environments, exhibiting different tar spot severities at various corn developmental stages. Various accuracy analyses (F1-score, linear regression, and Lin's concordance correlation), showed that SCDA v2 had a greater agreement with the reference data (human visual annotation) than SCDA v1. SCDA v2 achievd 73.7% mean Dice values (overall accuracy), compared to 30.8% for SCDA v1. The enhanced F1-score primarily resulted from eliminating overestimation cases using the CNN classifier. Our findings indicate the promising potential of SCDA v2 for glasshouse and field-scale applications, including tar spot phenotyping and surveillance projects.

Estudio Piloto Comparativo entre la Identificación Dactiloscópica y Poroscópica con Fines de Identificación Humana en el Perú / Comparative Pilot Study Between Dactyloscopy Identification and Poroscopy for Human Identification Purposes in Peru

La dactiloscopía o papiloscopía corresponde al estudio científico de las impresiones digitales, palmares y plantares, que tiene por finalidad la identificación infalible o indubitada del individuo. Existen tres niveles para identificar con mayor certeza nivel 1 (tipo o patrón dactilar), el nivel 2 (minucias o puntos característicos) y el nivel 3 (poroscopia y crestoscopia). Por ello, es necesario analizar las características de las impresiones dactilares directas y las huellas dactilares directas con la finalidad de verificar la presencia de puntos y poros característicos para mejorar el proceso de identificación humana. Se analizaron 80 muestras (54 mujeres y 26 hom- bres). A partir de ellos, se capturaron 800 impresiones y 800 huellas dactilares directas con tampón dactilar y polvo black. En huellas con tampón se identificaron 71.25 % y 1.25 % con 14 y 6 Puntos Característicos respectivamente y en grupos de poros el 84 % y 35 % para un grupo de 1 y grupos de 7 y 8 poros respectivamente. Con polvo black solo se identificaron Puntos Característico y no Poros. La cantidad de poros en hombres fue mayor igual a 10 (LR= 2.08) y en mujeres menor igual a 6 (LR= 1.93). Los grupos de poros fueron para hombres menores o iguales a 12 poros (LR= 1.04) y mayores o iguales a grupos de 13 poros (LR=1.28) para mujeres. Se consiguieron identificar grupos de poros con tampón dactilar pero no con polvos químicos lo que podría emplearse para implementar un protocolo para el uso del nivel 3 de identificación.

SUMMARY: Dactyloscopy or papiloscopy corresponds to the scientific study of digital, palmar and plantar impressions, whose purpose is the infallible or indubitable identification of a subject. There are three levels to identify with greater certainty level 1 (type or fingerprint pattern), level 2 (minutiae or characteristic points) and level 3 (poroscopy and crestoscopy). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of direct fingerprints and direct fingerprints in order to verify the presence of characteristic points and pores to improve the human identification process. 80 samples (54 women and 26 men) were analyzed. Of these, 800 impressions and 800 direct fingerprints with fingerprint buffer and black powder were captured. In footprints with buffer, 71.25 % and 1.25 % were identified with 14 and 6 Characteristic Points respectively and in groups of pores 84 % and 35 % for a group of 1 and groups of 7 and 8 pores respectively. With black powder, only Characteristic Points and no Pores were identified. The number of pores in men was greater than 10 (LR= 2.08) and in women less than 6 (LR= 1.93). The groups of pores were less than or equal to 12 pores (LR= 1.04) for men and greater than or equal to groups of 13 pores (LR=1.28) for women. It was possible to identify groups of pores with a fingerprint buffer but not with chemical powders, which could be used to implement a protocol for the use of level 3 identification.

Identification of the optimal combination dosing schedule of neoadjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma (OpACIN-neo): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of patients with macroscopic stage III melanoma is poor. Neoadjuvant treatment with ipilimumab plus nivolumab at the standard dosing schedule induced pathological responses in a high proportion of patients in two small independent early-phase trials, and no patients with a pathological response have relapsed after a median follow up of 32 months. However, toxicity of the standard ipilimumab plus nivolumab dosing schedule was high, preventing its broader clinical use. The aim of the OpACIN-neo trial was to identify a dosing schedule of ipilimumab plus nivolumab that is less toxic but equally effective. METHODS: OpACIN-neo is a multicentre, open-label, phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Eligible patients were aged at least 18 years, had a WHO performance status of 0-1, had resectable stage III melanoma involving lymph nodes only, and measurable disease according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Patients were enrolled from three medical centres in Australia, Sweden, and the Netherlands, and were randomly assigned (1:1:1), stratified by site, to one of three neoadjuvant dosing schedules: group A, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg plus nivolumab 1 mg/kg once every 3 weeks intravenously; group B, two cycles of ipilimumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks intravenously; or group C, two cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg once every 3 weeks directly followed by two cycles of nivolumab 3 mg/kg once every 2 weeks intravenously. The investigators, site staff, and patients were aware of the treatment assignment during the study participation. Pathologists were masked to treatment allocation and all other data. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients with grade 3-4 immune-related toxicity within the first 12 weeks and the proportion of patients achieving a radiological objective response and pathological response at 6 weeks. Analyses were done in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02977052, and is ongoing with an additional extension cohort and to complete survival analysis. FINDINGS: Between Nov 24, 2016 and June 28, 2018, 105 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 89 (85%) eligible patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of the three groups. Three patients were excluded after randomisation because they were found to be ineligible, and 86 received at least one dose of study drug; 30 patients in group A, 30 in group B, and 26 in group C (accrual to this group was closed early upon advice of the Data Safety Monitoring Board on June 4, 2018 because of severe adverse events). Within the first 12 weeks, grade 3-4 immune-related adverse events were observed in 12 (40%) of 30 patients in group A, six (20%) of 30 in group B, and 13 (50%) of 26 in group C. The difference in grade 3-4 toxicity between group B and A was -20% (95% CI -46 to 6; p=0·158) and between group C and group A was 10% (-20 to 40; p=0·591). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were elevated liver enzymes in group A (six [20%)]) and colitis in group C (five [19%]); in group B, none of the grade 3-4 adverse events were seen in more than one patient. One patient (in group A) died 9·5 months after the start of treatment due to the consequences of late-onset immune-related encephalitis, which was possibly treatment-related. 19 (63% [95% CI 44-80]) of 30 patients in group A, 17 (57% [37-75]) of 30 in group B, and nine (35% [17-56]) of 26 in group C achieved a radiological objective response, while pathological responses occurred in 24 (80% [61-92]) patients in group A, 23 (77% [58-90]) in group B, and 17 (65% [44-83]) in group C. INTERPRETATION: OpACIN-neo identified a tolerable neoadjuvant dosing schedule (group B: two cycles of ipilimumab 1 mg/kg plus nivolumab 3 mg/kg) that induces a pathological response in a high proportion of patients and might be suitable for broader clinical use. When more mature data confirm these early observations, this schedule should be tested in randomised phase 3 studies versus adjuvant therapies, which are the current standard-of-care systemic therapy for patients with stage III melanoma. FUNDING: Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Absceso hepático piogénico en pediatría: a propósito de un caso clínico de difícil diagnóstico / Pyogenic liver abscess in pediatrics: a difficult to diagnose clinical case / Abscesso hepático piogênico em pediatria: relato de caso de difícil diagnóstico

Resumen: El absceso hepático (AH) es una patología poco frecuente pero bien definida en la infancia. Requiere un diagnóstico precoz para iniciar el tratamiento adecuado y disminuir su morbimortalidad. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas. En la mayoría de los casos la etiología es bacteriana y la vía de acceso es a través de una bacteriemia. El germen más frecuente es Staphylococcus aureus. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 2 años, previamente sana, con el antecedente de una infección de piel que pasó desapercibida. Consultó por un cuadro febril de varios días de evolución, con signo-sintomatología acompañante inespecífica. En la pesquisa diagnóstica se realizaron exámenes imagenológicos que revelaron la presencia de una tumoración en hipocondrio izquierdo. A través de una laparoscopía exploratoria se diagnosticó y drenó un absceso único en el lóbulo izquierdo del hígado. El pus extraído cultivó S. aureus meticilino sensible. Recibió tratamiento antibiótico durante un mes, con excelente evolución posterior. Al mes despareció la cavidad residual por ecografía. El interés de esta comunicación radica en la baja frecuencia de esta patología en niños y las dificultades diagnósticas que genera.

Summary: Liver abscess (LA) is a rare but well-defined child pathology that requires an accurate, adequate and early diagnosis and treatment, in order to prevent further morbidity and mortality. The clinical symptoms are not specific. In most cases, LA has a bacterial etiology and the access way is through bacteremia. The most frequent germ is Staphylococcus aureus. The case presented involves a two-year old girl, previously healthy, with a history of an unnoticed skin infection. She consulted for a several day-long fever, with nonspecific accompanying signs or symptoms. We performed imagenology tests during diagnosis that revealed the presence of a tumor in the left hypochondrium. We were able to perform an exploratory laparoscopy, diagnose and drain a single abscess in the left liver lobe. The extracted pus culture showed methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. She received antibiotic treatment for a month, with excellent further evolution. A month after the procedure, the residual cavity had disappeared when checked via ultrasound. This pathology is interesting due to its low frequency in children and to its diagnostic difficulties.

Resumo: O abscesso hepático (AE) é uma patologia infantil rara, porém bem definida, que requer diagnóstico e tratamento precoces, a fim de evitar morbimortalidade maior. Suas manifestações clínicas não são específicas. Na maioria dos casos, é de etiologia bacteriana e a via de acesso é por bacteremia. O germe mais frequente é o Staphylococcus areus. Apresentamos o caso duma menina de dois anos, previamente saudável, com história de infecção cutânea despercebida. Ela consultou por uma febre de vários dias, com sintomatologia não específica. Durante o diagnóstico realizamos exames imagiológicos que revelaram a presença de um tumor no hipocôndrio esquerdo. Fomos capazes de realizar uma laparoscopia exploratória e diagnosticar e drenar um abscesso único no lobo esquerdo do fígado. O pus extraído cultivou S. aureus sensível à meticilina. Ela recebeu tratamento com antibiótico por um mês, com excelente evolução posterior. Um mês após utilizamos o ultrassom em constatamos que a cavidade residual tinha desaparecido. Essa patologia é interessante devido à baixa frequência em crianças e as suas dificuldades diagnósticas.

Diarrea crónica como manifestación inicial de un ganglioneuroblastoma / Chronic diarrhea as the initial manifestation of a ganglioneuroblastoma

Resumen: El neuroblastoma es un tumor maligno del sistema nervioso simpático periférico con presentación y curso clínico heterogéneo. Es el tercer tumor pediátrico más frecuente y el 90% de los casos se diagnostica antes de los 5 años. Los síntomas más comunes se deben a la compresión por la masa tumoral o al dolor óseo causado por la metástasis. La diarrea como síntoma principal es rara por lo que es difícil de diagnosticar en la etapa temprana de la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 2 años en la que luego de 8 meses de estudio por diarrea crónica se diagnóstica ganglioneuroblastoma secretor de VIP. Se debe plantear como diagnóstico diferencial en los pacientes menores de 3 años con diarrea crónica intratable luego de haber descartado otras etiologías.

Summary: Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system with heterogeneous clinical presentation and course. It is the third most frequent pediatric tumor and in 90% of cases it is diagnosed before 5 years of age. The most typical symptoms result from the tumor compression or bone pain caused by methastasis. Diarrhea as the main symptom is unusual, and thus it is hard to diagnose in early stages of the disease. We report the case of a 2-year-old patient who, after 8 months of study for chronic diarrhea was diagnosed with VIP-secreting ganglioneuroblastoma. It is necessary for this condition to be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients younger than 3 years old with chronic diarrhea with no evolution, after other etiologies are ruled out.

Bladder pheochromocytoma: case presentation and the use of OctreoScan for localization of extra-adrenal tumor sites in a pediatric patient.

An eleven year old boy presented with headaches and dizziness associated to micturition. On radiologic imaging, he was found with a bladder mass. The biochemical work up was suggestive of pheochromocytoma. An OctreoScan (111In-pentreotide) was used to rule out metastatic extension or other extra-adrenal locations of the pheochromocytoma. OctreoScan data correlated well with other radiologic studies, operative findings and with the final diagnosis, validating its use on pediatric patients.

Esofagitis cáustica. Estenosis esofágica y su tratamiento con dilataciones / Caustic esophageal injuries. Esophageal stenosis and its treatment with dilation

La ingestión accidental de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría es frecuente. La estenosis esofágica (EE) secundaria a esofagitis cáustica (EC) es una grave complicación. El tratamiento de elección de la EE es la dilatación endoscópica con balón neumático. La mayoría de los pacientes tienen una buena respuesta pero requieren dilataciones reiteradas La falla del mismo obliga al tratamiento quirúrgico. En este estudio se analizó en forma retrospectiva la evolución de los niños con EC y el tratamiento de aquellos que presentaron EE. Ingresaron al estudio todos los niños con EC del Servicio de Endoscopia del Hospital Pereira Rossell entre enero de 1997 y diciembre de 2002. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes en los que se diagnosticó esofagitis. La edad promedio fue 2,8 años; 61 varones. La sustancia ingerida con mayor frecuencia fue alcalina. Los grados de EC fueron: grado I, 35 (38 por ciento); grado IIa, 23 (25 por ciento); grado IIb, 16 (17 por ciento); grado IIIa, 10 (10,8 por ciento ) y grado IIIb , 8 (8,7 por ciento). Nueve evolucionaron a estenosis (dos con esofagitis grado IIb, dos con esofagitis grado IIIa y cinco con lesión grado IIIb). El número total de dilataciones fue 168 (promedio 18,6). Cinco niños no requir ieron más dilataciones, dos continúan en tratamiento y dos necesitaron cirugía (promedio de seguimiento 10,5 meses). Si bien el número de niños es pequeño, se concluye que las esofagitis cáusticas moderadas y severas (grado II y III respectivamente) evolucionaron con mayor frecuencia a la estenosis, el tratamiento con balón neumático logró solucionarla y se acompañó de un bajo número de complicaciones. Destacamos la importancia de las medidas de prevención.