Effects of inspiratory muscle training on thoracoabdominal volume regulation in older adults: A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on inspiratory muscle strength, functional capacity and respiratory muscle kinematics during exercise in healthy older adults. METHODS: 24 adults were randomised into an IMT or SHAM-IMT group. Both groups performed 30 breaths, twice daily, for 8 weeks, at intensities of ∼50 % maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax; IMT) or <15 % PImax (SHAM-IMT). Measurements of PImax, breathing discomfort during a bout of IMT, six-minute walk distance, physical activity levels, and balance were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Respiratory muscle kinematics were assessed via optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) during constant work rate cycling. RESULTS: PImax was significantly improved (by 20.0±11.9 cmH2O; p=0.001) in the IMT group only. Breathing discomfort ratings during IMT significantly decreased (from 3.5±0.9-1.7±0.8). Daily sedentary time was decreased (by 28.0±39.8 min; p=0.042), and reactive balance significantly improved (by 1.2±0.8; p<0.001) in the IMT group only. OEP measures showed a significantly greater contribution of the pulmonary and abdominal rib cage compartments to total tidal volume expansion post-IMT. CONCLUSIONS: IMT significantly improves inspiratory muscle strength and breathing discomfort in this population. IMT induces greater rib cage expansion and diaphragm descent during exercise, thereby suggesting a less restrictive effect on thoracic expansion and increased diaphragmatic power generation.

A group concept mapping and ethnographic study of intensive care rehabilitation culture.

BACKGROUND: Early physical activity and physical rehabilitation are advocated in the critical care unit for patients recovering from critical illness. Despite this, there are still many factors associated with implementation of early physical rehabilitation into routine critical care and practice. One such factor that has been consistently identified is unit culture, yet there is little understanding of how or why the culture of a critical care unit impacts on implementation of early rehabilitation. AIM: To develop a detailed understanding of the cultural barriers and enablers to the promotion and implementation of physical activity and early mobilization in National Health Service (NHS) critical care units in the United Kingdom (UK). STUDY DESIGN: A mixed-methods, two-phase study incorporating online group concept mapping (GCM) and ethnography. GCM will be conducted to provide a multistakeholder co-authored conceptual framework of rehabilitation culture. Ethnographic observations and interviews will be conducted of culture and behaviours in relation to the implementation and promotion of early physical activity and rehabilitation in two NHS critical care units in the North East of England. RESULTS: The results of the Group Concept Mapping and ethnographic observations and interviews will be triangulated to develop a contextual framework of rehabilitation culture in critical care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study will provide a detailed understanding of barriers and facilitators in relation to providing a positive rehabilitation culture in the critical care unit.

Proof of concept of prehabilitation: a combination of education and behavioural change, to promote physical activity in people with fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVES: To establish proof of concept of a prehabilitation intervention, a combination of education and behavioural change, preceding a physical activity programme in people with fibromyalgia (FM). SETTINGS: Open-label, feasibility clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven people with FM (10 women). INTERVENTIONS: The prehabilitation intervention consisted of 4 weeks, 1 weekly session (~1 to 1.5 hours), aimed to increase self-efficacy and understand why and how to engage in a gentle and self-paced physical activity programme (6 weeks of walking with telephone support). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was the acceptability and credibility of the intervention by means of the Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes comprised scales to measure FM severity, specific symptoms and sedentary behaviour. An exit interview was conducted to identify the strengths and weaknesses and barriers to the intervention. RESULTS: One participant dropped out due to finding the walking programme excessively stressful. Participants expected the intervention would improve their symptoms by 22%-38% but resulted in 5%-26% improvements. Participants would be confident in recommending this intervention to a friend who experiences similar problems. The interviews suggested that the fluctuation of symptoms should be considered as an outcome and that the prehabilitation intervention should accomodate these fluctuation. Additional suggestions were to incorporate initial interviews (patient-centred approach), to tailor the programmes to individuals' priorities and to offer a variety of physical activity programmes to improve motivation. CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study demonstrated that our novel approach is acceptable to people with FM. Future interventions should pay attention to flexibility, symptoms fluctuation and patients support. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03764397.

Review and update of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for People with Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD).

BACKGROUND: The Health of the Nation Outcomes Scales for people with Learning Disabilities (HoNOS-LD) is an 18-item measure which provides a structured and standardized approach to rating various clinical and psychosocial outcomes and has been in use nationally since 2002. AIMS: To revise and improve the HoNOS-LD's utility in contemporary intellectual disability (ID) services whilst retaining its original objectives and five-point severity ratings. METHOD: ID clinicians were invited to complete an online survey, rating each item on the existing measure for being fit for purpose, identifying issues and suggesting improvements based on their experience of using the HoNOS-LD in practice. Scales were then assessed and revised sequentially; survey responses were used to inform discussion and revisions to the HoNOS-LD by the Advisory Board. RESULTS: A total of 75 individuals replied. Respondents had used HoNOS-LD for an average of 8.0 years (S.D. 5.28 years) and 88% found the scale to be useful in their practice. On average, respondents used HoNOS-LD ratings to inform care 42.4% of the time (S.D. 33.5%). For each scale there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of positive/very positive respondent ratings and the number of changes proposed. Common changes included simplifying terms, reducing ambiguity and replacing anachronistic language. CONCLUSION: The changes outlined in this paper are based on the advisory group's expert consensus. These changes are intended to improve reliability and validity but now need empirical testing as well as review by service users.

Quantitative interpretation of utterances and movements from videoed interactions between rheumatology nurses and patients commencing methotrexate: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Educating patients about methotrexate is a core role of rheumatology nurses. We have previously reported the scoring of videoed interviews of rheumatology nurses educating patients prior to commencing methotrexate in comparison with the Calgary-Cambridge consultation model, and the qualitative analysis of the transcripts (Robinson et al. Musculoskeletal Care 2021). We were interested to investigate what could be learned from a more quantitative analysis of utterances and movements in these consultations and how they related to the qualitative interpretations. AIM: To investigate the frequency of utterances and body movements during interactions between rheumatology nurses and patients commencing methotrexate and to relate these to the qualitative interpretations of the interviews. METHODS: Video-recordings of ten patients receiving methotrexate education from four different rheumatology nurses were available from the previous study. They were analysed using the Medical Interaction Process System (MIPS). This involved coding all utterances and body movements minute-by-minute by multiple inspections of the recordings. The first 10 min of each consultation was coded. The utterances and movements of the nurses and patients were compared. The thematic analysis based on the structure and content of the Calgary-Cambridge (C-C) consultation model was available from the previous study. This enabled the results from the MIPS to be compared between the interviews that scored higher on the C-C model and those scoring lower. RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability between 2 raters for one video was satisfactory (80-100% agreement). Numerically, giving information dominated the nurse contribution and assent by positive utterances and head nodding dominated for the patients. The results were consistent with the nurse agenda dominating the interaction with little opportunity for patient involvement. Nurses in high-scoring interviews made more illustrative gestures and fewer batonic movements while patients did the opposite. Nurses in high-scoring consultations asked more open questions, with more checking of understanding and summarising but fewer interruptions. Patients in low-scoring consultations were much more animated with head movements and illustrative gestures. Patients also checked and interrupted more. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the MIPS was usable and demonstrated verbal and non-verbal behaviours consistent with the qualitative assessments. It also showed some behaviours that are not intuitive but may indicate how effectively the interview was progressing. Some nurse behaviours identified that were associated with the higher scoring interviews may be useful indictors for training including making illustrative rather than batonic gestures and checking understanding. Patient behaviours, such as greater animation, were exhibited in low-scoring consultations, and could indicate that the interview was not addressing the patient perspective. Quantification of utterances and movements can be done and may give insights into the consultation process.

Ultrasound-guided versus landmark-guided subacromial corticosteroid injections for rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: Rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP) is the most common presentation of shoulder pain within physiotherapy. Corticosteroid injections (CSI) have become increasingly popular to reduce pain, increase range of motion (ROM) and improve shoulder function. Evidence around the use of ultrasound-guided (USG) versus landmark-guided (LMG) CSIs remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this appraisal was to compare the effectiveness of each approach in the management of RCRSP. METHODS: Cochrane, PubMed and CINAHL electronic databases were searched (from January 2014 to February 2021). Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included comparing USG to LMG CSIs for RCRSP. An independent reviewer selected the studies, extracted and synthesised the data. Two reviewers carried out a quality appraisal. Outcome measures were pain, function and ROM. RESULTS: Four RCTs (n = 179 participants, n = 184 shoulders) were reviewed. Both USG and LMG groups showed statistically significant within group improvements in clinical outcomes. There were no significant differences between groups. Three studies were identified as being a 'low' risk of bias (RoB) and did not favour the use of ultrasound. One study did favour the use of ultrasound for improving function, although it was found to have 'high' RoB. Adverse events were seldom reported. CONCLUSION: There is limited evidence to suggest using USG CSIs has a superior effect on clinical outcomes compared to LMG, though small sample sizes and lack of long-term follow-up limit the generalisability of the findings.

Inspiratory muscle training for improving inspiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The ageing process can result in the decrease of respiratory muscle strength and consequently increased work of breathing and associated breathlessness during activities of daily living in older adults. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to determine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in healthy older adults. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted across four databases (Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library CINAHL) using a search strategy consisting of both MeSH and text words including older adults, IMT and functional capacity. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies involved controlled trials investigating IMT via resistive or threshold loading in older adults (>60 years) without a long-term condition. RESULTS: Seven studies provided mean change scores for inspiratory muscle pressure and three studies for functional capacity. A significant improvement was found for maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax) following training (n = 7, 3.03 [2.44, 3.61], P = <0.00001) but not for functional capacity (n = 3, 2.42 [-1.28, 6.12], P = 0.20). There was no significant correlation between baseline PImax and post-intervention change in PImax values (n = 7, r = 0.342, P = 0.453). CONCLUSIONS: IMT can be beneficial in terms of improving inspiratory muscle strength in older adults regardless of their initial degree of inspiratory muscle weakness. Further research is required to investigate the effect of IMT on functional capacity and quality of life in older adults.

An exploratory study using video analysis of rheumatology specialist nurses conducting methotrexate education consultations with patients.

BACKGROUND: Prior to commencing methotrexate, patients routinely attend an education consultation with a rheumatology nurse. The purpose of the consultation is to discuss the patients' expectations and concerns related to commencing methotrexate, the benefits of treatment, potential side effects and monitoring requirements. The aim of this study was to use video analysis to assess the structure, content and mode of delivery of the consultation. METHODS: Video recordings of 10 patient-nurse consultations, involving four specialist rheumatology nurses, were analysed and transcribed. The consultations were compared with the Calgary-Cambridge (CC) consultation model. Transcripts were thematically analysed. Data were quantitatively assessed for verbal and non-verbal behaviours. FINDINGS: Assessment of the video data using the CC model demonstrated good structure, content and flow of the consultation, influenced by the use of an information leaflet. Consultations generally consisted of communication from nurse to patient rather than a dialogue; the nurse spoke for 69%-86% of the time; clarification of the patient's understanding of the information did not take place in any of the consultations. Thematic analysis also showed that the nurse agenda dominated and the nurse was aware of 'overloading' the patient with information. Cues from the patients to discuss items of importance were often missed. CONCLUSION: Video analysis can be used to identify the aspects of the consultation that work well and those areas of the consultation that could be improved with specific training.

Views and experiences of visually impaired older people and exercise instructors about the Falls Management Exercise programme: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To gain insight into visually impaired older people's views regarding acceptability of an adapted Falls Management Exercise programme, and to explore Postural Stability Instructors's perspectives on provision of the programme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from this qualitative study comprised interviews with nine visually impaired older people and two Postural Stability Instructors. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Themes identified from interviews with the participants related to self-perception, exercise-related factors and facilitators to participation. Participants positioned themselves as not old or at risk of falls, felt exercises were not challenging enough and recommended that home exercise materials be offered in individually tailored formats. Themes identified from interviews with the instructors related to programme adaptations for visual impairments, exercises and facilitators to participation. Instructors recommended stratifying groups into levels of ability. Social time after the exercise sessions was deemed key in programme adherence by both participants and instructors. CONCLUSIONS: Visually impaired older people have similar barriers and facilitators to group-based falls prevention sessions as older people without visual impairment, but seem to have more difficulties in motivation to exercise at home. Both participants and instructors felt the main facilitator to adherence to group exercise sessions was the social time.Implications for rehabilitationVisually impaired older people have similar barriers and facilitators to group-based falls prevention sessions as older people without visual impairment, but seem to have more difficulties in motivation to exercise at home.Key recommended adaptations for falls prevention interventions in visually impaired older people include offering individually-tailored home exercise materials, stratifying groups into level of ability and involving social time.The social time after the exercise sessions was key in programme adherence.

Feasibility of trial procedures for a randomised controlled trial of a community based group exercise intervention for falls prevention for visually impaired older people: the VIOLET study.

BACKGROUND: Visually impaired older people (VIOP) have a higher risk of falling than their sighted peers, and are likely to avoid physical activity. The aim was to adapt the existing Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programme for VIOP, delivered in the community, and to investigate the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) of this adapted intervention. METHODS: Two-centre randomised mixed methods pilot trial and economic evaluation of the adapted group-based FaME programme for VIOP versus usual care. A one hour exercise programme ran weekly over 12 weeks at the study sites (Newcastle and Glasgow), delivered by third sector (voluntary and community) organisations. Participants were advised to exercise at home for an additional two hours over the week. Those randomised to the usual activities group received no intervention. Outcome measures were completed at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks. The potential primary outcome was the Short Form Falls Efficacy Scale - International (SFES-I). Participants' adherence was assessed by reviewing attendance records and self-reported compliance to the home exercises. Adherence with the course content (fidelity) by instructors was assessed by a researcher. Adverse events were collected in a weekly phone call. RESULTS: Eighteen participants, drawn from community-living VIOP were screened; 68 met the inclusion criteria; 64 participants were randomised with 33 allocated to the intervention and 31 to the usual activities arm. 94% of participants provided data at the 12 week visit and 92% at 24 weeks. Adherence was high. The intervention was found to be safe with 76% attending nine or more classes. Median time for home exercise was 50 min per week. There was little or no evidence that fear of falling, balance and falls risk, physical activity, emotional, attitudinal or quality of life outcomes differed between trial arms at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention, FaME, was implemented successfully for VIOP and all progression criteria for a main trial were met. The lack of difference between groups on fear of falling was unsurprising given it was a pilot study but there may have been other contributory factors including suboptimal exercise dose and apparent low risk of falls in participants. These issues need addressing for a future trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN ID: 16949845 Registered: 21 May 2015.

An exploration of the experiences of rheumatology nurses counselling patients on methotrexate therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Methotrexate is commonly used to treat patients with inflammatory arthritis. A key role of a rheumatology nurse is to educate patients on how to take this drug safely prior to the commencement of treatment. The objective of the present study was to explore the experiences of rheumatology nurses conducting this role, focusing on the content of the consultation and training received to perform the role. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological approach was used. Six semi-structured interviews were performed with nurses from two hospitals who regularly counsel patients prior to starting methotrexate. The interviews were thematically analysed by two researchers and themes extracted. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified: (a) using written information to structure the content of the consultation; (b) patients have different information needs; (c) time pressures; and (d) training and evolution of practice. All participants described a lack of confidence when they first started counselling patients commencing methotrexate, with a wide variation in training. Participants reported that patients required different information depending on whether they were commencing this agent on its own or in combination with other drugs. All participants experienced some time pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Participants reported that the majority of the consultation focused on conveying information, with little opportunity for patient interaction and questions. We suggest that there is a clear need for further exploration of these consultations, to identify possible training needs. Participants also used standard written information to guide both the structure and content of the consultation limiting patients'; opportunities to ask questions.

A qualitative exploration of the views and experiences of women with Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the views and experiences of women with Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain (PPGP), and to inform the design and development of a subsequent feasibility study. DESIGN: Using a philosophical stance of pragmatism, one-to-one audio recorded semi-structured interviews were used. All interviews were conducted once by a male interviewer, and analysed using an interpretive thematic data analytic approach through five steps: transcription, precoding, coding, categorisation and theme generation, with reflexivity adopted throughout the data synthesis process. SETTING: A Women's Health Physiotherapy Department in the North East of England between April 2014 to June 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Eight pregnant women suffering with Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women's experiences of Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain. RESULTS: Three themes emerged: Reality of Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain; Key Mechanisms of Support and; Impact of Knowledge. Participants reported biopsychosocial symptoms, which included pain, reduced activities of daily living, psychological distress and social isolation. Participants valued the support of a healthcare professional through face to face contact and the interventions that they provided, as well as information on the condition. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst there were some limitations to this study, the biopsychosocial symptoms discussed here justify the investigation of acupuncture for Pregnancy related Pelvic Girdle Pain. The design and development of a subsequent feasibility study, specifically in areas of recruitment, acceptability of the intervention and appropriate selection of outcome measures were informed by this study.

An evaluation of a pain education programme for physiotherapists in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the implementation and acceptability of a pain education programme delivered to physiotherapists in clinical practice. METHODS: A pre-test/post-test design with 10 physiotherapists was employed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for outcome measure data. Focus groups were carried out with seven physiotherapists within 1 month post-intervention. These data were analysed using the framework approach. RESULTS: Ten musculoskeletal physiotherapists were recruited. It was possible to develop and deliver the intervention and this was found to be acceptable to physiotherapists within clinical practice. The study explored trends within outcome measures, and one was considered appropriate. The focus groups yielded three interlinked themes, which related to the impact of the programme: "providing a context for pain education", "influence on aspects of the patient-therapist encounter" and "logistics of the education programme in clinical practice". CONCLUSIONS: A pain education programme delivered to physiotherapists in clinical practice was both possible to deliver and acceptable to participants. A key strength of the programme was the applicability to real-life practice, which was valued by physiotherapists. While physiotherapists felt that pain neurophysiology education was important, they reported lacking confidence in implementing their pain neurophysiology knowledge with patients. Thus, more time is needed to focus on pain neurophysiology education, with the aim of increasing confidence with the application of this approach in clinical practice.

A national survey of nurse training: Confidence and competence in educating patients commencing methotrexate therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Methotrexate is routinely used to treat active disease in inflammatory arthritis. There have previously been patient safety concerns associated with methotrexate usage in practice. Most patients commencing methotrexate treatment are seen by the rheumatology nurse, to receive education (often referred to as drug counselling) on this agent prior to starting treatment. Yet, there are no recommended criteria regarding education or experience to ensure minimum competence of the rheumatology nurse. The objectives of the present survey were, firstly, to identify the relevant training experience of rheumatology nurses who provide methotrexate education and, secondly, to explore their confidence and competence in undertaking this role. METHOD: A national electronic survey of rheumatology nurses, identified via the Royal College of Nursing Rheumatology Forum, national meetings and personal contacts, in order to access nurses who counsel patients on methotrexate, was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 104 nurses completed the survey. Reported training was highly variable, ranging from very little to having undertaken MSc courses. Knowledge of the drug was rated as the most important requirement. Confidence was largely very good and was reported to develop with experience, with 80% of participants reporting being confident after 1 year in the role. A small number of participants (four) indicated that they were 'not at all confident'. Aspects of competence and knowledge were assessed using questions on clinical situations; knowledge appeared to be good, with the exception of a question on shingles. Confidence correlated with knowledge (r = 0.21; p = 0.05), amount of training (r = 0.24; p = 0.03) and most strongly with time in the role (r = 0.74; p = 0.00001). The amount of training correlated with confidence but not with knowledge. All participants used written information, often using more than one source, with 87% of participants favouring the Arthritis Research UK information leaflet on methotrexate. CONCLUSIONS: There was a wide variety of training for this role. Confidence seemed to come with experience, training and knowledge, and took many months to develop. A training package in this area may be helpful. Reassuringly, confidence and knowledge were related.

Visually Impaired OLder people's Exercise programme for falls prevenTion (VIOLET): a feasibility study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: In the UK, 1 in 5 people aged 75 and over live with sight loss. Visually impaired older people (VIOP) have an above average incidence of falls and 1.3-1.9 times more likely to experience hip fractures, than the general population. Older people with eye diseases are ∼3 times more likely than those with good vision, to limit activities due to fear of falling. This feasibility study aims to adapt the group-based Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programme to the needs of VIOP and carry out an external pilot trial to inform the design of a future definitive randomised controlled trial. METHODS AND DESIGN: A UK based 2-centre mixed methods, randomised, feasibility study will be conducted over 28 months. Stakeholder panels, including VIOP, will make recommendations for adaptations to an existing exercise programme (FaME), to meet the needs of VIOP, promoting uptake and adherence, while retaining required effective components of the exercise programme. 80 VIOP aged 60 and over, living at home, ambulant with or without a walking aid, will be recruited in Newcastle (n=40) and Glasgow (n=40) through National Health Service (NHS) Trusts and third sector partners. Participants randomised into the intervention arm will receive the adapted FaME programme. Participants randomised into the control arm will continue with usual activity. Outcomes are, recruitment rate, adherence and validated measures including fear of falling and quality of life. Postintervention in-depth qualitative interviews will be conducted with a purposive sample of VIOP (N=10). Postural stability instructors will be interviewed, before trial-specific training and following the intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was secured through the National Research Ethics Service (NRES) Committee North East, Newcastle and North Tyneside 2. Glasgow Caledonian University was approved as a non-NHS site with local ethics approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN16949845.

Effects of education to facilitate knowledge about chronic pain for adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic pain can contribute to disability, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, poor quality of life and increased health care costs, with close to 20 % of the adult population in Europe reporting chronic pain. To empower the person to self-manage, it is advocated that education and training about the nature of pain and its effects and how to live with pain is provided. The objective of this review is to determine the level of evidence for education to facilitate knowledge about chronic pain, delivered as a stand-alone intervention for adults, to reduce pain and disability. METHODS: We identified randomised controlled trials of educational intervention for chronic pain by searching CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and ongoing trials registries (inception to December 2013). Main inclusion criteria were (1) pain >3 months; (2) study design that allowed isolation of effects of education and (3) measures of pain or disability. Two reviewers independently screened and appraised each study. RESULTS: Nine studies were analysed. Pooled data from five studies, where the comparator group was usual care, showed no improvement in pain or disability. In the other four studies, comparing different types of education, there was no evidence for an improvement in pain; although, there was evidence (from one study) of a decrease in disability with a particular form of education-pain neurophysiology education (PNE). Post-hoc analysis of psychosocial outcomes reported in the studies showed evidence of a reduction in catastrophising and an increase of knowledge about pain following PNE. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence base is limited by the small numbers of studies, their relatively small sample sizes, and the diversity in types of education studied. From that limited evidence, the only support for this type of education is for PNE, though it is insufficiently strong to recommend conclusively that PNE should be delivered as a stand-alone intervention. It therefore remains sensible to recommend that education be delivered in conjunction with other pain management approaches as we cannot confidently conclude that education alone is effective in reducing pain intensity or related disability in chronic pain in adults.

Stroke survivors' experiences of somatosensory impairment after stroke: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Somatosensory ability is commonly impaired after stroke. Despite the growing recognition for the need to understand service users' experiences and perspectives in health services provision, the experiences of stroke survivors' living with somatosensory impairment have yet to be reported. OBJECTIVE: To gain an insight into how stroke survivors experience somatosensory impairment after stroke. DESIGN: A qualitative study design was used with data analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. METHODS: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with purposively selected community dwelling stroke survivors who had somatosensory impairment. RESULTS: Five stroke survivors were interviewed in this study. Data analysis resulted in the emergence of three superordinate themes (i) making sense of somatosensory impairment, (ii) interplay of somatosensory impairment and motor control for executing tasks and (iii) perseverance versus learned non-use. The stroke survivors in this study were aware that their somatosensory ability was affected as a result of their stroke, but had difficulty in articulating their experiences of sensation and the impact of the impairment on functional ability. Most often somatosensory impairment was described in terms of difficulties with executing specific tasks, particularly by the upper limb. CONCLUSION: It is important to be aware that somatosensory impairment is of concern to stroke survivors. Further research is needed to develop evidence-based and practice-appropriate clinical assessment tools and treatment strategies for somatosensory rehabilitation after stroke.

A randomised controlled feasibility study investigating the use of eccentric and concentric strengthening exercises in the treatment of rotator cuff tendinopathy.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a feasibility study to compare concentric and eccentric rotator cuff strengthening exercises for rotator cuff tendinopathy. METHODS: A total of 11 patients with rotator cuff tendinopathy who were on the waiting list for arthroscopic subacromial decompression surgery were randomised to perform eccentric rotator cuff strengthening exercises, concentric strengthening exercises or no exercises. Patients were evaluated in terms of levels of pain and function using the Oxford Shoulder Score and a Visual Analogue Scale initially, at 4 weeks and at 8 weeks. RESULTS: The study design was found to be acceptable to patients and achieved a high level of 86% compliance. The drop-out rate was 0%. Two patients performing eccentric strengthening exercises improved sufficiently to cancel their planned surgery. CONCLUSION: Further research in this area is recommended. The study design was feasible and power calculations have been conducted to aid future research planning.

Guidance on the management of pain in older people.

This guidance document reviews the epidemiology and management of pain in older people via a literature review of published research. The aim of this document is to inform health professionals in any care setting who work with older adults on best practice for the management of pain and to identify where there are gaps in the evidence that require further research. The assessment of pain in older people has not been covered within this guidance and can be found in a separate document (http://www.britishpainsociety.org/pub_professional.htm#assessmentpop). Substantial differences in the population, methods and definitions used in published research makes it difficult to compare across studies and impossible to determine the definitive prevalence of pain in older people. There are inconsistencies within the literature as to whether or not pain increases or decreases in this age group, and whether this is influenced by gender. There is, however, some evidence that the prevalence of pain is higher within residential care settings. The three most common sites of pain in older people are the back; leg/knee or hip and 'other' joints. In common with the working-age population, the attitudes and beliefs of older people influence all aspects of their pain experience. Stoicism is particularly evident within this cohort of people. Evidence from the literature search suggests that paracetamol should be considered as first-line treatment for the management of both acute and persistent pain, particularly that which is of musculoskeletal origin, due to its demonstrated efficacy and good safety profile. There are few absolute contraindications and relative cautions to prescribing paracetamol. It is, however, important that the maximum daily dose (4 g/24 h) is not exceeded. Non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be used with caution in older people after other safer treatments have not provided sufficient pain relief. The lowest dose should be provided, for the shortest duration. For older adults, an NSAID or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibitor should be co-prescribed with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and the one with the lowest acquisition cost should be chosen. All older people taking NSAIDs should be routinely monitored for gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular side effects, and drug­drug and drug­disease interactions. Opioid therapy may be considered for patients with moderate or severe pain, particularly if the pain is causing functional impairment or is reducing their quality of life. However, this must be individualised and carefully monitored. Opioid side effects including nausea and vomiting should be anticipated and suitable prophylaxis considered. Appropriate laxative therapy, such as the combination of a stool softener and a stimulant laxative, should be prescribed throughout treatment for all older people who are prescribed opioid therapy. Tricyclic antidepressants and anti-epileptic drugs have demonstrated efficacy in several types of neuropathic pain. But, tolerability and adverse effects limit their use in an older population. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections in osteoarthritis of the knee are effective in relieving pain in the short term, with little risk of complications and/or joint damage. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid is effective and free of systemic adverse effects. It should be considered in patients who are intolerant to systemic therapy. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid appears to have a slower onset of action than intra-articular steroids, but the effects seem to last longer. The current evidence for the use of epidural steroid injections in the management of sciatica is conflicting and, until further larger studies become available, no firm recommendations can be made. There is, however, a limited body of evidence to support the use of epidural injections in spinal stenosis. The literature review suggests that assistive devices are widely used and that the ownership of devices increases with age. Such devices enable older people with chronic pain to live in the community. However, they do not necessarily reduce pain and can increase pain if used incorrectly. Increasing activity by way of exercise should be considered. This should involve strengthening, flexibility, endurance and balance, along with a programme of education. Patient preference should be given serious consideration. A number of complementary therapies have been found to have some efficacy among the older population, including acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and massage. Such approaches can affect pain and anxiety and are worth further investigation. Some psychological approaches have been found to be useful for the older population, including guided imagery, biofeedback training and relaxation. There is also some evidence supporting the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) among nursing home populations, but of course these approaches require training and time. There are many areas that require further research, including pharmacological management where approaches are often tested in younger populations and then translated across. Prevalence studies need consistency in terms of age, diagnosis and terminology, and further work needs to be done on evaluating non-pharmacological approaches.