Quinoline: Synthesis to Application.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the quinoline ring with respect to its synthesis, reactivity, and therapeutic values. The reactivity of quinoline for the metal, electrophile, and other reactive counterparts defines the shape of the quinoline pharmacophore, which is an important part of this report; moreover, its spectroscopic characteristics have been included herein with suitable illustration. The quinoline and its derivatives have been presented as well as the general synthetic approaches along with the new developments in the catalytic system; the relevant information is also summarized under the various separate activity classes. The synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds has been a concern for scientists, so herein we have tried to include the synthetic parameters of quinoline with regard to the important pharmacological aspects.

Pattern of non-fatal injuries in road traffic crashes in a hilly area: A study from Shimla, North India.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the various injuries in road traffic crash cases? OBJECTIVES: To study various non-fatal injuries in road traffic crash cases. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital based Descriptive study. STUDY POPULATION: The study population comprised of 401 consecutive cases of non- fatal injuries involved in road traffic crashes and reported at Indira Gandhi Medical College hospital, Shimla. STUDY PERIOD: 1(st) June 2005 to 31(st) May 2006. STUDY VARIABLES: Demographic characteristics of the victims, pattern of injuries and hospital stay of the victims. Types of crashes, time, day and month of crashes, vehicles involved in crashes, use of protective gear etc. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Percentages, Proportions. RESULTS: 73% of the injured victims were young between 20-49yrs, male to female ratio being 5.3:1. Employees (34.7%) and occupants of transport vehicles (45.9%) constituted the maximum number of the victims. Major injuries (fractures and abd. injuries) were reported in 53.4% of the victims and fractures of lower limb were the commonest of the injuries (26.3%). Use of seat-belt was found to be alarmingly low (14.3%) amongst the four- wheeler users and its non-use was found to be significantly associated with the major injuries. Helmet was used by 36 cases (66.7%) out of total of 54 users of motorized two-wheelers at the time of crash. Human error was the most reported cause of crash (82%) and the most common mode of crash was skidding and/rolling down (55%).23.1% of the drivers were reported to have consumed alcohol at the time of crash.

Health issues of menopausal women in North India.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the health status, age of menopause, and its symptomatology amongst Himachali middle-aged women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A community based cross-sectional study was done from Jul 07 to Jan 08. A structured questionnaire was given to 100 menopausal women from general community of Himachal Pradesh in Shimla. RESULTS: Mean age of menopause was 44.54 years. Main symptoms associated with menopause were reported as fatigue (62%), hot flashes (56%), Cold sweats (52%), and backaches (51%). Other ailments associated with menopause were arthritis (25%), hypertension (23%), and diabetes (6%). CONCLUSION: Mean age of menopause was 44.54 years. Chief comorbid conditions were arthritis and hypertension.

Increased hematogones in an infant with bicytopenia and leucocytosis:a case report.

Hematogones are the normal bone marrow constituents of bone marrow in children and their number decreases with age. As hematogones can resemble malignant lymphoblasts by their morphologic features and by expression of an immature B-cell phenotype, an accurate distinction of hematogone-rich lymphoid regeneration from leukemic lymphoblasts is critical for patient care. The increased number of hematogones had been reported in the bone marrow of children recovering from chemotherapy, aplastic conditions, other forms of bone marrow injury, infections like Cytomegalovirus, HIV and immune thrombocytopenia disorders. We describe here a case of one and half month old male infant with bicytopenia and leucocytosis associated with increased hematogones in the bone marrow due to an unknown probable viral infection.

Microfilaria in thyroid gland nodule.

Presence of microfilaria in the thyroid gland is a rare finding. Filariasis is a common public health problem in the Indian sub-continent. Most of the cases of microfilaria in thyroid gland reported in the literature are associated with goiter and thyroid neoplasms. Here, we present a rare case that showed microfilaria on fine needle aspiration cytology of solitary thyroid nodule.

Clinicopathological profile of an unusual case of chondroid syringoma: a case report.

Chondroid syringoma or mixed tumor of the skin is an uncommon tumor that typically presents as small, solitary, slow growing, firm, subcutaneous or intracutaneous nodule. It presents commonly in the head and neck region. This is a case report of 45-year-old female who presented with multiple masses in the flank, chest wall, arm, -thigh and neck measuring 10, 6, 3.5, 2 and 1 cm in maximum dimension. FNAC and excision biopsy revealed benign chondroid syringoma. This is a rare case of chondroid syringoma exhibiting large size, multiplicity and unusual locations in flank, chest wall and thigh.

Cytomorphology of a case of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.

Primary cutaneous lymphoma designates a heterogenous group of disorders arising from skin T and B cells with no evidence of extra cutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis and six months thereafter. We report the cytomorphological features of a case of primary cutaneous lymphoma, B cell type in a 60 year old female presenting with multiple large bosselated red coloured swellings all over the scalp. Clinical examination revealed no other swelling or lymphadenopathy. On cytology a diagnosis of B-cell cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (B-CLH) was given, however cutaneous lymphoma could not be ruled out. On biopsy and immuno-histochemistry a diagnosis of primary cutaneous lymphoma B cell type was made. Patient was started on specific chemotherapy of lymphoma to which she responded completely. Here we highlight the cytomorphologic, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of this rare lesion with a particular emphasis on the diagnostic dilemma encountered on cytology.