Caracterización del consumo de suplementos nutricionales en población físicamente activa de gimnasios del sur de Chile / Characterization of nutritional supplements consumption in physically active population in gyms of southern Chile

El consumo de suplementos nutricionales (SN) se ha investigado generalmente en relación al rendimiento deportivo. Menos información existe en relación a población no deportista pero físicamente activa. Objetivo y metodología: El objetivo fue conocer las características de los consumidores de SN en 412 usuarios (179 mujeres) de gimnasios de cuatro ciudades del sur de Chile. El instrumento utilizado para recolectar datos correspondió a un cuestionario previamente validado (1), estructurado con preguntas cerradas, alternativas y preguntas abiertas en relación al consumo de SN. Para su interpretación se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos y de comparación (i.e. Chi cuadrado). El nivel de significancia estadística se estableció en p<0,05. Resultados: los resultados revelan que 22% de los usuarios consumen SN. De los hombres consumidores, 37% lo realiza para aumentar masa muscular y 36% para mejorar el rendimiento físico. Entre las mujeres, 32% los consume por motivos relacionados a salud. Los SN más consumidos fueron: proteínas (36%), vitaminas y minerales (11%), creatina (10%), aminoácidos y carbohidratos (8%). En cuanto al perfil del consumidor, está representado por jóvenes de entre 15 a 25 años, dedicados en su mayoría al estudio y al trabajo, con menos de un año de asistencia al gimnasio y una frecuencia de asistencia ≥ 3 sesiones/semana. Conclusión: un relativamente bajo consumo de SN fue observado,en comparación con deportistas, influenciado por la edad,el género y el uso de dieta o alimentación especial. Varones jóvenes (i.e. 15 a 25 años de edad) que trabajan, con una alta frecuencia de asistencia a gimnasios (≥ 3 sesiones/semana) son los principales consumidores de SN...

Three novel input logic gates supported by fluorescence studies: organic nanoparticles (ONPs) as chemo-sensor for detection of Zn²âº and Al³âº in aqueous medium.

Organic nanoparticles (ONPs) of N,N'-ethylenebis(salicylimine) (salen) were synthesized and applied for specific recognition of Zn(2+) and Al(3+) ions in an aqueous medium. The results show that fluorescence intensity rises with the increasing concentration of Zn(2+) in salen solution, proving that salen-ONPs detect Zn(2+) efficiently in the aqueous medium as chemo-sensor. Furthermore, the salen-ONPs/Zn(2+) system performs as an ON-OFF switch between pH 6.0 and 4.0. Amusingly, although salen-ONPs/Al(3+) does not show any significant effect in the fluorescence spectra, highest fluorescence intensity was observed when Al(3+) ion was added to salen-ONPs/Zn(2+) in a sequential order (addition of Zn(2+) to salen-ONPs, followed by Al(3+)). This system can be applied as a novel three inputs logic gate supported by the fluorescence for the detection of Zn(2+) and Al(3+) in biological and environmental samples. It appears that photo induced electron transfer (PET) occurs in the salen-ONPs when the fluorophore is excited. For salen/Zn(2+) system, the PET is being inhibited considerably by lowering the receptor HOMO energy due to the formation of a bond between the metal ion and ligand, enhancing the fluorescence emission. This is consistent with the theoretical study that the energy of HOMO of the ligand is lower than that of Zn(salen)(2+) complex.

Validation of the German revised Addenbrooke's cognitive examination for detecting mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia in alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diagnostic accuracy of the German version of the revised Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE-R) in identifying mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild dementia in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) in comparison with the conventional Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was assessed. METHODS: The study encompasses 76 cognitively healthy elderly individuals, 75 patients with MCI, 56 with AD and 22 with FTLD. ACE-R and MMSE were validated against an expert diagnosis based on a comprehensive diagnostic procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using the receiver operating characteristic method and regression analyses. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off score for the ACE-R for detecting MCI, AD, and FTLD was 86/87, 82/83 and 83/84, respectively. ACE-R was superior to MMSE only in the detection of patients with FTLD [area under the curve (AUC): 0.97 vs. 0.92], whilst the accuracy of the two instruments did not differ in identifying MCI and AD. The ratio of the scores of the memory ACE-R subtest to verbal fluency subtest contributed significantly to the discrimination between AD and FTLD (optimal cut-off score: 2.30/2.31, AUC: 0.77), whereas the MMSE and ACE-R total scores did not. CONCLUSION: The German ACE-R is superior to the most commonly employed MMSE in detecting mild dementia in FTLD and in the differential diagnosis between AD and FTLD. Thus it might serve as a valuable instrument as part of a comprehensive diagnostic workup in specialist centres/clinics contributing to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the cause of dementia.

Efeitos dos programas de luz sobre desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e resposta imunológica em frangos de corte / Effect of lighting programs on performance, carcass yield, and immunological response of broiler chickens

Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos programas de luz 23L:1E (23L); crescente (CRES); 16L:8E (16L) e luz natural (NAT) sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e resposta imunológica de frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb-500. O período de criação foi de um a 45 dias de idade, e os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com os programas de luz. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de 35 aves cada. As aves submetidas ao programa de luz CRES apresentaram maior peso vivo em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). O consumo de ração também foi maior para as aves do tratamento CRES quando comparado aos tratamentos 23L e NAT (P<0,05), e semelhante ao tratamento 16L (P>0,05). A viabilidade das aves do tratamento NAT foi maior em relação às aves do tratamento 23L (P<0,05) e semelhante aos demais tratamentos (P>0,05). A conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). As aves do tratamento 23L apresentaram maior rendimento de peito quando comparado aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). A produção de anticorpos para a doença de Newcastle não foi afetada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05).

The effects of lighting programs 23L:1E (23L); increasing (INC); 16L: 8E (16L) and natural light (NAT) on performance, carcass yield and immune response of Cobb-500 male broiler were evaluated. Chicks were raised from one to 45-day-old and the treatments were defined according to the lighting programs. The experiment was designed in four treatments with six repetitions of 35 birds each. Broilers of the INC lighting program showed heavier weights (P<0.05). Feed consumption was higher in broilers of the INC treatment when compared to the 23L and NAT (P<0.05), and similar to the 16L (P>0.05). The viability of the NAT treatment broilers was higher than the broilers of the 23L (P<0.05) and similar to the other treatments. Feed conversion and carcass yield were not influence by the treatments (P>0.05). The 23L treatment broilers showed higher breast yield when compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Differences were not observed among the treatments regarding antibodies levels against Newcastle disease (P>0.05).

Efeitos das condições ambientais no período entre a postura e o armazenamento de ovos de matrizes pesadas sobre o rendimento de incubação / Effect on time between oviposition and the beginning of cool storage on hatchability of broiler breeder eggs

Avaliou-se o efeito das condições ambientais no período entre a postura e o armazenamento de ovos sobre o rendimento de incubação de 2.742 ovos de matrizes pesadas da linhagem Ross com 31 semanas de idade. Os tratamentos foram definidos pelo período de permanência dos ovos sob temperatura ambiente do galpão antes do armazenamento. Para cada tratamento foram utilizados 860 ovos, distribuídos em 10 repetições de 86 ovos cada. No tratamento A, os ovos foram enviados para a sala fria imediatamente após a coleta; no B, foram enviados para a sala fria após cinco horas de permanência no galpão; e, no C, permaneceram no galpão por 10 horas, antes de serem enviados para a sala fria. As condições ambientais da sala fria foram: temperatura 18,2 a 21,0 °C e umidade relativa do ar de 72,8 a 76,8 por cento. O período de armazenamento dos ovos foi de quatro dias. A mortalidade embrionária no tratamento A foi maior que no tratamento B (P<0,05). A eclosão dos ovos do tratamento B foi maior que aquela do tratamento A (P<0,05). O peso dos pintos do tratamento A foi maior que aqueles do tratamento C (P<0,05). O melhor rendimento de incubação foi obtido quando os ovos foram resfriados cinco horas após a postura.

The effect on hatchability of time post-oviposition until initiation of cool storage was examined using 2,742 eggs from 31-week-old Ross hens. Treatments were defined by the length of time that eggs remained at breeder house temperature, prior to cool storage. In treatments A, B and C, respectively, eggs were taken to the cooling room immediately after collection, after 5 hours in the aviary or after 10 hours in the aviary. From each treatment, 860 eggs were distributed into 10 replicates of 86 eggs each and stored for 4 days at 18.2 - 21.0°C and 75 percent humidity. After cool storage, they were incubated. Embryo mortality in treatment A was higher than in B (P<0.05). The hatchability of eggs of treatment B was higher (P<0.05) than that of treatment A. Average chick weight at hatching was higher for treatment A than for treatment C (P<0.05). Eggs that were cooled beginning five hours after oviposition produced the highest incubation yield.

Rendimento, composição e teor de ácidos graxos da carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas / Carcass yield, composition and fat acid percentage of carcass for broiler fed on different lipid source diets

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de lipídios da dieta (óleo degomado de soja, óleo de vísceras de aves, óleo ácido de soja, mistura de 50 por cento de óleo de soja e 50 por cento de óleo de vísceras e mistura de 50 por cento de óleo de soja e 50 por cento de óleo ácido de soja) sobre rendimento, composição de peito, coxa e carcaça inteira e perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça inteira de frangos de corte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de uma ave cada. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) para rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, composição de proteína bruta, umidade e extrato etéreo da carcaça inteira e da musculatura da coxa e do peito. As aves alimentadas com dietas com óleo de vísceras apresentaram maior percentual de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados na carcaça do que as alimentadas com dietas contendo as demais fontes lipídicas. A deposição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados foi influenciada pela fonte lipídica das dietas. O perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça inteira de frangos de corte foi influenciado pela fonte lipídica da dieta.

A completely randomized design, with six replicates of one bird per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of different fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on carcass yield, composition of the breast, thigh and whole chicken and fatty acid profile of the whole carcass of broilers. No effects of fat source on carcass yield and cuts, composition of crude protein, humidity and ether extract of the whole chicken, whole leg and breast were observed (P>0,05). The birds fed on poultry fat diet showed a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid on the carcass than birds fed on diets with the others fat sources. The deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids was influenced by fat source added to the diet. The fatty acid profile of the whole carcass of broilers was influenced by the fat source added to the diets.

The apolipoprotein E4 allele is not associated with an abnormal lipid profile in a Native American population following its traditional lifestyle.

The apolipoprotein E4 allele is associated in industrialized countries with an elevated LDL cholesterol concentration and an increased cardiovascular risk. Our purpose in this study was to assess the influence of the genetic variation at the APOE gene locus on the lipid profile of a Native American rural population. We examined plasma lipid levels and the common apo E alleles in 142 healthy randomly selected adults living in their native communities in western Mexico. Their age was 38+/-17 years and the BMI 25.7+/-4.5 kg/m2. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL C and HDL C were 165+/-29.6, 126+/-83, 98+/-26 and 42+/-12.7 mg/dl respectively. Ninety-one per cent of the subjects had Lp(a) concentrations below 20 mg/dl and 30% had levels lower than 2 mg/dl. The most common APOE genotype was E3/3 (63%), followed by E3/4 (30.1%). The prevalence of the E2 allele was very low (2.3%). No difference was observed in LDL C concentrations between the E3/E3 and E3/E4 subjects; however carriers of the E2/3 genotype had lower LDL C levels. Similar results were obtained for cholesterol and apo B levels. In summary, the increased LDL C levels associated with the E4 allele in previous studies were not observed in a population with non-westernized habits. Environmental factors, such as diet and lifestyle, could outweigh the hypercholesterolemic predisposition resulting from the presence of the apo E4 allele.

Nortriptyline-fluphenazine vs. carbamazepine in the symptomatic treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

We compared the efficacy and tolerance of the combination of nortriptyline-fluphenazine (NF) vs. carbamazepine (CMZ) in the symptomatic therapy of patients with severe, distal, symmetrical, predominantly sensitive diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). We followed a double blind, crossover, randomized and double placebo design. Sixteen patients with severe DPN participated in the study. Patients received either NF (1 tablet three times a day (tid)), for 2 weeks and 2 tablets tid for the next 2 weeks or CMZ 1/2 tablet tid for 2 weeks and 1 tablet tid for the next 2 weeks. After this, patients received placebos of both drugs (wash-out period), until symptoms returned to baseline levels (100%), then they were crossed over to receive the other comparing drug schedule. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate the percent changes in pain and paresthesia. HbA1, fasting serum glucose, and safety tests were performed at 2- and 4-week intervals, respectively. Both therapies produced significant improvement of both pain and paresthesia. No statistically significant differences were observed between both therapies for either pain or paresthesia. No significant biochemical changes were observed with any of the two therapies. Side effects were mild and more frequent in the NF period. In this study no superiority of either drug schedule was demonstrated; therefore, the decision to use any of them should be made according to the associated pathology and potential side effects of each drug.

[The migration process as risk factor in chronic malnutrition of pre-school children from Jalisco]. / El proceso migratorio como factor de riesgo en la desnutrición crónica del preescolar migrante cañero de Jalisco.

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors in the family's migratory profile of preschool children with chronic malnutrition. A comparative observational study was conducted, including 511 12 to 60 months old children from childcare centers in the Jalisco sugar cane area, from February to March 1988. We evaluated their nutritional status using anthropometric indicators and Waterlow's classification. Their migratory history included information on place of origin, migratory mobility, cause of immigration, sociodemographic characteristics of parents and history of siblings who died under five years. The prevalence of malnutrition was 79 percent per 100 preschool children (68.5% adapted, 21.5% acute chronic and 10.4% acute). Factors associated with chronic malnutrition (OR greater than 1 CI 95%) included: coming from a poverty stricken population and being permanent migrants. A significant difference (p less than 0.05) was found among children of parents who were jobless at the time of migration. These findings could be used to justify the implementation of nutritional epidemiologic surveillance and intervention programs.

Combination daytime chlorpropamide-metformin/bedtime insulin in the treatment of secondary failures in non insulin dependent diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of the combination therapy with daytime chlorpropamide-metformin and bedtime NPH insulin in the treatment of secondary failures in NIDDM and to study its effects on insulin secretion. DESIGN: Non randomized open study with a duration of two months. The patients were followed six months after ending the study. INSTITUTION: Department of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATIENTS: Nine patients (seven women and two men) were included. All had NIDDM and secondary failure to antidiabetic oral drugs. Their fasting plasma glucose was 14.5 +/- 2 mM/L and their HbA1c 13.37 +/- 2.9%. At the entry and at the end of the study a 5h-OGTT was done with assays of plasma glucose and C-peptide. TREATMENT: Chlorpropamide (375 mg/day) plus metformin (1200 mg/day) and bedtime insulin (0.1 U/kg/day). RESULTS: After two months on combination therapy, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c levels were remarkably improved (decreases of 7.3 +/- 0.6 and 9.1 +/- 1.02 respectively, p less than 0.002). The insulin dose was small (6.77 +/- 2.09 U/day). Side effects were minimal and infrequent. During the 5h-OGTT, the mean glucose area under the curve also decreased. The insulin secretion did not change but the C-peptide/glucose ratio increased. At the end of the study, the insulin dose was tapered off and stopped when possible. The four patients with the best glycemic control during the study were able to suspend the bedtime insulin and maintain a good control six months after the insulin suspension. CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy is useful in the treatment of secondary failures in NIDDM: Its advantages are the very low mean daily insulin dose needed, the low incidence of side effects and, if a HbA1c less than 8.7% is achieved, the restoration of oral antidiabetic drugs efficacy. The very low insulin dose used in this study could be explained by complementary effects of metformin and bedtime insulin on hepatic glucose output and a putative decrease in peripheral resistance attributable both to sulfonylurea and metformin.

[Factors associated with acute malnutrition in migrating pre-school children from the sugar cane region of Jalisco]. / Factores asociados a la desnutrición aguda en preescolares migrantes de la zona cañera de Jalisco.

The purpose of this study is to identify the association between socioeconomic, environmental, feeding and individual factors involved in the acute malnutrition of the migrating pre-schooler. A comparative, transversal, observational study was conducted in 511 children between the ages of 1 and 5 from child care centers in the Jalisco sugar cane area. Using anthropometric indicators, classified according to Waterlow, their nutritional state was evaluated. The prevalence of the malnutrition was 79.0 per 100 preschoolers (68.1% adapted, 21.5% acutely chronic and 10.4% acute). Those factors associated with acute malnutrition included: a family income of less than the established minimum wage (O.R. = 6.32, P = 0.00), a lesser amount with an acute pathology (O.R. = 3.34, P = 0.00) and being a year old (O.R. = 2.22, P = 0.01). Significant differences were found among children of parents who: did not have an education (P = 0.04) and who were sugar cane cutters (P = 0.05). The findings identify risk factors for acute malnutrition, probably modifiable using nutritional epidemiological surveillance strategies.

[Control of oral anticoagulation. Current concepts]. / El control de la anticoagulación oral. Conceptos actuales.

The main objective of this short review is to bring into focus the most relevant of the recent advances in prothrombin time standardization and analyze the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for monitoring patients with thrombotic disorders under treatment with oral anticoagulant drugs. The prothrombin time (PT) is indicative of the proper therapeutic range in patients receiving oral anticoagulant drugs; however the reliability of the results will depend on the source and nature of the thromboplastin used. Different normal and therapeutic rangers are frequently observed when different brands of thromboplastin reagents and/or methods are used. The WHO, in conjunction with the International Committee of Thrombosis and Hemostasis and the International Committee of Standardization in Hematology, has recommended a calibration scheme for thromboplastin standardization with special reference for anticoagulant monitoring. Instead of reporting patient values, either in seconds or percent activity, WHO recommends the PT results in terms of an international normalized ratio (INR). This is obtained by formula: INR = RC in which R is the patient's PT and C is the international sensitivity index (ISI) of the thromboblastine employed. The INR represents the PT that would be obtained if it were performed with the WHO thromboplastin reference preparation. We suggest that these new concepts should be implemented by both laboratory and clinical professionals with the purpose of improving the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation.

Effects of interactions between different culture fractions of 'phosphobacteria' and Rhizobium on mycorrhizal infection, growth, and nodulation of Medicago sativa.

Interactions between cell-free culture supernatants, cells, and the whole cultures of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria with endomycorrhizal fungi and their effects on growth and nutrition of Medicago sativa grown in a low-phosphate soil were studied. A satisfactory nodulation was greatly dependent on the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Cell-free supernatants of Rhizobium and phosphobacteria improved plant growth, nodulation and mycorrhiza formation. The activity of phosphobacterial culture seemed to be due mainly to the supernatant and the possibility of plant hormones contained in this culture fraction being involved in such interactions is discussed. An increase of the overall pool of soluble P in soil by the inoculated phosphobacteria cells was not found in the conditions of this experiment. It was noteworthy that the best positive effect was achieved by the treatment which consisted of the whole cultures of Rhizobium, phosphobacteria, and the mycorrhizal fungi applied all together.