External validation of yonsei nomogram predicting chronic kidney disease development after partial nephrectomy: An international, multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To externally validate Yonsei nomogram. METHODS: From 2000 through 2018, 3526 consecutive patients underwent on-clamp PN for cT1 renal masses at 23 centers were included. All patients had two kidneys, preoperative eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2, and a minimum follow-up of 12 months. New-onset CKD was defined as upgrading from CKD stage I or II into CKD stage ≥III. We obtained the CKD-free progression probabilities at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years for all patients by applying the nomogram found at https://eservices.ksmc.med.sa/ckd/. Thereafter, external validation of Yonsei nomogram for estimating new-onset CKD stage ≥III was assessed by calibration and discrimination analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATION: Median values of patients' age, tumor size, eGFR and follow-up period were 47 years (IQR: 47-62), 3.3 cm (IQR: 2.5-4.2), 90.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 (IQR: 82.8-98), and 47 months (IQR: 27-65), respectively. A total of 683 patients (19.4%) developed new-onset CKD. The 5-year CKD-free progression rate was 77.9%. Yonsei nomogram demonstrated an AUC of 0.69, 0.72, 0.77, and 0.78 for the prediction of CKD stage ≥III at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The calibration plots at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years showed that the model was well calibrated with calibration slope values of 0.77, 0.83, 0.76, and 0.75, respectively. Retrospective database collection is a limitation of our study. CONCLUSIONS: The largest external validation of Yonsei nomogram showed good calibration properties. The nomogram can provide an accurate estimate of the individual risk of CKD-free progression on long-term follow-up.

[Analysis of renal tumor size as a predictive factor of oncological aggressiveness.] / Análisis del tamaño del tumor renal como factor predictivo de agresividad oncológica.

INTRODUCTION: The increased incidenceof diagnosis of kidney tumours has driveninvestigation in the area. It is known that the risk ofmalignancy is correlated with tumour size, but thereare still no specific and objective parameters to characterizethe degree of aggressiveness and to be ableto guide a treatment reliably. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship betweenrenal tumour size and the incidence of tumour aggressivecharacteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysisof our series of renal cancers operated between 1998and 2018 was performed. The specific and cumulativeincidence of aggressive characteristics was studied.The following where considered as aggressive characteristics:Presence of sarcomatoid or epidermoiddifferentiation, tumour necrosis, stage pT3-4, histologicalhigh grade (3-4) and the presence of histologicalaggressive variants. RESULTS: A total of 651 patients that had undergonerenal mass surgery were analysed. In tumours below2 cm the appearance of aggressive characteristicsoccurred in less than 5%. For renal masses greaterthan 2 cm, each centimetre increase correlated with arise in cumulative incidence of 2-3% for each characteristicstudied. CONCLUSIONS: In tumours below 2cm and patientswith significant comorbidities active surveillance maybe a reliable alternative to surgery.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El aumento de incidenciade diagnóstico de tumores renales ha conllevadoun mayor estudio y conocimiento de los mismos.Se conoce que el riesgo de malignidad se correlacionacon el tamaño tumoral, pero seguimos sin tener parámetrosespecíficos y objetivos para caracterizar elgrado de agresividad de los mismos y poder orientarun tratamiento de forma fiable. OBJETIVO: Identificar la relación que existe entre eltamaño tumoral y la incidencia de características deagresividad.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo denuestra serie de cáncer renal intervenido quirúrgicamenteen el periodo entre 1998 y 2018. Se estudia laincidencia específica y acumulada de las característicasde agresividad en dichas lesiones y su relación conel tamaño tumoral. Se consideraron característicasde agresividad: la presencia diferenciación sarcomatoiode epidermoide, necrosis tumoral, estadio pT3-4,grado histológico alto (3-4) y la presencia de variantesde histología agresiva. RESULTADOS: Se analizan un total de 651 pacientesintervenidos por cáncer renal. En tumores por debajode 2 cm la aparición de características de agresividadse observó en menos del 5%. A partir de ese tamaño, laincidencia acumulada se incrementa en un 2-3% paracada característica con cada centímetro que aumentael tamaño tumoral. CONCLUSIONES: Este análisis demuestra que conformeaumenta el tamaño de los tumores renales, aumentala incidencia de características de agresividadde los mismos. En tumores por debajo de 2 cm y pacientescon comorbilidades importantes la vigilanciaactiva puede ser una alternativa con cierta seguridad.

[Urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.] / Biomarcadores urinarios en el diagnóstico de cancer de próstata.

INTRODUCTION: The use of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) is useful for the diagnosis ofprostate cancer. Its main limitation is its low specificity,which has led to the search for new biomarkersin order to identify clinically significant prostatecancer and to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment.The aim of this article is to summarize the currentliterature on urinary biomarkers used in thediagnosis of prostate cancer.A PubMed-based literature search was conductedup to December 2020. We selected the most recentand relevant original articles, clinical trials and reviewsthat have provided relevant information onthe use of biomarkers.In this review, we have discussed four importanturinary biomarkers useful for prostate cancer diagnosis:PCA3, Select MDX, ExoDX, TMPRSS2:ERG. CONCLUSION: The use of urinary biomarkers hasimproved of clinically significant prostate cancerdiagnosis. Their use reduces the number of unnecessarybiopsies and avoids overtreatment of indolentprostate cancer.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El uso del antígenoprostático específico (PSA) es útil para el diagnósticodel cáncer de próstata. Su principal limitación es labaja especificidad, esto ha llevado a la búsqueda denuevos biomarcadores con el fin de identificar el cáncerde próstata clínicamente significativo y poder disminuirel sobrediagnóstico y sobretratamiento.El objetivo de este artículo es resumir la literaturaactual sobre los biomarcadores urinarios utilizados enel diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata.Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pub-Med hasta diciembre del 2020. Hemos seleccionadolos artículos originales, ensayos clínicos y revisionesmás recientes que proporcionan información sobre eluso de biomarcadores.En esta revisión, hemos discutido cuatro importantesbiomarcadores urinarios útiles para el diagnósticodel cáncer de próstata: PCA3, Select MDX, ExoDX, TMPRSS2:ERG.CONCLUSIÓN: El uso de biomarcadores urinariosha mejorado del diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata clínicamentesignificativo. Su uso reduce el número debiopsias innecesarias y evita el sobretratamiento delcáncer de próstata indolente.

The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among patients undergoing radical cystectomy for variant histology bladder cancer: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the evidence about the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with pure urothelial carcinoma (pUC) in radical cystectomy (RC) candidates affected by variant histology (VH) bladder cancer. METHODS: A review of the current literature was conducted through the Medline and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed, Scopus databases in May 2020. The updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed for this systematic review. Keywords used were 'bladder cancer', 'bladder carcinoma', 'bladder tumour' and 'bladder cancer variants' and 'neoadjuvant chemotherapy'. Only original articles in English published after 2000 and reporting oncological outcomes a series of more than five patients with VH were included. We excluded series in which the oncological outcomes of patients with pUC and VH were undistinguishable. RESULTS: The literature search identified 2231 articles. A total of 51 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, with 17 eventually considered for systematic review, for a cohort of 450,367 patients, of which 5010 underwent NAC + RC. The median age at initial diagnosis ranged from 61 to 71 years. Most patients received cisplatin-gemcitabine, methotrexate-vinblastine-adriamycin-cisplatin, or carboplatin-based chemotherapy. Only one study reported results of neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The median follow-up ranged from 1 to 120 months. The results showed that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is less sensitive to NAC than pUC and that SCC predicts poorer prognosis. NAC was found to be a valid approach in treating small cell carcinoma and may have potential benefit in micropapillary carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: NAC showed the best oncological outcomes in small cell variants and micropapillary carcinoma, while NAC survival benefit for SCC and adenocarcinoma variants needs further studies. Drawing definite considerations on the efficacy of NAC in VH is complicated due to the heterogeneity of present literature. Present results need to be confirmed in randomised controlled trials.

Warm ischemia time length during on-clamp partial nephrectomy: does it really matter?

BACKGROUND: The impact of warm ischemia time (WIT) on renal functional recovery remains controversial. We examined the length of WIT>30 min on the long-term renal function following on-clamp partial nephrectomy (PN). METHODS: Data from 23 centers for patients undergoing on-clamp PN between 2000 and 2018 were analyzed. We included patients with two kidneys, single tumor, cT1, minimum 1-year follow-up, and preoperative eGFR≥60 mL/min/1.73m2. Patients were divided into two groups according to WIT length: group I "WIT≤30 min" and group II "WIT>30 min." A propensity-score matched analysis (1:1 match) was performed to eliminate potential confounding factors between groups. We compared eGFR values, eGFR (%) preservation, eGFR decline, events of chronic kidney disease (CKD) upgrading, and CKD-free progression rates between both groups. Cox regression analysis evaluated WIT impact on upgrading of CKD stages. RESULTS: The primary cohort consisted of 3526 patients: group I (N.=2868) and group II (N.=658). After matching the final cohort consisted of 344 patients in each group. At last follow-up, there were no significant differences in median eGFR values at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years (P>0.05) between the matched groups. In addition, the median eGFR (%) preservation and absolute eGFR change were similar (89% in group I vs. 87% in group II, P=0.638) and (-10 in group I vs. -11 in group II, P=0.577), respectively. The 5 years new-onset CKD-free progression rates were comparable in the non-matched groups (79% in group I vs. 81% in group II, log-rank, P=0.763) and the matched groups (78.8% in group I vs. 76.3% in group II, log-rank, P=0.905). Univariable Cox regression analysis showed that WIT>30 min was not a predictor of overall CKD upgrading (HR:0.953, 95%CI 0.829-1.094, P=0.764) nor upgrading into CKD stage ≥III (HR:0.972, 95%CI 0.805-1.173, P=0.764). Retrospective design is a limitation of our study. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis based on a large multicenter international cohort study suggests that WIT length during PN has no effect on the long-term renal function outcomes in patients having two kidneys and preoperative eGFR≥60 mL/min/1.73m2.

[Kidney transplant urinary complications. Diagnosis and treatment.] / Complicaciones urinarias del trasplante renal. Diagnóstico y tratamiento.

There are different surgical techniques for reconstruction of the urinary tract in kidney transplant. However, urinary complications are frequent in the postoperative period, being the ureter the frequent location of these complications. This results in high health care costs, increasing patient morbimortality and sometimes graft loss. For this reason, prevention, correct diagnosis and treatment are important. The aim of this review is to describe the surgical techniques most commonly used in kidney transplant for ureteroneocystostomy. To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each of them and to compare their complications. On the other hand, we summarize the recent literature on the four most frequent urinary complications in the postoperative period after transplantation. The possible causes and treatment of urine leak, ureteri cobstruction, hematuria and vesicoureteral reflux are presented.

Existen diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas para la reconstrucción del tracto urinario en el trasplante renal. Sin embargo es frecuente la aparición de complicaciones urinarias en el postoperatorio, siendo el uréterla localización frecuente de las mismas. Esto implica un alto gasto sanitario, aumentando la morbimortalidad del paciente y pudiendo llegar a desencadenar la pérdida del injerto. Por ello es importante la prevención, el correcto diagnóstico y su tratamiento. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir las técnicas quirúrgicas más usadas en el trasplante renal para la ureteroneocistostomía. Analizar las ventajas y desventajas de cada una de ellas y comparar sus complicaciones. Por otro lado se resume la literatura reciente sobre las cuatro complicaciones urinarias más frecuentes en el postoperatorio del trasplante. Se exponen las posibles causas y tratamiento de la fuga urinaria, la obstrucción ureteral, la hematuria y el reflujo ureterovesical.

The benefit of a neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Interim analysis of the PRECAVE randomized clinical trial. / El beneficio de una instilación neoadyuvante de quimioterapia en el carcinoma vesical no músculo invasivo: análisis intermedio del ensayo clínico aleatorizado PRECAVE.

OBJECTIVE: Although an immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy (IPOIC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is recommended for the prevention of recurrences of non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), evidence shows there is an important compliance failure worldwide. We believe that an immediate neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy (INAIC) can act similarly, reducing the recurrence risk of NMIBC. Here we present the interim analysis of the PRECAVE clinical trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with clinically diagnosed NMIBC were randomized to receive an INAIC with mitomycin C before TURBT (Group A) or to a control group with TURBT only (Group B). Primary end point was to compare the efficacy of an INAIC in the early recurrence-free survival (RFS). Secondary end points were: RFS in patients who did not receive adjuvant treatments, toxicity, and feasibility. RESULTS: A total of 124 patients with Ta/T1 G1-G3NMIBC were included in the initial analysis (Group A:64, Group B: 60). Demographics, risk classification, complications, and adjuvant treatments were balanced between groups. Eighty-four patients (Group A: 45, Group B: 39) who completed a one-year follow-up were included in the efficacy analysis and no difference was observed in the RFS between groups (p=0.3). In the subgroup of patients who did not receive adjuvant treatments, we found a significant difference in favor of an INAIC (p=0.009) and an 80% reduction in the risk of early recurrences (Hazard Ratio: 0.20; 95% confidence interval: 0.05-0.81; p=0.0024). No differences were observed in adverse events. Only 4 patients did not receive an INAIC despite being planned. CONCLUSIONS: In this interim analysis, although we could not demonstrate a reduction in the RFS of all patients, we did find a significant decrease of recurrences in patients who did not receive adjuvant treatments. The administration of an INAIC seems to be safe and our protocol appears feasible and reproductive.

OBJETIVO: Aunque el uso de una instilación postoperatoria inmediata de quimioterapia (IPOIQ) tras una resección transuretral vesical (RTUV) esta recomendada para prevenir recurrencias de carcinoma vesical no músculo invasivo (CVNMI), no se llega a realizar en muchos casos debido a fallos en su cumplimiento. Nosotros creemos que una instilación neoadyuvante inmediata de quimioterapia (INAIQ) puede actuar de manera similar reduciendo el riesgo de recurrencias. Presentamos el análisis intermedio del ensayo clínico PRECAVE.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aleatorizó a pacientes diagnosticados de CVNMI a recibir una INAIQ con mitomicina C antes de la RTUV (Grupo A) o a un grupo control con RTUV solamente (Grupo B). El objetivo primario fue comparar la eficacia de una INAIQ en la supervivencia libre de recurrencia (SLR) temprana. Los objetivos secundarios fueron la SLR en pacientes que no recibieron tratamientos adyuvantes, toxicidad y viabilidad. RESULTADOS: Analizamos un total de 124 pacientes con CVNMI Ta/T1G1-G3 fueron analizados (Grupo A:64, Grupo B: 60). No se encontraron diferencias entre datos demográficos, grupos de riesgo, complicaciones o tratamientos adyuvantes. Para el análisis de eficacias e incluyeron 84 pacientes (Grupo A: 45, Grupo B:39) con al menos un año de seguimiento, sin observar diferencias en la SLR (p=0,3). Sin embargo, en el subgrupo que no recibió tratamientos adyuvantes, sí encontramos una diferencia significativa a favor de la INAIQ (p=0,009), y una reducción del riesgo de recurrencias tempranas del 80% (Hazard Ratio: 0,20; intervalo de confianza 95%: 0,05-0,81; p=0,0024). No se observaron diferencias en la aparición de eventos adversos. Solo 4 pacientes no recibieron un INAIC a pesar de estar planificado. CONCLUSIONES: En este análisis intermedio, aunque no pudimos demostrar una reducción en la SLR de todos los pacientes, sí encontramos una diferencia en el subgrupo que no recibió tratamientos adyuvantes. La administración de una INAIC parece ser segura, y nuestro protocolo parece factible y reproducible.

Organ-sparing cystectomy techniques: Functional and oncological outcomes, review and current recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: With increasing survival from bladder cancer, quality of life, should be one of the main goals following radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). This techniqueis associated with significant morbidity, which may have a critical effect on quality of life. Concerns about functional outcomes, such as continence, potency, and sexual function in women, play a role in decision making for urologists and younger patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Several modifications to the classic radical cystectomy technique, include preservation of genital or pelvic organs, developing in the improvement of postoperative continence, potency rates and sexual functionin female patients. OBJECTIVE: This review summarizes the organ-sparing cystectomy techniques and its functional and oncological outcomes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A PubMed-based literature search was conducted up to April 2020. We selected the most recent and relevant original articles, metanalysis and reviews that have provided relevant information to guide organ-sparing cystectomy techniques and its functional and oncological outcomes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: In this review, we discuss selection criteria for male and female patients, organ-sparing cystectomy surgical techniques and its functional and oncological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Radical cystectomy is associated with significant morbidity, which may have a critical effect on quality of life. Preservation of genital or pelvic organsin men and women, yield better sexual outcomes compared to radical cystectomy without compromising oncological outcomes in well selected patients. But no one of these techniques can be recommended over the classical standard radical cystectomy. Large-scale of prospective and multi-institutional studies are needed to conclude which patients are suitable for these techniques.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Con el aumento de la supervivencia del cáncer de vejiga, la calidad de vida debe ser uno de los objetivos principales después de la cistectomía radical y linfadenectomía pélvica (LNP). Esta técnica está asociada con una morbilidad significativa, que puede tener un efecto crítico en la calidad de vida. El interés sobre los resultados funcionales, como la continencia, la potencia y la función sexual en las mujeres, juegan un papel en la toma de decisiones para los urólogos y pacientes jóvenes con cáncer vesical musculo infiltrante. Varias modificaciones a la técnica clásica de cistectomía radical incluyen la preservación de los órganos genitales o pélvicos, desarrollando mejoría de la continencia postoperatoria, la potencia y función sexual femenina.OBJETIVO: Esta revisión resume las técnicas de cistectomía con preservación de órganos y sus resultados funcionales y oncológicos.ADQUISICIÓN DE EVIDENCIA: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed hasta Abril 2020. Seleccionamos los artículos originales retrospectivos y prospectivos, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones bibliográficas más recientes y relevantes que han proporcionado información de técnicas de cistectomía con conservación de órganos y sus resultados funcionales y oncológicos.SÍNTESIS DE EVIDENCIA: En esta revisión, discutimos los criterios de selección de pacientes masculinos y femeninos, las técnicas quirúrgicas de cistectomía con preservación de órganos y sus resultados funcionales y oncológicos.CONCLUSIONES: La cistectomía radical se asocia con una morbilidad significativa, que puede tener un efecto crítico en la calidad de vida. La preservación de los órganos genitales o pélvicos en hombres y mujeres produce mejores resultados sexuales en comparación con la cistectomía radical sin comprometer los resultados oncológicos en pacientes bien seleccionados. Pero ninguna de estas técnicas se puede recomendar sobre la cistectomía radical estándar clásica. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos y multiinstitucionales a gran escala para concluir qué pacientes son adecuados para estas técnicas.

Precave: Immediate neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy for the prevention of non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma recurrence: A prospective randomized clinical trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recurrence rates for patients presenting with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma (NMIBC) can be as high as 60% during the first year after a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Currently, an immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy (IPOIC) is recommended for the prevention of recurrences in patients with low to intermediate risk disease. Although in real clinical practice this specific instillation of chemotherapy has many difficulties to be standardized, including its contraindications (suspected or confirmed bladder perforation, wide or extensive resection and, continuous bladder irrigation requirement), which will only make it feasible for around 30% of patients.We propose in this controlled study, to administer an immediate neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy (INAIC), which can be applied technically to all patients, no matter the surgical outcomes and compare it with a control group. We expect to find a reduction in the recurrence rate in the experimental group of at least 15%. METHODS: We designed a phase IV, randomized, controlled, open label clinical trial. Main inclusion criteria are: patients with a clinical diagnosis of localized, papillary-type bladder cancer (suspected low to intermediate risk) with a disease-free interval of at least 6 months. Eligible patients will be allocated into group A (INAIC plus TURBT) or group B (TURBT) using a computer-generated block randomization sequence/ratio 1:1. Time to recurrence of both groups will be analyzed and compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests and, Cox-regression. Univariate and multivariate analyzes will be performed to determine factors which influence recurrence. The study has received the approval of the Ethics Committee for Drug Research (CEIm) of La Paz University Hospital and the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products.

[Implementation of Remote Clinics in urology practice during the COVID-19 era: What have we learned?] / Implementación de la teleconsulta en la práctica urológica durante la era Covid-19: ¿qué hemos aprendido?

The COVID-19 pandemic has requiredd rastic measures for an attempt in controlling its spread. Health resources and facilities are being destined for the treatment of critically ill infected patients. During the past weeks, we, as urologists have faced increasingly difficult changes in practice, as out patient activity and elective surgeries must be postponed in order to save resources and limit the mobilization of patients and faculty. During this conflictive situation, telehealth medicine can provide adequate support using technological tools and trying to simulate face-to-face consults with the use of video or telephone calls. However, many out patient clinics and facilities are not ready yet for telehealth as their experience in this area is low. The benefits for telemedicine in urology are continuing urologic outpatient follow-up, providing recommendations and prescriptions, and the triage of patients who will need urgent procedures. Urology residency training has suffered an abrupt disruption nowadays as outpatient, surgical and academic meetings are cancelled. In this scenario, virtual strategies and "smart learning" activities are being used to continue education. We provide a review of the latest published literature regarding the use of telehealth medicine or telemedicine for the modern urology practice, along side our recommendations and conclusions.

La actual pandemia por COVID-19 ha requeridola implementación de medidas drásticas para frenar su avance. Las instalaciones y recursos sanitarios se están destinando de forma total o parcial para la atención de pacientes críticos. Los urólogos, nos hemos encontrado durante las semanas pasadas con cambios importantes que dificultan nuestra práctica clínica diaria. Las actividades ambulatorias como consultas externas y procedimientos ambulatorios, así como las intervenciones quirúrgicas, han tenido que ser suspendidas o retrasadas. Mientras dure esta situación, la actividad médica telemática puede proveer un soporte adecuado utilizando herramientas tecnológicas y tratando de simular las consultas médicas con vídeo llamadas o llamadas por teléfono. Pero muchos servicios y departamentos médico-quirúrgicos no se encuentran listos para implementar una práctica de consultas telemáticas a gran escala porque su experiencia es escasa. Los beneficios de la telemedicina en urología son permitir el seguimiento de pacientes, dar recomendaciones, prescribir medicamentos, y realizar un triaje de qué pacientes precisan una atención presencial en urgencias. Los programas de formación de residentes de urología también han sufrido una interrupción importante de sus actividades cotidianas, ya que se han suspendido consultas, cirugías y actividad académica. En esta situación, el uso de recursos virtuales y el "aprendizaje inteligente" se están utilizando para mantener la docencia. El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una revisión de la más reciente literatura acerca del uso de telemedicina en la práctica urológica moderna, con nuestras recomendaciones y conclusiones.

Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy versus open donor nephrectomy: Outcomes from a single transplant center. / Nefrectomía laparoscópica del donante vivo en comparación con nefrectomía abierta del donante vivo.

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) is currently replacing open donor nephrectomy (ODN) across the world. Its advantages in terms of patient recovery are well known. We sought to compare surgical outcomes, particularly renal function during the post-nephrectomy period, for renal grafts procured by LDN versus ODN in our center. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all cases of living donor nephrectomies performed from 2004 to 2014 at Hospital Universitario La Paz. We compared demographic data; medical background, operative times, post-operative complications, and renal function follow up at 6, 12 and 18-month controls. RESULTS: A total of 114 living donor nephrectomies were performed: 85 LDN and 29 ODN. Demographic characteristics and medical background were similar among both groups, except mean donor age; 41.4 vs 47.4 years (p = 0.009) in the LDN and ODN groups respectively. LDN was used predominantly for left kidneys (83 out of 85), and ODN for right kidneys (28 out of 29). Although not significantly, mean operative time was shorter for the LDN group (169.37 vs 181.46 minutes; p = 0.2). Mean warm ischemia time was shorter for the ODN group (2.92 vs 2.36 minutes; p = 0.28). Differences between post-operative complications were not statistically different between both groups (p = 0.19). There were no conversions from LDN to ODN, and no re-admissions were registered. Length of stay was slightly shorter in LDN but not different (4.29 vs 4.92 days; p = 0.43). Renal function follow-up, measured with serum creatinine levels showed no difference over time (p = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Data from our series demonstrate that outcomes and renal function follow up over time were similar among both groups. In expert hands, this altruistic procedure can be performed with a minimally invasive approach without an increased complication rate or compromising renal function in donors.

OBJETIVOS: La nefrectomía laparoscópica del donante vivo (NLDV) está reemplazando actualmente a la nefrectomía abierta (NADV) en todo el mundo. Sus ventajas en términos de recuperación del paciente son bien conocidas. Comparamos los resultados quirúrgicos, particularmente función renal durante el periodo postnefrectomía, para los injertos obtenidos en nuestro centro por NLDV o NADV. MÉTODOS: Analizamos retrospectivamente todos los casos de nefrectomía del donante vivo realizados entre 2004 y 2014 en el Hospital Universitario La Paz. Comparamos los datos demográficos, antecedentes médicos, tiempo operatorio, complicaciones postoperatorias y funcion renal a los 6, 12 y 18 meses de seguimiento. RESULTADOS: Se han realizado un total de 114 nefrectomías del donante vivo: 85 NLDV y 29 NADV. Las características demográficas y antecedentes médicos eran similares entre ambos grupos, excepto la edad media del donante: 41,4 vs 47,4 años (p = 0,009) en los grupos de NLDV y NADV, respectivamente. La NLDV se utilizó preferentemente para riñones izquierdos (83 de 85) y la NADV para los riñones derechos (28 de 29). Aunque no fue significativo, el tiempo medio de operación del grupo de NLDV fue menor que el de NADV (169,37 vs 181,46 minutos; p = 0,2). El tiempo medio de isquemia caliente era menor en el grupo de NADV (2,92 vs 2,36 minutos; p = 0,28). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las complicaciones postoperatorias entre ambos grupos (p=0,19). No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta en ninguna NLDV y no se registró ningún reingreso. La estancia hospitalaria fue ligeramente menor en la NLDV pero la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (4,29 vs 4,92 días; p = 0,43). La función renal en el seguimiento, medida con los niveles de creatinina sérica no mostró diferencias con el tiempo (p = 0,67). CONCLUSIONES: Los datos de nuestra serie demuestran que los resultados y función renal en el seguimiento eran similares entre ambos grupos. En manos expertas, este procedimiento altruista puede ser realizado con un abordaje mínimamente invasivo sin aumento de la tasa de complicaciones o compromiso de la función renal del donante.

High-risk prostate cancer. Optimal treatment. New evidences.

There are multiple definitions of high risk prostate cancer and each definition is associated with a different prognosis. Men classified as having high-risk disease warrant treatment because durable outcomes can be achieved. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy and androgen deprivation therapy play pivotal roles in the management of men with high-risk disease, and potentially in men with metastatic disease.

Hay múltiples definiciones del cáncer de próstata de alto riesgo y cada definición se asocia con un pronóstico diferente. En varones con cáncer de próstata clasificado cómo enfermedad de alto riesgo se justifica el tratamiento porque se pueden conseguir resultados duraderos. La prostatectomía radical, la  radioterapia y el tratamiento de deprivación androgénica juegan un papel fundamental en el manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad de alto riesgo, y potencialmente en varones con enfermedad metastásica.

[Usefulness of photodynamic diagnosis in high-grade Bladder Cancer and subsequent BCG failure. Bibliographic review.] / Utilidad del diagnóstico fotodinámico en el carcinoma vesical de alto grado y posterior al fracaso de BCG. Revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVES: Bladder tumors are thesecond highest incidence urological tumor in the adultpopulation. In recent years, new techniques such as photodynamicdiagnosis have arisen in order to improvethe sensitivity for the detection of non muscle invasivebladder cancer (NMIBC). We intend to update the roleof photodynamic diagnosis in the diagnosis of NMIBC,in cases refractory to BCG and as a treatment in therecurrent bladder cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a descriptivestudy and bibliographic review on the usefulness of photratatodynamicdiagnosis in NMIBC, early recurrence andrefractoriness to BCG published in the universal medicalliterature. RESULTS: Photodynamic cystoscopy increases the detectionsensitivity for NMIBC, especially carcinoma in situ(CIS) from 15% to 30% according to the different seriespublished. Regarding high-grade bladder cancer recurrence,photodynamic therapy increases disease-freetime in 20% of patients. In the use of photodynamictechniques for the detection of CIS after BCG, studiesindicate an increase in sensitivity with an increase in therate of false positives. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic diagnosis could improvesensitivity for the early detection of patients withCIS and/or T1G3. May be, at the same time, an alternativein the recurrence of bladder cancer, especiallyCIS.

OBJETIVO: Los tumores vesicales son el segundo tumor urológico con mayor incidencia en la población adulta. En los últimos años han surgido nuevas técnicas como el diagnóstico fotodinámico, con el fin de mejorar la sensibilidad para la detección del tumor vesical no musculo invasivo (TVNMI). Pretendemos actualizar el papel del diagnóstico fotodinámico en el diagnóstico del TVNMI, en los casos refractarios a BCG y como tratamiento en el tumor vesical  recidivante.MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Revisión bibliográfica y estudio descriptivo sobre la utilidad del diagnóstico fotodinámico en el TVNMI, en la recurrencia precoz y en la refractariedad a BCG publicados en la literatura médica universal. RESULTADOS: La cistoscopia fotodinámica aumenta la sensibilidad de detección del TVNMI, sobre todo del carcinoma in situ (CIS) desde un 15% hasta un 30% según las distintas series publicadas. En cuanto a la recidiva del tumor vesical de alto grado, la terapia fotodinámica aumenta el tiempo libre de enfermedad en un 20% de los pacientes. En el uso de técnicas fotodinámicas para la detección del CIS tras el uso de BCG, los estudios indican un aumento de sensibilidad con un incremento de la tasa de falsos positivos.CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico fotodinámico podría mejorar la sensibilidad para la detección precoz de pacientes con CIS y/o T1G3. Puede ser, a su vez, una alternativa en la recurrencia del cáncer vesical, sobre todo del CIS.

[Kidney cancer stage pT3a: Fat invasion versus renal vein invasion.] / Cáncer renal pT3a: infiltración grasa versus infiltración de vena renal.

OBJECTIVE: We discuss the influence that involvement of fat (perirenal, sinus) and vascular structures (renal vein, segmental veins) have on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) rates in renal cancer. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 140 stage pT3a kidney tumors (114 clear cell, 9 type I papillary, 6 type II papillary, 11 chromophobe) surgically treated between 1997 and 2015. We conducted a cancer-specific survival study (Kaplan Meier) and a univariate and multivariate analysis of the variables: perirenal fat invasion, sinus fat invasion, renal vein invasion, segmental vein invasion and Fuhrman grade. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 79 months, 47 deaths occurred overall (31.7%), 29 of which were due to the kidney tumor (CSM 20%). There were 50 cases of vascular invasion (35.7%), 40 cases with fat only invasion (28.6%) and 50 cases with invasion of both (35.7%). In the survival study, fat invasion had the least impact (17%), and invasion of both (fat and vascular structures) had the worst survival (48% of total mortality). Vascular invasion represents 35% of the mortality rate. In the multivariate study, Fuhrman grade 3-4 (HR 10.7), renal vein invasion (HR 9.2) and concomitant vascular and fat invasion (HR 5.6) are the factors with the greatest impact. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor fat invasion has a lower impact on the CSM of kidney cancer than vascular invasion.

[Training program in oncologic urology. Future prospectives.] / Programa formativo en urología oncológica. Perspectivas de futuro.

Urology is a medical-surgical specialty that deals with the study, diagnosis and treatment of the medical and surgical diseases of the urinary apparatus and retroperitoneum in both sexes and the male genital apparatus without age limit, due to congenital, traumatic, septic, metabolic, obstructive and oncological conditions. Urologic oncology is the broadest urological part, where research and new advances make continuous learning essential. In this chapter we treat all academic features related with training in the field of Urooncology.

[Training program in urological laparoscopic surgery. Future perspective.] / Programa formativo en cirugía laparoscópica urológica. Perspectivas de futuro.

Nowadays in urology, laparoscopic surgery is a reality that implies a very high percentage of the daily surgical activity. The interest in laparoscopy in urological pathology is undeniable, and the advantages for our patients with this approach are clear in most cases. But how do we deal with learning curve of this technique? What is the difficulty in laparoscopy training? What future perspectives might offer this approach? Difficulties in learning laparoscopy are easily identified and clear. The loss of the image in 3 dimensions, loss of touch, great dependence on surgical instruments, among others. For all these reasons, it seems common sense that the learning of laparoscopic surgery is structured and organized in a progressive increase in the difficulty of the exercises, which will seek to acquire the necessary skills before facing the patient inside the operating room.

Oncological outcomes of nephron sparing nephrectomy. 17-year analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Nephron sparing renal surgery is considered the technique of choice for renal tumors smaller than 4 cm. We present our oncological results in a 17-year period. METHODS: Between January 1995 and December 2012, 130 renal tumor surgeries (58 open, 72 laparoscopic) were performed. We analize the pathological results, presence of positive surgical margins, local relapse, distant metastases and death. RESULTS: The most frequent tumor was clear cell carcinoma (73%) in a pT1 stage (87%). Mean tumor size was 3 cm. Positive surgical margin rate was 7%, currently without any tumor recurrence among these cases (follow up 37 months). Cancer specific mortality is 0% and local recurrence rate 3%. Mean follow up is 71 months. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery results are similar to radical nephrectomy in tumors smaller than 4 cm. Positive surgical margins do not seem to have an important repercussion in cancer specific survival.

Incidence and management of isolated renal injury and polytrauma patients.

OBJECTIVES: The management of renal trauma has undergone important changes in recent years, the current tendency being more conservative than in the past. The present study analyzes our experience over the last 11 years in patients with isolated renal trauma or associated to other lesions. METHODS: Over an 11-year period (January 2001- December 2011 ) we documented a total of 149 renal injuries (47 isolated and 102 associated renal lesions ). An analysis was made of the demographic characteristics of the two groups, as well as of the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, grade of injury, associated lesions, emergency management, mortality, and length of stay. RESULTS: Closed trauma secondary to fall was the most frequent type of injury in both groups. The grade of injury proved similar in both (80%corresponding to grades 1-3 and 20% to grades 4-5). Conservative management was used in 93% of all isolated renal injuries and in 75.5% of the polytrauma patients with 10% and 5.7% failure rates respectively. Mortality rates were 0% and 7.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Renal injures are increasingly subjected to conservative management, with treatment generally being somewhat more aggressive in polytrauma patients.

[Evolution of the clinical presentation of renal cancer. Fifteen years experience]. / Evolución de las manifestaciones clínicas del cáncer renal. Experiencia de 15 años.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of the clinical presentation of this malignancy over time, and its possible prognostic repercussions. METHODS: A retrospective study of 538 patients subjected to surgery due to renal cancer in our hospital during the period 1995-2011. An analysis was made of the evolution of the clinical manifestations at the time of diagnosis, stratifying the results by years during four time periods. RESULTS: At the time of diagnosis, 53,4% of the patients were asymptomatic for 1995-1999 and 72% in the period 2008-2011. Pain is the symptom that occurs most frequently (18.8%) followed by hematuria (15.4% ). The proportion of symptomatic patients increases in relation to stage and histopathological grade. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation of renal cancer has evolved over the years, not in terms of symptoms, which when present are still similar, but in terms of their incidence.