Only half of the authors of overviews of exercise-related interventions use some strategy to manage overlapping primary studies-a metaresearch study.

OBJECTIVES: The conduct of systematic reviews (SRs) and overviews share several similarities. However, because the unit of analysis for overviews is the SRs, there are some unique challenges. One of the most critical issues to manage when conducting an overview is the overlap of data across the primary studies included in the SRs. This metaresearch study aimed to describe the frequency of strategies to manage the overlap in overviews of exercise-related interventions. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A systematic search in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, and other sources was conducted from inception to June 2022. We included overviews of SRs that considered primary studies and evaluated the effectiveness of exercise-related interventions for any health condition. The overviews were screened by two authors independently, and the extraction was performed by one author and checked by a second. We found 353 overviews published between 2005 and 2022 that met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-four overviews (46%) used at least one strategy to visualize, quantify, or resolve overlap, with a matrix (32/164; 20%), absolute frequency (34/164; 21%), and authors' algorithms (24/164; 15%) being the most used methods, respectively. From 2016 onwards, there has been a trend toward increasing the use of some strategies to manage overlap. Of the 108 overviews that used some strategy to resolve the overlap, ie, avoiding double or multiple counting of primary study data, 79 (73%) succeeded. In overviews where no strategies to manage overlap were reported (n = 189/353; 54%), 16 overview authors (8%) recognized this as a study limitation. CONCLUSION: Although there is a trend toward increasing its use, only half of the authors of the overviews of exercise-related interventions used a strategy to visualize, quantify, or resolve overlap in the primary studies' data. In the future, authors should report such strategies to communicate more valid results.

Selección del diseño apropiado en investigación biomédica: fundamentos y consideraciones para la práctica basada en evidencia. Parte I

En la investigación clínica es crucial realizar una selección adecuada del diseño de investigación. Cada tipo de diseño cumple con diferentes objetivos, desde examinar prevalencias mediante diseños transversales hasta analizar exposiciones a lo largo del tiempo en estudios de cohorte. Los diseños de investigación pueden ser clasificados en primarios, como los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, o secundarios, como las revisiones. También se dividen en experimentales, que evalúan intervenciones, y observacionales que simplemente observan sin intervenir. Al elegir el diseño más apropiado, se deben tener en cuenta la pregunta de investigación, los recursos disponibles y las consideraciones éticas. Una elección acertada garantiza la validez y aplicabilidad de los resultados, lo cual resulta beneficioso tanto para la medicina como para los pacientes.

In clinical research, it is crucial to make an appropriate selection of the research design. Each type of design meets different objectives, from examining prevalences through cross-sectional designs to analyzing exposures over time in cohort studies. Research designs can be classified as primary, such as randomized clinical trials, or secondary, such as reviews. They are also divided into experimental, which evaluate interventions, and observational, which simply observe without intervening. When choosing the most appropriate design, the research question, available resources, and ethical considerations should be taken into account. A correct choice guarantees the validity and applicability of the results, which is beneficial for both medicine and patients.

The influence of physical education at school on the attention of students aged 15-16 years / El impacto de la educación física en la escuela en la atención de los estudiantes de 15 a 16 años / O impacto da educação física na escola na atenção de estudantes de 15 a 16 anos

ABSTRACT Objectives: the influence of physical activity in physical education lessons on the attention indicators of schoolchildren. Material and Methods: 141 students, aged 15-16, who studied in the 9th grade, took part in the experiment. The main research method was the "Trondyke Test", which determines the level of attention development of students. The test was used before and after the physical education lesson 1 time per month for 5 months. Results: students who did not engage in physical education in the lesson were not able to significantly improve their performance in the test, which indicates a possible adaptation to the test after its first performance before the lesson. Students who were engaged in physical exercises could significantly increase the test results. Conclusion: the results obtained determine the effectiveness of the influence of a physical education lesson at school on the indicators of students attention. This study will serve as an additional motivation for students to engage in physical culture, since the impact of physical exercises has a positive effect not only on the development of physical qualities, but also on the attention of schoolchildren. Level of Evidence III; Retrospective Comparative Study.

RESUMEN Objetivos: la influencia de la actividad física en las clases de educación física en los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Material y métodos: Participaron en el experimento 141 escolares, de 15-16 años, que cursaban el noveno grado. El principal método de investigación fue la "Prueba de Trondyke", que determina el nivel de desarrollo de la atención de los escolares. La prueba se usó antes y después de la lección de educación física una vez al mes durante 5 meses. Resultados: los jóvenes que no participaron en educación física en la lección no pudieron mejorar significativamente su rendimiento en la prueba, lo que indica una posible adaptación a la prueba después de su primera actuación antes de la lección. Los escolares que realizaban ejercicios físicos pudieron aumentar significativamente los resultados de la prueba. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos determinan la efectividad de la influencia de una lección de educación física en la escuela sobre los indicadores de atención de los escolares. Este estudio servirá como una motivación adicional para que los estudiantes participen en la cultura física, ya que el impacto de los ejercicios físicos tiene un efecto positivo no solo en el desarrollo de las cualidades físicas, sino también en la atención de los escolares. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio Comparativo Retrospectivo.

RESUMO Objetivos: a influência da atividade física nas aulas de Educação Física nos indicadores de atenção dos escolares. Material e métodos: participaram do experimento 141 escolares, de 15 a 16 anos, que estudaram na 9a série. O principal método de pesquisa foi o "teste de Trondyke", que determina o nível de desenvolvimento da atenção dos escolares. O teste foi utilizado antes e depois da aula de Educação Física uma vez por mês durante 5 meses. Resultados: Os estudantes que não praticaram Educação Física na aula não conseguiram melhorar significativamente seu desempenho no teste, o que indica uma possível adaptação ao teste após sua primeira apresentação antes da aula. Os estudantes que estavam envolvidas em exercícios físicos foram capazes de aumentar significativamente os resultados do teste. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos determinam a eficácia da influência de uma aula de Educação Física na escola nos indicadores de atenção das crianças. Este estudo servirá como uma motivação adicional para os estudantes se envolverem na cultura física, uma vez que o impacto dos exercícios físicos tem um efeito positivo não apenas no desenvolvimento das qualidades físicas, mas também na atenção dos alunos. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Comparativo Retrospectivo.

Assessment of activities and participation of people by rehabilitation-focused clinical registries: a systematic scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Rehabilitation is considered a key intervention in health care. Clinical registries, defined as an organized system that uses observational methods to collect information to assess specific outcomes in a defined population, can contribute to assessing the impact of the rehabilitation intervention. This review aims to identify and describe rehabilitation-specific registry systems with an emphasis on identifying outcomes that enable the assessment of vital areas and activities of daily living. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic scoping review was conducted. A systematic search was conducted up to August 2022 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos, and other search resources. Studies related to rehabilitation registries presented data on people with health problems that could limit their functioning were selected. The inclusion of studies/clinical registries was not limited by methodological design, year of publication, country, or language. The unit of analysis was rehabilitation registries. The measurement instruments used to assess the outcomes were explored to estimate the domain assessed from the vital areas related to functioning and disability as described by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The vital areas were classified according to activities of daily living (ADLs). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Seventy-one registries in rehabilitation were identified. The registries included a median of 3 (IQR 2-5) assessment instruments designed to assess the impact of different rehabilitation programs. In total, 137 different assessment scales or instruments were identified. Each rehabilitation registry assessed 6 (IQR 2-8) domains of the ICF, and 15.4% of registries assessed all domains. The most assessed domain was "Mobility" (89.7%), and the least assessed was "General Tasks and Demands" (25.6%). In addition, 92.3% of rehabilitation registries assessed basic ADLs, 76.9% advanced ADLs, and 71.8% instrumental ADLs. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical registries do not claim to directly assess the impact of rehabilitation programs on people's functioning according to the ICF framework, it was identified that a low percentage of them assessed the nine vital areas through different outcome assessment instruments. However, most rehabilitation registries directly or indirectly assess some basic, instrumental, and advanced ADLs. The findings of this review highlight the need to improve the design of clinical registries focused on assessing the impact of rehabilitation programs to assess people in all areas of their lives.

Effectiveness of physical exercise programmes in reducing complications associated with secondary lymphoedema to breast cancer: a protocol for an overview of systematic reviews.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is one of the most underestimated and debilitating complications associated with the treatment that women with breast cancer receive. Several systematic reviews (SRs) of different physical exercise programmes have been published, presenting disperse and contradictory clinical results. Therefore, there is a need for access to the best available and summarised evidence to capture and evaluate all the physical exercise programmes that focus on reducing BCRL. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of different physical exercise programmes in reducing the volume of lymphoedema, pain intensity and improving quality of life. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: The protocol of this overview is reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols, and its methodology is based on Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Only those SRs involving physical exercise by patients with BCRL will be included, whether on its own or combined with other exercises or other physical therapy interventions.The outcomes of interest to be considered will be lymphoedema volume, quality of life, pain intensity, grip strength, range of motion, upper limb function and any adverse event. The MEDLINE/PubMed, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, PEDro and Embase databases will be searched for reports published from database inception to April 2023.Two researchers will perform study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment independently. Any discrepancy will be resolved by consensus, or ultimately, by a third-party reviewer. We will use Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation System to assess the overall quality of the body of evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The results of this overview will be published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals and the scientific dissemination will take place in national or international conferences. This study does not require approval from an ethics committee, as it does not directly collect information from patients. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022334433.