Perioperative Intravenous Dexamethasone Significantly Reduces Postoperative Opioid Requirement and Nausea After Unilateral Elective Hip Arthroscopy: A Randomized Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that dexamethasone has a positive effect on postoperative pain control, opioid consumption, nausea, and vomiting and length of hospital stay after arthroplasty surgery. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to assess whether adding perioperative dexamethasone to our current pain regimen after hip arthroscopy is more effective than a placebo. It was hypothesized that dexamethasone would reduce postoperative pain, reduce opioid consumption, improve subjective pain and nausea scores, and reduce the number of vomiting events. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A total of 50 patients requiring unilateral elective hip arthroscopy were randomized to receive intravenous dexamethasone immediately before induction of anesthesia and at 8 am on the first postoperative day (2 ×12 mg) or a placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%). The patient, the surgeons, the treating anesthesiologist, and the involved nursing and physical therapy personnel were blinded to group assignment. The primary outcome was postoperative pain, and secondary outcomes were opioid consumption and nausea scores-assessed using a translated revised version of the American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire 6 hours postoperatively and on days 1 and 2-and vomiting events. A clinical follow-up was performed 12 weeks postoperatively to assess adverse events. RESULTS: The mean age at inclusion was 29 years in both groups. Postoperative pain levels did not differ significantly in most instances. Opioid requirements during the hospitalization in the dexamethasone group were significantly lower than those in the placebo group (31.96 ± 20.56 mg vs 51.43 ± 38 mg; P = .014). Significantly fewer vomiting events were noted in the dexamethasone group (0.15 ± 0.59 vs 0.65 ± 0.91; P = .034). Descriptive data and surgical parameters did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION: Perioperative intravenous dexamethasone significantly reduced postoperative opioid consumption by 40% without compromising pain level and safety, as no corticosteroid-related side effects were observed. Dexamethasone may be a valuable adjuvant to a multimodal systemic pain regimen after hip arthroscopy. REGISTRATION: NCT04610398 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Posterior Quadratus Lumborum Block, A Novel Approach to Treat Chronic Hip Pain: A Case Series.

Osteoarthritis frequently results in chronic pain and has a major impact on patients' quality of life. We present a case series of 20 patients with chronic hip pain who received a posterior quadratus lumborum block with the aim of improving their pain and, consequently, their quality of life. The results showed global improvement in pain and quality of life. These preliminary results support our conclusion. Posterior quadratus lumborum block is a safe and minimally invasive option for refractory chronic hip pain.

Acute Extremity Compartment Syndrome and (Regional): Anesthesia: The Monster Under the Bed.

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a potential orthopedic emergency that leads, without prompt diagnosis and immediate treatment with surgical fasciotomy, to permanent disability. The role of regional anesthesia (RA) for analgesia in patients at risk for ACS remains unjustifiably controversial. This critical review aims to improve the perception of the published literature to answer the question, whether RA techniques actually delay or may even help to hasten the diagnosis of ACS. According to literature, peripheral RA alone does not delay ACS diagnosis and surgical treatment. Only in 4 clinical cases, epidural analgesia was associated with delayed ACS diagnosis.

Bladder management in patients undergoing spine surgery: An assessment of care delivery.

BACKGROUND: Lower urinary tract dysfunction is common in the early postoperative phase after spine surgery. Although it is essential for an optimal patient management to balance benefits and harms, it is not known which patient benefit from a perioperative indwelling catheter. We therefore evaluated urological parameters prior and after spine surgery performing a quality assessment of our current clinical practice in bladder management. METHODS: Preoperatively, all patients completed the International Prostate Symptom Score and were interviewed for urological history. Decision for preoperative urethral catheter placement was individually made by the responsible anesthesiologist according to an in-house protocol. Within and between group analyses using univariate and probability matching statistics were performed for patients with intraoperative urethral catheter-free management (n = 54) and those with a preoperatively placed catheter (n = 46). Post void residual (PVR) was measured prior and after surgery or after removal of the urethral catheter, respectively. The outcome measures consisted of postoperative urinary retention (POUR) and postoperative urological complications (PUC), defined as POUR and any catheter-related adverse events. RESULTS: Hundred patients undergoing spine surgery were prospectively evaluated. Sixteen of the 54 (30%) patients with urethral catheter-free management developed POUR. Length of surgery and volume of intravenous infusion were associated with POUR (p < 0.05). In the 46 preoperatively catheterized patients, re-catheterization was required in 6 (13%). In a fairly homogenous subgroup of 72 patients with a probability of PUC between 15 and 40%, no significant association between intraoperative urethral catheter-free management and the occurrence of PUC was found (odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 6.33; p = 0.193). CONCLUSIONS: In case of postoperative PVR monitoring allowing de novo catheterization as appropriate, urethral catheter-free management seems to be a valuable option in spine surgery since it does not to increase PUC but minimizes unnecessary catheterizations with their related complications.

Serratus intercostal interfascial plane block in supraumbilical surgery: a prospective randomized comparison.

BACKGROUND: Upper abdominal wall surgical incisions may lead to a severe postoperative pain. Therefore, adequate analgesia is important. Here we investigate whether the low serratus-intercostal interfascial plane block (SIPB) achieves an effective analgesia, considering opioids consumption, pain control and recovery quality in upper abdominal surgeries. METHODS: This blinded, randomized controlled study was conducted on 102 patients undergoing open upper abdominal wall surgery under general anesthesia. All patients who received serratus-intercostal plane block at the eighth rib as analgesic technique were included in SIPB group and in control group those who received continuous intravenous morphine analgesia. Pain scores in numeric verbal scale (NVS) and opioids consumption at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours postoperatively were assessed. The quality of the postoperative recovery was evaluated using the QoR-15 questionnaire at 24 hours. RESULTS: This study showed lower postoperative opioid consumption at 24 hours (P<0.0001; 4.17 mg vs. 41.52 mg of morphine) and better pain control (P<0.005) with mean pain scores (NVS 1.8±1.5 vs. 4.8±1.6) in group 0 (SIPB). The global QoR-15 scores 24 hours postoperatively were higher (better quality) in the SIPB group (122 vs. 100). CONCLUSIONS: The low serratus-intercostal interfascial plane block (SIPB) provides efficient analgesia leading to a saving of opioids and improvement of the recovery quality in patients undergoing upper abdominal wall surgeries.

Overexpression of alpha-synuclein promotes both cell proliferation and cell toxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.

Alpha-Synuclein (aSyn) is a chameleon-like protein. Its overexpression and intracellular deposition defines neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. Whether aSyn up-regulation is the cause or the protective reaction to α-synucleinopathies remains unresolved. Remarkably, the accumulation of aSyn is involved in cancer. Here, the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was genetically engineered to overexpress aSyn at low and at high levels. aSyn cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT and vital-dye exclusion methods, observed at the beginning of the sub-culture of low-aSyn overexpressing neurons when cells can barely proliferate exponentially. Conversely, high-aSyn overexpressing cultures grew at high rates while showing enhanced colony formation compared to low-aSyn neurons. Cytotoxicity of aSyn overexpression was indirectly revealed by the addition of pro-oxidant rotenone. Pretreatment with partially reduced graphene oxide, an apoptotic agent, increased toxicity of rotenone in low-aSyn neurons, but, it did not in high-aSyn neurons. Consistent with their enhanced proliferation, high-aSyn neurons showed elevated levels of SMP30, a senescence-marker protein, and the mitosis Ki-67 marker. High-aSyn overexpression conferred to the carcinogenic neurons heightened tumorigenicity and resistance to senescence compared to low-aSyn cells, thus pointing to an inadequate level of aSyn stimulation, rather than the aSyn overload itself, as one of the factors contributing to α-synucleinopathy.

How Anesthetic, Analgesic and Other Non-Surgical Techniques During Cancer Surgery Might Affect Postoperative Oncologic Outcomes: A Summary of Current State of Evidence.

The question of whether anesthetic, analgesic or other perioperative intervention during cancer resection surgery might influence long-term oncologic outcomes has generated much attention over the past 13 years. A wealth of experimental and observational clinical data have been published, but the results of prospective, randomized clinical trials are awaited. The European Union supports a pan-European network of researchers, clinicians and industry partners engaged in this question (COST Action 15204: Euro-Periscope). In this narrative review, members of the Euro-Periscope network briefly summarize the current state of evidence pertaining to the potential effects of the most commonly deployed anesthetic and analgesic techniques and other non-surgical interventions during cancer resection surgery on tumor recurrence or metastasis.

Early Recognition of a Transient Ischemic Attack Utilizing Cerebral Oxygenation Monitoring During Shoulder Surgery in the Beach Chair Position: A Case Report.

Shoulder surgery in the beach chair position is routinely performed, and central neurological events are rare but potentially devastating. We present a patient with transient neurological deficits after a sudden blood pressure drop with a simultaneous decrease of regional cerebral saturation values registered by cerebral oximetry. We reviewed published cases and proposed possible strategies to prevent the occurrence of similar complications in this context.

Efficient RNA interference-based knockdown of mutant torsinA reveals reversibility of PERK-eIF2α pathway dysregulation in DYT1 transgenic rats in vivo.

DYT1 dystonia is a neurological disease caused by a dominant mutation that results in the loss of a glutamic acid in the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein torsinA. Currently, treatments are symptomatic and only provide partial relief. Multiple reports support the hypothesis that selectively reducing expression of mutant torsinA without affecting levels of the wild type protein should be beneficial. Published cell-based studies support this hypothesis. It is unclear, however, if phenotypes are reversible by targeting the molecular defect once established in vivo. Here, we generated adeno-associated virus encoding artificial microRNA targeting human mutant torsinA and delivered them to the striatum of symptomatic transgenic rats that express the full human TOR1A mutant gene. We achieved efficient suppression of human mutant torsinA expression in DYT1 transgenic rats, partly reversing its accumulation in the nuclear envelope. This intervention rescued PERK-eIF2α pathway dysregulation in striatal projection neurons but not behavioral abnormalities. Moreover, we found abnormal expression of components of dopaminergic neurotransmission in DYT1 rat striatum, which were not normalized by suppressing mutant torsinA expression. Our findings demonstrate the reversibility of translational dysregulation in DYT1 neurons and confirm the presence of abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission in DYT1 dystonia.

The beach chair position for shoulder surgery in intravenous general anesthesia and controlled hypotension: Impact on cerebral oxygenation, cerebral blood flow and neurobehavioral outcome.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of intravenous general anesthesia and controlled hypotension on cerebral saturation (rScO2), cerebral blood flow measured as middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vmax MCA) and neurobehavioral outcome in patients scheduled for shoulder surgery in beach chair position. DESIGN: Prospective, assessor-blinded observational study. SETTING: University hospital, shoulder surgery operating room. PATIENTS: Forty ASA I-II patients scheduled for shoulder surgery in beach chair position and controlled hypotension. INTERVENTIONS: Neurological and neurobehavioral tests were performed prior and the day after surgery. The baseline data for near-infrared spectroscopy, bispectral index, cerebral blood flow, PaCO2 and invasive blood pressure (radial artery) were taken prior anesthesia and after anesthesia induction, after beach chair positioning and all 20 min after surgery start until discharge of the patient. MEASUREMENTS: Neurological and neurobehavioral tests, cerebral saturation (rScO2) using near-infrared spectroscopy, BIS, cerebral blood flow using Doppler of the middle cerebral artery (Vmax MCA), PaCO2 and invasive blood pressure assessed at heart and at the external acoustic meatus level. MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of cerebral desaturation events (CDEs) was 25%. The blood pressure drop 5 min after beach chair position measured at the acoustic meatus level in the CDE group was higher compared to patients without CDEs (p = 0.009) as was the rScO2 (p = 0.039) and the Vmax MCA (p = 0.002). There were no neurological deficits but patients with CDEs showed a greater negative impact on neurobehavioral tests 24 h after surgery compared to patients without CDEs (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In ASA I-II patients intravenous general anesthesia and controlled hypotension in the beach chair position affects cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation with impact on the neurobehavioral outcome.

Spinal versus general anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery in high risk patients: Perioperative hemodynamic stability, complications and costs.

OBJECTIVE: More stable perioperative hemodynamic conditions, lower costs and a lower perioperative complication rate were reported in young healthy patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery in spinal anesthesia (SA) compared to general anesthesia (GA). However, the benefits of SA in high risk patients (ASA≥II suffering from cardiovascular and/or pulmonary pathologies) undergoing this surgery are unclear. Our objective was to analyze whether SA leads to an improved perioperative hemodynamic stability and to a more cost-effective management compared to GA in high risk patients undergoing this surgery. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis 146 ASA II-III patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery in SA were compared with 292 ASA I-III patients who were operated in GA between 2000 and 2014. Hemodynamic effects, hospitalization times, complications, and costs according to the Swiss billing system were assessed. The data extraction was conducted according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative for cohort studies. RESULTS: The patients in the SA group were older (75years (±9.6) vs 69 (±11.5), p<0.001), had a lower BMI (25.8kg/m2 (±4.8) vs 27.2 (±4.7), p=0.003) and showed a higher ASA score (3 vs 2, p<0.001). However, SA was associated with significantly better perioperative hemodynamic stability with less need for intraoperative vasopressors (15% vs 57%, p<0.001), volume supplementation (1113ml ±458 vs 1589±644, p<0.001) and transfusions (0% vs 4%, p<0.001). Additionally, the number of hypotension episodes was lower in the SA group (15% vs 47%, p<0.001). Furthermore, the SA group showed a significantly shorter duration of surgery (70min (±1.2) vs 91 (±41), p<0.001), lower postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (4% vs 28%, p<0.001) and pain in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) (visual analogue scale (VAS) 2.3 (±1.1) vs 0.8 (±0.8), p<0.001), whereas pain after 24h did not differ (VAS 0.9 (±1) vs 0.8 (±1.1), p=ns). The postoperative complication (7% vs 5%, p=0.286) and revision rates (4% vs 5%, p=0.626) were similar in both groups. Total costs (United States Dollars (USD) 6377 (±2332) vs 7018 (±4056), p=0.003) and PACU time were significantly lower in the SA group (35min (±12) vs 109 (±173), p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar spine surgery in cardiovascular high risk patients with SA is safe, allows good perioperative hemodynamic stability and might lead to lower health care costs. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Intra-osseous local anaesthetic patellar pain catheter suppresses osteoarthritic patello-femoral pain.

BACKGROUND: The source of pain in patellofemoral osteoarthritis is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the origin of pain using intraosseous pain catheters and to show early results with an osteotomy that is potentially denervating and hydrostatic pressure-relieving. METHODS: Five patients with patellofemoral osteoarthritis and pain with straight downward patellofemoral compression were included. All underwent arthroscopic placement of two 0.8mm catheters into the medial and lateral patella prior to subsequent patellar facetectomy with an incomplete horizontal patellar osteotomy. The catheters were first flushed with 0.5ml saline, then with local anaesthetic to determine pain response. After a mean of 44months the latest clinical examination was performed. RESULTS: Instillation of less than 0.5ml of saline provoked sharp pain, which could be localised by all patients as medial or lateral within the patella. Subsequent instillation of local anaesthetic suppressed the mean patellar tenderness during axial compression from VAS 6 to VAS 1. In one of the five patients, patellar osteotomy did not relieve symptoms and further surgical intervention was required. The remaining four patients experienced a clinical improvement with a mean subjective knee value of 55 (range 40 to 65) out of 100. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on intraosseous catheters applying local anaesthetics into bone. There is a surprisingly precise intraosseous spatial resolution of pain perception in the patella and triggering of pain in osteoarthritis appears at least in part to occur through intraosseous increase of hydrostatic pressure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Case Series.

Is outpatient continuous regional analgesia more effective and equally safe than single-shot peripheral nerve blocks after ambulatory orthopedic surgery?

INTRODUCTION: Continuous regional analgesia is an established technique for effective postoperative pain treatment, particularly after orthopedic surgical procedures. Even if it has been increasingly applied to the outpatient setting as well, many anesthesiologists are still reluctant to discharge patients with a perineural catheter in place. Aim of this review was to clarify the evidences about safety and effectiveness of outpatient continuous peripheral nerve blocks. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of all prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials of the last 20 years on outpatient continuous peripheral nerve blocks after ambulatory orthopedic surgery was performed, using both PubMed and OVID databases were. Study quality was assessed using the modified Jadad Scale. Primary outcomes were pain at 24 and 48 hours and morphine consumption. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Five studies matched the inclusion criteria and were considered of good quality to be included in the review process. All these studies consistently showed a better pain control both at rest and during movement within the first postoperative day, leading to a reduced opioid consumption in patients treated with outpatient continuous regional analgesia. However, only three studies showed these advantages to be sustained longer than the first 24 hours postoperatively. No severe complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: High-quality evidences about outpatient regional analgesia are scarce. Considering the advantages of continuous peripheral nerve blocks in the inpatient setting more prospective studies assessing also functional recovery are needed to further implement these techniques in the ambulatory setting.

Cell survival and differentiation with nanocrystalline glass-like carbon using substantia nigra dopaminergic cells derived from transgenic mouse embryos.

Regenerative medicine requires, in many cases, physical supports to facilitate appropriate cellular architecture, cell polarization and the improvement of the correct differentiation processes of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent cells or adult cells. Because the interest in carbon nanomaterials has grown within the last decade in light of a wide variety of applications, the aim of this study was to test and evaluate the suitability and cytocompatibility of a particular nanometer-thin nanocrystalline glass-like carbon film (NGLC) composed of curved graphene flakes joined by an amorphous carbon matrix. This material is a disordered structure with high transparency and electrical conductivity. For this purpose, we used a cell line (SN4741) from substantia nigra dopaminergic cells derived from transgenic mouse embryos. Cells were cultured either in a powder of increasing concentrations of NGLC microflakes (82±37µm) in the medium or on top of nanometer-thin films bathed in the same culture medium. The metabolism activity of SN4741 cells in presence of NGLC was assessed using methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and apoptosis/necrosis flow cytometry assay respectively. Growth and proliferation as well as senescence were demonstrated by western blot (WB) of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), monoclonal phosphorylate Histone 3 (serine 10) (PH3) and SMP30 marker. Specific dopaminergic differentiation was confirmed by the WB analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Cell maturation and neural capability were characterized using specific markers (SYP: synaptophysin and GIRK2: G-protein-regulated inward-rectifier potassium channel 2 protein) via immunofluorescence and coexistence measurements. The results demonstrated cell positive biocompatibility with different concentrations of NGLC. The cells underwent a process of adaptation of SN4741 cells to NGLC where their metabolism decreases. This process is related to a decrease of PH3 expression and significant increase SMP30 related to senescence processes. After 7 days, the cells increased the expression of TH and PCNA that is related to processes of DNA replication. On the other hand, cells cultured on top of the film showed axonal-like alignment, edge orientation, and network-like images after 7 days. Neuronal capability was demonstrated to a certain extent through the analysis of significant coexistence between SYP and GIRK2. Furthermore, we found a direct relationship between the thickness of the films and cell maturation. Although these findings share certain similarities to our previous findings with graphene oxide and its derivatives, this particular nanomaterial possesses the advantages of high conductivity and transparency. In conclusion, NGLC could represent a new platform for biomedical applications, such as for use in neural tissue engineering and biocompatible devices.

Transfer of skills and comparison of performance between king vision® video laryngoscope and macintosh blade following an AHA airway management course.

BACKGROUND: To potentially optimize intubation skill teaching in an American Heart Association® Airway Management Course® for novices, we investigated the transfer of skills from video laryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy and vice versa using King Vision® and Macintosh blade laryngoscopes respectively. METHODS: Ninety volunteers (medical students, residents and staff physicians) without prior intubation experience were randomized into three groups to receive intubation training with either King Vision® or Macintosh blade or both. Afterwards they attempted intubation on two human cadavers with both tools. The primary outcome was skill transfer from video laryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy assessed by first attempt success rates within 60 s. Secondary outcomes were skill transfer in the opposite direction, the efficacy of teaching both tools, and the success rates and esophageal intubation rates of Macintosh blade versus King Vision®. RESULTS: Performance with the Macintosh blade was identical following training with either Macintosh blade or King Vision® (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-2.6). Performance with the King Vision® was significantly better in the group that was trained on it (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-5.9). Success rate within 60 s with Macintosh blade was 48% compared to 52% with King Vision® (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.4-2.0). Rate of esophageal intubations with Macintosh blade was significantly higher (17% versus 4%, OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.1-23). CONCLUSIONS: We found better skill transfer from King Vision® to Macintosh blade than vice versa and fewer esophageal intubations with video laryngoscopy. For global skill improvement in an airway management course for novices, teaching only video laryngoscopy may be sufficient. However, success rates were low for both devices.

Cerebral oxygenation in the beach chair position for shoulder surgery in regional anesthesia: impact on cerebral blood flow and neurobehavioral outcome.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Beach chair position is considered a potential risk factor for central neurological events particularly if combined with low blood pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of regional anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and neurobehavioral outcome. DESIGN: This is a prospective, assessor-blinded observational study evaluating patients in the beach chair position undergoing shoulder surgery under regional anesthesia. SETTING: University hospital operating room. PATIENTS: Forty patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists classes I-II physical status scheduled for elective shoulder surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Cerebral saturation and blood flow of the middle cerebral artery were measured prior to anesthesia and continued after beach chair positioning until discharge to the postanesthesia care unit. The anesthesiologist was blinded for these values. Controlled hypotension with systolic blood pressure≤100mm Hg was maintained during surgery. MEASUREMENTS: Neurobehavioral tests and values of regional cerebral saturation, bispectral index, the mean maximal blood flow of the middle cerebral artery, and invasive blood pressure were measured prior to regional anesthesia, and measurements were repeated after placement of the patient on the beach chair position and every 20 minutes thereafter until discharge to postanesthesia care unit. The neurobehavioral tests were repeated the day after surgery. MAIN RESULTS: The incidence of cerebral desaturation events was 5%. All patients had a significant blood pressure drop 5 minutes after beach chair positioning, measured at the heart as well as the acoustic meatus levels, when compared with baseline values (P<.05). There was no decrease in either the regional cerebral saturation (P=.136) or the maximal blood flow of the middle cerebral artery (P=.212) at the same time points. Some neurocognitive tests showed an impairment 24 hours after surgery (P<.001 for 2 of 3 tests). CONCLUSIONS: Beach chair position in patients undergoing regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery had no major impact on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygenation. However, some impact on neurobehavioral outcome 24 hours after surgery was observed.

Can the choice of the local anesthetic have an impact on ambulatory surgery perioperative costs? Chloroprocaine for popliteal block in outpatient foot surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Short-acting regional anesthetics have already been successfully used for peripheral nerve blocks in an ambulatory surgery setting. However, the impact on direct and indirect perioperative costs comparing 2 different short-acting local anesthetics has not been performed yet. DESIGN: Observational, prospective, case-control, cost-minimization study. SETTING: Operating room, regional hospital PATIENTS: One hundred adult American Society of Anesthesiologists status I-III patients scheduled for popliteal block after minor ambulatory foot surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Application of 30 mL chloroprocaine 3% or of 30 mL mepivacaine 1.5% for anesthesia. MEASUREMENTS: Cost-minimization evaluation. Direct and indirect perioperative costs were calculated. Block success, onset time and block duration, patient satisfaction, and unplanned outpatient visits or readmissions after discharge were also assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Onset time (sensory: 4.3 ± 2.4 vs 11.5 ± 3.2 minutes; motor: 7.1 ± 3.7 vs 18.4 ± 4.5 minutes) and block duration (sensory: 105 ± 26 vs 317 ± 46 minutes; motor: 91 ± 25 vs 216 ± 31 minutes) were significantly shorter (P < .001) when chloroprocaine 3% was used. This translated to P < .001, basically due to a faster discharge home 55 ± 1 vs 175 ± 2 minutes; P < .001) in favor of chloroprocaine 3%, without negatively affecting either block efficacy or patients satisfaction. There were no unplanned outpatient visits or readmissions and no complications in the follow-up at 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the more expensive chloroprocaine 3% for ambulatory foot surgery can reduce total perioperative costs and reduce length of stay in outpatient patients. Moreover, the saved time and personal resources could be used for additional cases, further increasing the revenues of an ambulatory surgical center.

Novel Protocol for Knee Mobilization Under Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Blocks for Postoperative Knee Stiffness.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent femoral and sciatic nerve blocks combined with an in-house physiotherapy protocol for treating postoperative knee stiffness. Sixty-eight patients with postoperative knee stiffness were evaluated for passive knee flexion and extension at different time points, beginning preoperatively and continuing throughout a median 10-month follow-up after mobilization intervention. Sciatic and femoral nerve catheters were activated 1 hour prior to each physiotherapy session, which was performed twice per day and supported by a continuous passive range of motion machine. Median time from admission to catheter removal was 4 days (range, 1-8 days). Mean hospital length of stay was 7 days (range, 2-19 days). Overall mean flexion increased significantly from pretreatment (74°) to discharge (109°; P<.01). There was no significant difference in mean flexion at 6-week follow-up compared with that at discharge (108°; P=.764), but there was a significant increase in flexion at final follow-up (120°; P=.002). Overall mean knee extension lag decreased significantly from pretreatment (5°) to discharge (0.4°; P=.001). There was no significant increase in mean extension lag from discharge to final follow-up (1°; P=.2). Overall, 11 patients underwent revision surgery for persistent stiffness. This novel protocol for continuous knee mobilization under perineural blocks is a valuable alternative to knee manipulation under anesthesia for this select group of procedures. The 2 techniques produced a similar early range of motion gain, but the reported protocol resulted in less range of motion loss at follow-up and fewer possible complications. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(4):e708-e714.].