Psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy: population co-occurrence, genetic correlations and causal effects.

Background: Psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with epilepsy. Reasons for the co-occurrence of psychiatric conditions and epilepsy remain poorly understood. Aim: We aimed to triangulate the relationship between epilepsy and psychiatric conditions to determine the extent and possible origins of these conditions. Methods: Using nationwide Swedish health registries, we quantified the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy. We then used summary data from genome-wide association studies to investigate whether the identified observational associations could be attributed to a shared underlying genetic aetiology using cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression. Finally, we assessed the potential bidirectional relationships using two-sample Mendelian randomisation. Results: In a cohort of 7 628 495 individuals, we found that almost half of the 94 435 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy were also diagnosed with a psychiatric condition in their lifetime (adjusted lifetime prevalence, 44.09%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.78% to 44.39%). We found evidence for a genetic correlation between epilepsy and some neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. For example, we observed a genetic correlation between epilepsy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (rg=0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.27, p<0.001)-a correlation that was more pronounced in focal epilepsy (rg=0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.36, p<0.001). Findings from Mendelian randomisation using common genetic variants did not support bidirectional effects between epilepsy and neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. Conclusions: Psychiatric comorbidities are common in patients with epilepsy. Genetic correlations may partially explain some comorbidities; however, there is little evidence of a bidirectional relationship between the genetic liability of epilepsy and psychiatric conditions. These findings highlight the need to understand the role of environmental factors or rare genetic variations in the origins of psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy.

Life's Essential 8 is inversely associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Life's Essential 8 (LE8) is a score that includes modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Four health behaviors (diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure and sleep health) and four health factors (non-HDL cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure and body mass index) are included. These modifiable risk factors promote inflammation, and inflammation is one of the biological mechanisms of cardiovascular disease development. Thus, we examined the relationship between cardiovascular health measured by LE8 and low-grade inflammation measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the cross-sectional population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). The study consisted of 28,010 participants between 50 and 64 years (51.5% women, mean age 57.5 years). All individual LE8 components were assigned a score between 0 (unhealthy) and 100 (healthy) points, and a global score was calculated. The association between LE8 scores and high-risk hs-CRP (defined as > 3.0 mg/L) was analyzed using adjusted logistic regression with spline analyses. There was a strong, dose response and inverse association between LE8 scores and levels of hs-CRP. Thus, those with a low LE8 score (= 50.0 points) had 5.8 higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2-6.4) odds ratio (OR) of having high hs-CRP as compared to those with a high LE8 score (= 80.0 points). In conclusion, our findings show strong inverse associations between LE8 scores and levels of hs-CRP.

Sex differences in self-harm and suicide in young autistic adults.

INTRODUCTION: Both suicide and self-harm are disproportionately common in autistic people. Sex differences in risk of self-harm and suicide are observed in the general population, but findings are mixed for autistic people. Self-cutting may be a particularly risky self-harm behaviour for suicide in autistic people. We aimed to explore sex differences and differences in method of self-harm in the association between self-harm and suicide in autistic and non-autistic adolescents and young adults. METHODS: We used a total population register of 2.8 million Swedish residents. Participants were followed from age 12 until December 2021 for medical treatment because of self-harm, and death from suicide. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of death from suicide following self-harm, and Relative Excessive Risk due to Interaction (RERI) to explore the interaction between self-harm and autism in females and males. RESULTS: We identified 85,143 autistic individuals (31,288 female; 53,855 male) and 2,628,382 non-autistic individuals (1,286,481 female; 1,341,901 male) aged 12-37 years. Incidence of suicide following self-harm was higher in autistic males (incidence per 100,000 risk-years = 169.0 [95% CI 135.1, 211.3]) than females (125.4 [99.4, 158.3]). The relative risk was higher for autistic females (HR 26.1 [95% CI 20.2, 33.7]) than autistic males (12.5 [9.9, 15.8]). An additive effect of both autism and self-harm was observed in both females (RERI = 9.8) and males (2.0). Autistic individuals who self-harmed through cutting were at greatest risk of death from suicide (HR 25.1 [17.9, 35.2]), compared to other methods. CONCLUSION: Autistic males and females are at increased risk of death from suicide following severe self-harm, particularly self-cutting.

Adolescent Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Cancer in Late Adulthood: Nationwide Sibling-Controlled Cohort Study.

Objective: To investigate whether the higher risks of certain cancers associated with high cardiorespiratory fitness can be explained by increased detection and unobserved confounders. Design: Nationwide sibling-controlled cohort study of adolescents. Setting: Sweden. Participants: 1 124 049 men of which 477 453 were full siblings, who underwent mandatory military conscription examinations between 1972 and 1995 at a mean age of 18.3 years. Main outcome measures: Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of overall cancer diagnosis and cancer mortality, and 14 site-specific cancers (diagnosis or death), as recorded in the Swedish National Patient Register or Cause of Death Register until 31 December 2023, modelled using flexible parametric regressions. Results: Participants were followed until a median (maximum) age of 55.9 (73.5) years, during which 98 410 were diagnosed with cancer and 16 789 had a cancer-related death (41 293 and 6908 among full siblings respectively). The most common cancers were non-melanoma skin (27 105 diagnoses & 227 deaths) and prostate cancer (24 211 diagnoses & 869 deaths). In cohort analysis, those in the highest quartile of cardiorespiratory fitness had a higher risk of prostate (adjusted HR 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.16) and skin cancer (e.g., non-melanoma HR 1.44; 1.37 to 1.50) compared to those in the lowest quartile, which led to a higher risk of any type of cancer diagnosis (HR 1.08; 1.06 to 1.11). However, those in the highest quartile had a lower risk of cancer mortality (HR 0.71; 0.67 to 0.76). When comparing full siblings, and thereby controlling for all behavioural, environmental, and genetic factors they share, the excess risk of prostate (HR 1.01; 0.90 to 1.13) and skin cancer (e.g., non-melanoma HR 1.09; 0.99 to 1.20) attenuated to the null. In contrast, the lower risk of overall cancer mortality was still statistically significant after control for such shared confounders (HR 0.78; 0.68 to 0.89). For other site-specific cancers, the influence of such confounding tended to vary, but none showed the same excess risk as prostate and non-melanoma skin cancer. Conclusions: The association between high levels of adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness and excess risk of some cancers, such as prostate and non-melanoma skin cancer, appears to be fully explained by unobserved confounders shared between full siblings. However, the protective association with cancer mortality persists even after control for such confounding.

Associations of psychological factors with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular health in middle-age: the population-based Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage study (SCAPIS).

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health issue, primarily caused by atherosclerosis. Psychological factors may play a role in the development and progression of CVD. However, the relationship between psychological factors and atherosclerosis is complex and poorly understood. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the association of psychological factors with (i) coronary and carotid atherosclerosis and (ii) cardiovascular health according to Life's Essential 8, in a large Swedish cohort. METHODS: This study utilized data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS), a large population-based project including individuals aged 50 to 65 years. Several psychological factors were analysed: general stress, stress at work, financial stress, major adverse life events, locus of control, feeling depressed, and depression. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed as the degree of stenosis by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) scores. Carotid atherosclerosis was examined using ultrasound. In addition, cardiovascular health was examined using the Life's Essential 8 concept created by the American Heart Association, which includes four health behaviors and four health factors. Associations were examined through binomial logistic regression (atherosclerosis variables) and linear regression (Life's Essential 8). RESULTS: A total of 25,658 participants were included in the study. The presence of financial stress, higher locus of control, and depression was weakly associated with increased odds of CCTA stenosis, CAC ≥ 1 and the presence of carotid plaques (all odds ratios: 1.10-1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.32) after adjusting for sex, age, and study site. However, these associations were attenuated and not statistically significant after additional adjustments for socioeconomic factors and health behaviors. Conversely, we observed inverse associations between the worst category for all psychological factors and cardiovascular health according to Life's Essential 8 score (all standardized ß-Coefficient ≤-0.033, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While there were no strong and consistent associations between psychological factors and atherosclerosis, the consistent associations of psychological factors with cardiovascular health by Life's Essential 8 may have relevance for future CVD risk. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the long-term effects of psychological factors on atherosclerosis development and cardiovascular health.

Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy and Children's Risk of Autism, ADHD, and Intellectual Disability.

Importance: Several studies suggest that acetaminophen (paracetamol) use during pregnancy may increase risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. If true, this would have substantial implications for management of pain and fever during pregnancy. Objective: To examine the associations of acetaminophen use during pregnancy with children's risk of autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nationwide cohort study with sibling control analysis included a population-based sample of 2 480 797 children born in 1995 to 2019 in Sweden, with follow-up through December 31, 2021. Exposure: Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy prospectively recorded from antenatal and prescription records. Main Outcomes and Measures: Autism, ADHD, and intellectual disability based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes in health registers. Results: In total, 185 909 children (7.49%) were exposed to acetaminophen during pregnancy. Crude absolute risks at 10 years of age for those not exposed vs those exposed to acetaminophen were 1.33% vs 1.53% for autism, 2.46% vs 2.87% for ADHD, and 0.70% vs 0.82% for intellectual disability. In models without sibling control, ever-use vs no use of acetaminophen during pregnancy was associated with marginally increased risk of autism (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05 [95% CI, 1.02-1.08]; risk difference [RD] at 10 years of age, 0.09% [95% CI, -0.01% to 0.20%]), ADHD (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.05-1.10]; RD, 0.21% [95% CI, 0.08%-0.34%]), and intellectual disability (HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00-1.10]; RD, 0.04% [95% CI, -0.04% to 0.12%]). To address unobserved confounding, matched full sibling pairs were also analyzed. Sibling control analyses found no evidence that acetaminophen use during pregnancy was associated with autism (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.93-1.04]; RD, 0.02% [95% CI, -0.14% to 0.18%]), ADHD (HR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.94-1.02]; RD, -0.02% [95% CI, -0.21% to 0.15%]), or intellectual disability (HR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.92-1.10]; RD, 0% [95% CI, -0.10% to 0.13%]). Similarly, there was no evidence of a dose-response pattern in sibling control analyses. For example, for autism, compared with no use of acetaminophen, persons with low (<25th percentile), medium (25th-75th percentile), and high (>75th percentile) mean daily acetaminophen use had HRs of 0.85, 0.96, and 0.88, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Acetaminophen use during pregnancy was not associated with children's risk of autism, ADHD, or intellectual disability in sibling control analysis. This suggests that associations observed in other models may have been attributable to familial confounding.

The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity in Stockholm County - Evidence from time series models of smartphone measured daily steps data spanning over 3 years.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that physical activity levels decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies often relied on self-reported physical activity, which has low accuracy. Studies based on objectively measured physical activity have had short data collection periods, thereby not allowing the consideration of pre-pandemic levels of physical activity or the influence over the different waves of the pandemic. METHODS: In this study, we utilize smartphone-measured step data from a nonprobability sample in Stockholm County, Sweden, where measures to limit the spread of COVID-19 differed from those in many other countries. The results are based on 522 individuals and 532,739 person-days with step data spanning from 2019 to 2021. Generalized additive models were fitted for each individual, and meta-regression was used to combine the results from individual models. RESULTS: Daily steps decreased during the first wave but increased during the third wave compared to individual pre-pandemic levels. The decrease in daily steps occurred primarily in young individuals and those with occupations allowing remote work. Individuals of retirement age on the contrary increased their daily steps during the same period. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveal that the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic was temporary and that younger age and the possibility of working from home were associated with a decreasing trend in physical activity.

Physical fitness in male adolescents and atherosclerosis in middle age: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between physical fitness in male adolescents and coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in middle age. METHODS: This population-based cohort study linked physical fitness data from the Swedish Military Conscription Register during adolescence to atherosclerosis data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study in middle age. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a maximal cycle-ergometer test, and knee extension muscular strength was evaluated through an isometric dynamometer. Coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated via Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) stenosis and Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) scores, while carotid plaques were evaluated by ultrasound. The associations were analysed using multinomial logistic regression, adjusted (marginal) prevalences and restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: The analysis included 8986 male adolescents (mean age 18.3 years) with a mean follow-up of 38.2 years. Physical fitness showed a reversed J-shaped association with CCTA stenosis and CAC, but no consistent association was observed for carotid plaques. After adjustments, compared with adolescents in the lowest tertile of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength, those in the highest tertile had 22% (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.99) and 26% (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.93) lower ORs for severe (≥50%) coronary stenosis, respectively. The highest physical fitness group (high cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength) had 33% (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.52 to 0.87) lower OR for severe coronary stenosis compared with those with the lowest physical fitness. CONCLUSION: This study supports that a combination of high cardiorespiratory fitness and high muscular strength in adolescence is associated with lower coronary atherosclerosis, particularly severe coronary stenosis, almost 40 years later.

Mode of delivery and subsequent self-perceived sexual life satisfaction: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The potential association between mode of obstetrical delivery and subsequent sexual outcomes of the birthing parent remains uncertain and has not been well investigated from the perspective of positive sexual life satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate if there was any association between mode of delivery and subsequent sexual life satisfaction of the birthing parent. A secondary aim was to assess the extent to which this association changed when stratified by time elapsed since delivery. STUDY DESIGN: The study matched participants in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort with deliveries recorded in the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Any deliveries recorded in the registry before the participation in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort were included (n=46,078). The length of time from delivery to outcome assessment varied from 1 month to 41 years (mean, 18 years [±10.8]). Mode of delivery was retrieved from the same registry, whereas self-perceived sexual life satisfaction was retrieved from the Stockholm Public Health Cohort Questionnaires where participants had assessed their sexual life satisfaction as 1 out of 5 mutually exclusive options. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test for any association between mode of delivery (cesarean, instrumental, and spontaneous vaginal delivery) and sexual life satisfaction, both overall and stratified by time elapsed since delivery. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, no statistically significant (P < .05) difference in subsequent sexual life satisfaction of the birthing parent between modes of delivery was identified. Adjusted odds ratios for assessing sexual life satisfaction as the lowest level ("very unsatisfactory") were 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.25) for cesarean delivery and 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.35) for instrumental delivery, compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery. The difference in covariate-adjusted prevalence of the lowest level of sexual life satisfaction among the different groups categorized by time since delivery was small: 4.0% (95% confidence interval, 2.4%-5.6%) for cesarean delivery as opposed to 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 2.1%-3.6%) for spontaneous vaginal delivery within 2 years since delivery. CONCLUSION: These findings do not support any impact of mode of delivery on the subsequent self-perceived sexual life satisfaction among birthing people, either overall or across different time periods since delivery.

Life's Essential 8 in relation to self-rated health and health-related quality of life in a large population-based sample: the SCAPIS project.

PURPOSE: To monitor cardiovascular health, in 2022, the American Heart Association (AHA) updated the construct "Life's Simple 7" (LS7) to "Life's Essential 8" (LE8). This study aims to analyze the associations and capacity of discrimination of LE8 and LS7 in relation to self-rated health (SRH) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: This study from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) included 28 731 Swedish participants, aged 50-64 years. Three different scores were derived from the SF-12 questionnaire: 1-item question SRH ("In general, would you say your health is …?"), mental-HRQoL and physical-HRQoL. Logistic regression, restricted cubic splines, and ROC analysis were used to study the associations between the AHA scores in relation to SRH and HRQoL. RESULTS: Compared to those with a LE8 score of 80, participants with a LE8 score of 40 were 14.8 times more likely to report poor SRH (OR: 14.8, 95% CI: 13.0-17.0), after adjustments. Moreover, they were more likely to report a poor mental-HRQoL (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 4.2-5.6) and a poor physical-HRQoL (OR: 8.0, 95% CI: 7.0-9.3). Area under curves for discriminating poor SRH were 0.696 (95% CI: 0.687-0.704), 0.666 (95% CI: 0.657-0.674), and 0.643 (95% CI: 0.634-0.651) for LE8, LS7 (0-14), and LS7 (0-7), respectively, all p values < 0.001 in the DeLong's tests. CONCLUSION: LE8 and LS7 had strong and inverse associations with SRH, mental-HRQoL, and physical-HRQoL, though LE8 had a somewhat higher capacity of discrimination than LS7. The novel LE8, a construct initially conceived to monitor cardiovascular health, also conveys SRH and HRQoL.

Maternal intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and neurodevelopmental conditions in offspring: A population-based cohort study of 2 million Swedish children.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most common obstetric liver disorder and is associated with an increased risk of iatrogenic preterm birth and adverse infant outcomes. Hence, there are several plausible pathways through which ICP could affect offspring neurodevelopment. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated these associations. Thus, we aimed to determine whether ICP is associated with offspring neurodevelopmental conditions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this Swedish register-based cohort study, we included singleton non-adopted children born in Sweden between the 1st of January 1987 and the 31st of December 2010, who were resident in Sweden >5 years, with no missing covariate information, which we followed until the 31st of December 2016. Maternal ICP diagnosis and the date of the initial diagnosis during pregnancy were obtained from the National Patient Register. Offspring diagnoses of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, or intellectual disability were obtained from the National Patient Register, and the dispensation of ADHD medications were obtained from the Prescribed Drug Register. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression while controlling for observed confounders and unobserved confounders shared among full siblings and maternal full cousins. A total of 2,375,856 children were included in the study; 81.6% of them were of Nordic origin, and 51.4% were male. Of these, 10,378 (0.44%) were exposed to ICP. During a median of 18 years follow-up (interquartile range 11 to 24), 143,746 (6.05%) of children were diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental condition. After adjusting for child's sex, birth year, birth month, maternal age, highest parental education level, maternal birth country, birth order, maternal psychiatric history, ICP was associated with increased odds of offspring neurodevelopmental conditions (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31), particularly among those exposed to early-onset ICP (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.71 to 3.30) as compared to ICP diagnosed after reaching term (≥37 weeks of gestation) (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.20). The findings of early-onset ICP were consistent in family-based analyses. Within-family comparisons of full maternal cousins yielded an OR of 2.99 (95% CI 1.48 to 6.04), and comparisons of full siblings showed an OR of 1.92 (95% CI 0.92 to 4.02), though the latter was less precise. The findings were consistent across specific neurodevelopmental conditions and different analytical approaches. The primary limitations of this study included its observational design, the absence of data on ICP therapeutics, and the lack of bile acid measures. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed that exposure to ICP during gestation is associated with an increased likelihood of neurodevelopmental conditions in offspring, particularly in cases of early-onset ICP. Further studies are warranted to better understand the role of early-ICP in offspring neurodevelopment.

Life's Essential 8 and Life's Simple 7 in Relation to Coronary Atherosclerosis: Results From the Population-Based SCAPIS Project.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between the American Heart Association scores ("Life's Essential 8" [LE8] and "Life's Simple 7" [LS7]) and 2 subclinical coronary atherosclerosis indicators: coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA)-stenosis and coronary artery calcium (CAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included a population-based sample, aged 50 to 64 years, recruited between 2013 and 2018 from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study (n=24,819, 50.3% women). CCTA-stenosis was graded as no stenosis, stenosis (1%-49%) or severe stenosis (≥50%), whereas CAC was graded as 0, 1 to 99, 100 to 399, or ≥400 Agatston units. Multinomial logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to study the associations between cardiovascular health scores and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Odds ratios (ORs) for CCTA-stenosis and severe CCTA-stenosis between the lowest (<50 points) vs the highest (≥80 points) LE8 group were 4.18 (95% CI, 3.56 to 4.91) and 11.17 (95% CI, 8.36 to 14.93), respectively. For corresponding CAC results, ORs were 3.36 (95% CI, 2.84 to 3.98), 7.72 (95% CI, 6.03 to 9.89), and 14.94 (95% CI, 10.47 to 21.31) for CAC scores of 1 to 99, 100 to 399, and ≥400, respectively. Area under ROC curves for predicting any stenosis were 0.642 (95% CI, 0.635 to 0.649) and 0.631 (95% CI, 0.624 to 0.638, P<.001) for LE8 and LS7, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that LE8 showed a strong, graded, and inverse association with CCTA-stenosis and CAC score. The capacity to predict CCTA-stenosis was comparable between LE8 and LS7, although LE8 had slightly higher prediction capacity of any stenosis. This study provides novel evidence that the LE8 score may be a useful tool for monitoring cardiovascular health.

Body mass index and weight gain in pregnancy and cardiovascular health in middle age: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between body mass index (BMI) in early pregnancy and gestational weight gain (GWG) with cardiovascular health in middle age using the 'Life's Essential 8' (LE8) concept of the American Heart Association (AHA). DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Swedish CardioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). POPULATION: A total of 8871 women from SCAPIS were included. METHODS: Information on cardiovascular health in middle age was collected from SCAPIS and linked to pregnancy weight data obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, with an average follow-up time of 24.5 years. An LE8 score between 0 and 100 was determined, where a score under 60 points was defined as poor cardiovascular health. Binary logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cardiovascular health according to LE8 in middle age. RESULTS: The odds of having poor cardiovascular health in middle age were significantly higher in women who had overweight (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 3.30, 95% CI 2.82-3.88) or obesity (aOR 7.63, 95% CI 5.86-9.94), compared with women classified as being of normal weight in pregnancy. Higher odds were also found for excessive GWG (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09-1.57), compared with women who gained weight within the recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: A high BMI in early pregnancy and excessive GWG were associated with greater odds of poor cardiovascular health in middle age. Although further studies are needed, our results highlight pregnancy as an important period to support long-term cardiovascular health.

Trends and patterns of antiseizure medication prescribing during pregnancy between 1995 and 2018 in the United Kingdom: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine antiseizure medication (ASM) prescription during pregnancy. DESIGN: Population-based drug utilisation study. SETTING: UK primary and secondary care data, 1995-2018, from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD version. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 752 112 completed pregnancies among women registered for a minimum of 12 months with an 'up to standard' general practice prior to the estimated start of pregnancy and for the duration of their pregnancy. METHODS: We described ASM prescription across the study period, overall and by ASM indication, examined patterns of prescription during pregnancy including continuous prescription and discontinuation, and used logistic regression to investigate factors associated with those ASM prescription patterns. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prescription of ASMs during pregnancy and discontinuation of ASMs before and during pregnancy. RESULTS: ASM prescription during pregnancy increased from 0.6% of pregnancies in 1995 to 1.6% in 2018, driven largely by an increase in women with indications other than epilepsy. Epilepsy was an indication for 62.5% of pregnancies with an ASM prescription and non-epilepsy indications were present for 66.6%. Continuous prescription of ASMs during pregnancy was more common in women with epilepsy (64.3%) than in women with other indications (25.3%). Switching ASMs was infrequent (0.8% of ASM users). Factors associated with discontinuation included age ≥35, higher social deprivation, more frequent contact with the GP and being prescribed antidepressants or antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: ASM prescription during pregnancy increased between 1995 and 2018 in the UK. Patterns of prescription around the pregnancy period vary by indication and are associated with several maternal characteristics.

Genetic and Environmental Factors and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Adolescents.

Importance: Cardiovascular risk factors in youth have been associated with future cardiovascular disease (CVD), but conventional observational studies are vulnerable to genetic and environmental confounding. Objective: To examine the role of genetic and environmental factors shared by full siblings in the association of adolescent cardiovascular risk factors with future CVD. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a nationwide cohort study with full sibling comparisons. All men who underwent mandatory military conscription examinations in Sweden between 1972 and 1995 were followed up until December 31, 2016. Data analysis was performed from May 1 to November 10, 2022. Exposures: Body mass index (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, handgrip strength, and a combined risk z score in late adolescence. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was fatal or nonfatal CVD, as recorded in the National Inpatient Register or the Cause of Death Register before 2017. Results: A total of 1 138 833 men (mean [SD] age, 18.3 [0.8] years), of whom 463 995 were full brothers, were followed up for a median (IQR) of 32.1 (26.7-37.7) years, during which 48 606 experienced a CVD outcome (18 598 among full brothers). All risk factors were associated with CVD, but the effect of controlling for unobserved genetic and environmental factors shared by full siblings varied. In the sibling analysis, hazard ratios for CVD (top vs bottom decile) were 2.10 (95% CI, 1.90-2.32) for BMI, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68-0.88) for cardiorespiratory fitness, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.32-1.60) for systolic blood pressure, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82-0.99) for handgrip strength, and 2.19 (95% CI, 1.96-2.46) for the combined z score. The percentage attenuation in these hazard ratios in the sibling vs total cohort analysis ranged from 1.1% for handgrip strength to 40.0% for cardiorespiratory fitness. Consequently, in the sibling analysis, the difference in cumulative CVD incidence at age 60 years (top vs bottom decile) was 7.2% (95% CI, 5.9%-8.6%) for BMI and 1.8% (95% CI, 1.0%-2.5%) for cardiorespiratory fitness. Similarly, in the sibling analysis, hypothetically shifting everyone in the worst deciles of BMI to the middle decile would prevent 14.9% of CVD at age 60 years, whereas the corresponding number for cardiorespiratory fitness was 5.3%. Conclusions and Relevance: In this Swedish national cohort study, cardiovascular risk factors in late adolescence, especially a high BMI, were important targets for CVD prevention, independently of unobserved genetic and environmental factors shared by full siblings. However, the role of adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness in CVD may have been overstated by conventional observational studies.

Life's Essential 8 and carotid artery plaques: the Swedish cardiopulmonary bioimage study.

Background: To quantify cardiovascular health (CVH), the American Heart Association (AHA) recently launched an updated construct of the "Life's Simple 7" (LS7) score, the "Life's Essential 8" (LE8) score. This study aims to analyse the association between both CVH scores and carotid artery plaques and to compare the predictive capacity of such scores for carotid plaques. Methods: Randomly recruited participants aged 50-64 years from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) were analysed. According to the AHA definitions, two CVH scores were calculated: i) the LE8 score (0, worst CVH; 100, best CVH) and two different versions of the LS7 score [(0-7) and (0-14), 0 indicating the worst CVH]. Ultrasound-diagnosed carotid plaques were classified as no plaque, unilateral, and bilateral plaques. Associations were studied by adjusted multinomial logistic regression models and adjusted (marginal) prevalences, while comparison between LE8 and LS7 scores was performed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: After exclusions, 28,870 participants remained for analysis (50.3% women). The odds for bilateral carotid plaques were almost five times higher in the lowest LE8 (<50 points) group [OR: 4.93, (95% CI: 4.19-5.79); adjusted prevalence 40.5%, (95% CI: 37.9-43.2)] compared to the highest LE8 (≥80 points) group [adjusted prevalence 17.2%, (95% CI: 16.2-18.1)]. Also, the odds for unilateral carotid plaques were more than two times higher in the lowest LE8 group [OR: 2.14, (95% CI: 1.82-2.51); adjusted prevalence 31.5%, (95% CI: 28.9-34.2)] compared to the highest LE8 group [adjusted prevalence 29.4%, (95% CI: 28.3-30.5)]. The areas under ROC curves were similar between LE8 and LS7 (0-14) scores: for bilateral carotid plaques, 0.622 (95% CI: 0.614-0.630) vs. 0.621 (95% CI: 0.613-0.628), P = 0.578, respectively; and for any carotid plaque, 0.602 (95% CI: 0.596-0.609) vs. 0.600 (95% CI: 0.593-0.607), P = 0.194, respectively. Conclusion: The new LE8 score showed inverse and dose-response associations with carotid plaques, particularly bilateral plaques. The LE8 did not outperform the conventional LS7 score, which showed similar ability to predict carotid plaques, especially when scored as 0-14 points. We conclude that both the LE8 and LS7 may be useful in clinical practice for monitoring CVH status in the adult population.

Bias amplification of unobserved confounding in pharmacoepidemiological studies using indication-based sampling.

PURPOSE: Estimating causal effects in observational pharmacoepidemiology is a challenging task, as it is often plagued by confounding by indication. Restricting the sample to those with an indication for drug use is a commonly performed procedure; indication-based sampling ensures that the exposed and unexposed are exchangeable on the indication-limiting the potential for confounding by indication. However, indication-based sampling has received little scrutiny, despite the hazards of exposure-related covariate control. METHODS: Using simulations of varying levels of confounding and applied examples we describe bias amplification under indication-based sampling. RESULTS: We demonstrate that indication-based sampling in the presence of unobserved confounding can give rise to bias amplification, a self-inflicted phenomenon where one inflates pre-existing bias through inappropriate covariate control. Additionally, we show that indication-based sampling generally leads to a greater net bias than alternative approaches, such as regression adjustment. Finally, we expand on how bias amplification should be reasoned about when distinct clinically relevant effects on the outcome among those with an indication exist (effect-heterogeneity). CONCLUSION: We conclude that studies using indication-based sampling should have robust justification - and that it should by no means be considered unbiased to adopt such approaches. As such, we suggest that future observational studies stay wary of bias amplification when considering drug indications.

Low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in the general Swedish population: Results from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS).

The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (iCVH) in the general Swedish middle-aged population. To address this aim, we utilised data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) which is a large Swedish population-based study (N=30,154) that combined comprehensive state-of-the-art imaging technology with clinical examinations and included all iCVH components. A total iCVH score was calculated as the number of iCVH metrics at an ideal level for the seven components and classified as: ideal (⩾5 ideal components), intermediate (3-4 ideal components) and poor (⩽2 ideal components). Our results showed that only 18.2% of the population reached ideal status (i.e. ⩾5 components at the ideal level), whereas 51.9% were classified as intermediate status and 29.9% as poor status of iCVH. Women had a higher prevalence of iCVH status (23.9% vs. 12.0%) and a lower prevalence of poor iCVH status (23.5% vs. 36.8%). Our data may serve as benchmarks for future national and international comparisons and motivate efforts to promote cardiovascular health in the general population, given the strong link between iCVH with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity.