"She looked ten years older": Mechanisms of the new Woman's marriage and premature aging under patriarchy in Sarah Grand's The Heavenly Twins.

This article examines how the New Woman's premature aging happens in tandem with patriarchal marriage at the fin de siècle through a scrutiny of Sarah Grand's New Woman novel, The Heavenly Twins (1893/1992). The novel is a narrative of female degeneration, in which its three young and married New Woman characters become impuissant to realize the cumbersome feminized ideals of national regeneration and age or die prematurely in their twenties. Their premature decline is caused by moral and sexual degeneration of their military husbands who practice the ideology of progress at the imperial frontier. In the article, I explain how the patriarchal culture of the late Victorian society expedites women's aging process in marriage. The symptoms of mental and physical sickness experienced by the novel's Victorian wives in their twenties are a product not merely of excruciating syphilis but also the patriarchal culture. I ultimately contend that Grand unveils the other side of the male-oriented ideology of progress in criticizing the late Victorian reality where there is negligible scope for the New Woman's vision of female-led regeneration.

Assessment of the proximity between the mandibular third molar and inferior alveolar canal using preoperative 3D-CT to prevent inferior alveolar nerve damage.

BACKGROUND: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) may be injured during extraction of the mandibular third molar, causing severe postoperative complications. Many methods have been described for evaluating the relative position between the mandibular third molar and the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) on panoramic radiography and computed tomography, but conventional radiography provides limited information on the proximity of these two structures. The present study assessed the benefits of three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) prior to surgical extraction of the mandibular third molar, to prevent IAN damage. METHODS: This retrospective study included 4917 extractions in 3555 patients who presented for extraction of the mandibular third molars. The cases were classified into three groups, according to anatomical relationship between the mandibular third molars and the IAC on panoramic radiography and whether 3D-CT was performed. Symptoms of IAN damage were assessed using the touch-recognition test. Data were compared using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Among the 32 cases of IAN damage, 6 cases were included in group I (0.35 %, n = 1735 cases), 23 cases in group II (1.1 %, n = 2063 cases), and 3 cases in group III (0.27 %, n = 1119 cases). The chi-square test showed a significant difference in the incidence of IAN damage between groups I and II. No significant difference was observed between groups I and III using Fisher's exact test. In the 6 cases of IAN damage in group I, the mandibular third molar roots were located lingual relative to the IAC in 3 cases and middle relative to the IAC in 3 cases. The overlap was ≥2 mm in 3 of 6 cases and 0-2 mm in the remaining 3 cases. The mean distance between the mandibular third molar and IAC was 2.2 mm, the maximum distance 12 mm, and the minimum distance 0.5 mm. Greater than 80 % recovery was observed in 15 of 32 (46.8 %) cases of IAN damage. CONCLUSIONS: 3D-CT may be a useful tool for assessing the three-dimensional anatomical relationship and proximity between the mandibular third molar and IAC in order to prevent IAN damage during extraction of mandibular third molars.