RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and diagnostic findings, surgical procedures, and clinical course of dogs with medial shoulder luxation (MSL) treated with a novel method using an antiluxation pin. ANIMALS: 18 client-owned toy-breed dogs (20 treated limbs). CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Toy-breed dogs with MSL were treated with the antiluxation pin (2017 to 2022). The collected data included signalment, cause of luxation, preoperative and follow-up clinical evaluations with lameness scores (LMS), and radiographic and/or CT findings. RESULTS: Toy Poodle was the most represented breed (17 of 18 dogs [94.4%]). The median age was 10 years. One of 18 dogs had a history of trauma. Medial luxation was confirmed in all limbs using radiography or palpation under general anesthesia. Reluxation occurred in 3 limbs at 1, 4, and 30 days after surgery, respectively. Of these 3 limbs, 1 limb underwent revision to replace the original pin and the other 2 limbs underwent no further treatment. One limb with persistent pain underwent 2 revision surgeries to adjust the pin orientation 30 and 72 days after the initial surgery. Eighteen limbs remained unluxated after the initial or revision surgery until the final follow-up (median, 18.5 months; range, 1 to 63 months). The LMS at the final follow-up for the 18 unluxated limbs (mean, 0.5) was significantly lower than the preoperative LMS (mean, 4.5) (P < .01). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A novel method of the antiluxation pin provides an alternative surgical treatment for MSL in toy-breed dogs that is minimally invasive and technically simple.
Asunto(s)
Luxación del Hombro , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Luxación del Hombro/veterinaria , Luxación del Hombro/cirugía , Clavos Ortopédicos/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugíaRESUMEN
This report describes a unique case of thoracic vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability in a 1 yr old Minuet cat. The cat presented with a history of chronic progressive nonambulatory paraparesis. Myelography with neutral and stress positions revealed dynamic compression at T1-4. Computed tomography and MRI revealed multiple sites of vertebral endplate osteolysis, adjacent bone sclerosis, intervertebral disk space narrowing, and spondylotic bridging within the cervical and cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and pedicles, particularly at C6-T4. The cat underwent a right-sided T1-4 hemilaminectomy and C7-T4 vertebral stabilization using positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate. The cat fully recovered without any complication. The case highlights the potential for young cats, especially those with a chondrodysplastic condition, to develop vertebral canal stenosis and vertebral instability. The surgical treatment described herein resulted in an excellent outcome.
Asunto(s)
Compresión de la Médula Espinal , Animales , Constricción Patológica/cirugía , Constricción Patológica/veterinaria , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Laminectomía/métodos , Canal Medular/cirugía , Vértebras Torácicas/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnostic findings, surgical techniques, and outcomes of thoracolumbar vertebral instability associated with or without articular process (AP) anomalies in Pekingese dogs. ANIMALS: 11 client-owned Pekingese dogs. PROCEDURES: Medical records (2007 to 2022) were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were Pekingese dogs with thoracolumbar vertebral instability that underwent decompressive laminectomy and vertebral stabilization. Dynamic myelographic study and/or intraoperative spinal manipulation were used to diagnose vertebral instability. Data on preoperative and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques, and outcomes were retrieved. RESULTS: The dogs presented with paraparesis (n = 9) or paraplegia (2). Five dogs had caudal AP anomalies. Dynamic myelographic study demonstrated single (n = 7) or multiple (4) dynamic compressions with poststress spinal cord height reduction (median, 12.5%; IQR, 6.8% to 21.2%). Of the 17 dynamic compression lesions, 5 lesions were at the disc spaces with caudal AP abnormalities. All dogs had vertebral instability confirmed by intraoperative spinal manipulation and underwent hemilaminectomy and unilateral vertebral stabilization. One dog had adjacent segment vertebral instability and underwent vertebral stabilization 3 months after the initial operation. All but 1 dog showed successful outcomes at the last follow-up (median, 16 months; IQR, 3 to 32 months). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vertebral instability associated with or without AP abnormalities is a potential cause of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in Pekingese dogs. Dynamic myelographic studies and/or intraoperative spinal manipulation demonstrated vertebral instability. Spinal cord decompression and vertebral stabilization are effective, resulting in neurologic improvements in most dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral , Compresión de la Médula Espinal , Perros , Animales , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Columna Vertebral/patología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Descompresión Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/complicaciones , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinariaRESUMEN
A 6-year-old, intact female, domestic short-hair cat had a 3-month history of obstipation. On physical examination and diagnostic imaging, megacolon secondary to a large, intrapelvic vaginal mass was diagnosed. An ovariohysterectomy and a complete vaginectomy via a ventral midline celiotomy and bilateral pubic and ischial osteotomies were performed. This approach allowed excellent exposure of the entire genital tract necessary to excise the large vaginal mass. The mass was histologically diagnosed as a vaginal fibrous stromal polyp. Obstipation resolved 12 h after surgery. On radiographic recheck 11 d after surgery, the colon had returned to normal size. No major surgical complications were observed. This is the first case report of a complete vaginectomy via the ventral approach with a pelvic osteotomy in a cat. Furthermore, this report describes the different surgical techniques used in animals affected by a large vaginal mass and provides evidence that an aggressive surgical approach and en-bloc excision can be considered for the management of extensive intrapelvic vaginal masses in cats.
Vaginectomie complète par voie ventrale avec ostéotomie pelvienne chez une chatte. Une chatte domestique à poils courts, intacte, âgée de 6 ans, présentait des antécédents d'obstipation depuis 3 mois. À l'examen physique et à l'imagerie diagnostique, un mégacôlon secondaire à une grosse masse vaginale intra-pelvienne a été diagnostiqué. Une ovario-hystérectomie et une vaginectomie complète via une céliotomie médiane ventrale et des ostéotomies pubiennes et ischiatiques bilatérales ont été réalisées. Cette approche a permis une excellente exposition de l'ensemble du tractus génital nécessaire pour exciser la grosse masse vaginale. La masse a été histologiquement diagnostiquée comme étant un polype stromal fibreux vaginal. L'obstipation a été résolue 12 h après la chirurgie. Lors d'une nouvelle vérification radiographique 11 jours après la chirurgie, le côlon avait retrouvé sa taille normale. Aucune complication chirurgicale majeure n'a été observée. Il s'agit du premier rapport de cas d'une vaginectomie complète par voie ventrale avec ostéotomie pelvienne chez une chatte. En outre, ce rapport décrit les différentes techniques chirurgicales utilisées chez les animaux atteints d'un gros polype vaginal et fournit des preuves qu'une approche chirurgicale agressive et une excision en bloc peuvent être envisagées pour la prise en charge des masses vaginales intra-pelviennes étendues chez les chats.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).
Asunto(s)
Colpotomía , Estreñimiento , Osteotomía , Abdomen , Animales , Gatos , Colpotomía/efectos adversos , Colpotomía/veterinaria , Estreñimiento/etiología , Estreñimiento/veterinaria , Femenino , Histerectomía/veterinaria , Osteotomía/efectos adversos , Osteotomía/veterinaria , Embarazo , Hueso Púbico/cirugíaRESUMEN
A 6 yr old castrated male Clumber spaniel was referred for evaluation of acute paraplegia. MRI of the thoracolumbar spine demonstrated an intradural-extramedullary mass lesion at the level of T12 and extradural spinal cord compression at L1-L2. A hemilaminectomy was performed to achieve gross total resection of the mass lesion and removal of extruded disc material. A diagnosis of spinal choroid plexus tumor (CPT) and intervertebral disc extrusion was made. At 4 mo postoperatively, MRI demonstrated a mass lesion at the right lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle. Spinal drop metastasis from a primary intracranial CPT was suspected. The dog was ambulating independently and neurologically normal at that time. At 17 mo postoperatively, a third MRI was performed owing to decreased postural reactions in both hind limbs and vision loss in the right eye, and it demonstrated an increase in size of the intracranial mass lesion. These two additional MRI studies of the entire central nervous system showed no other metastatic lesions nor any evidence of local recurrence. At 25 mo postoperatively, the dog died at home. This is the first case report of surgical intervention and antemortem histopathological diagnosis of a spinal CPT in a dog.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Plexo Coroideo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Glioma/veterinaria , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Animales , Neoplasias del Plexo Coroideo/cirugía , Perros , Glioma/cirugía , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical outcomes of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with primary and previously treated distal radial and ulnar fractures (RUF) treated with a free-form multiplanar type II external skeletal fixation (ESF). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: One hundred nineteen dogs with 140 distal RUF. METHODS: Medical records (2003-2017) were reviewed for dogs weighing up to 7 kg that had been treated for distal RUF with a free-form multiplanar type II ESF. Data collected included signalment, fracture location and configuration, fracture reduction, intraoperative realignment, time to bone union and implant removal, duration of destabilization and postoperative splint, complications, and outcomes. Follow-up consisted of clinical and radiographic evaluation or telephone interview. RESULTS: All fractures healed, with a median time of 60 days, and entire ESF was removed, with a median time of 89 days. Major complications occurred in four fractures: premature pin loosening, elbow subluxation, osteomyelitis, and delayed union. Minor complications occurred in 52 fractures (61 events). All dogs had a successful return to normal limb function at final follow-up (median, seven months; range, 2-97). CONCLUSION: All primary and previously treated distal RUF in miniature- and toy-breed dogs healed and allowed return to normal function after fixation with a free-form multiplanar type II ESF. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The free-form multiplanar type II ESF provides an alternative for minimally invasive fixation of distal RUF in miniature- and toy-breed dogs that facilitates fracture reduction, intraoperative realignment, adequate initial fixation stability, destabilization, and implant removal.
Asunto(s)
Tamaño Corporal , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Fijación de Fractura/veterinaria , Fracturas del Radio/veterinaria , Fracturas del Cúbito/veterinaria , Animales , Placas Óseas/veterinaria , Remoción de Dispositivos , Perros , Femenino , Fijación de Fractura/métodos , Luxaciones Articulares , Masculino , Fracturas del Radio/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Férulas (Fijadores) , Resultado del Tratamiento , Fracturas del Cúbito/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In human medicine, fractures of the second cervical vertebra have been studied elaborately and categorized in detail. This is not the case in veterinary medicine where clinical decisions are often based on old studies focusing on the cervical spine in general. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features, fracture types, therapeutic options and outcome of dogs and cats with a fractured axis. STUDY DESIGN: The present study was a multi-institutional retrospective case series. RESULTS: Crossbreeds and Labrador Retrievers were the most represented dog breeds. Median age was 2 years. Motor vehicle accident was the most common inciting cause, followed by frontal collision. The most common neurological deficits ranged from cervical pain with or without mild ataxia (22/68) to tetraparesis (28/68) and tetraplegia (11/68). Concerning treatment, 37 of 69 patients underwent surgical fracture stabilization, 27/69 received conservative therapy and 5/69 were immediately euthanatized. Of all treated cases, 52/58 showed ambulatory recovery (23/25 of the conservatively treated and 29/33 of the surgically treated cases), whereby in 40/52 cases full recovery without persisting signs was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the axis commonly occur in young dogs. In many cases, neurological deficits are relatively mild. Generally, animals with a fractured axis have a very good prognosis for functional recovery. The risk of perioperative mortality is considerably lower than previously reported.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/lesiones , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugía , Perros/lesiones , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/veterinaria , Accidentes de Tránsito , Animales , Gatos/cirugía , Perros/cirugía , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/etiología , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Medical records (2004-2016) of five dogs with a thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) that was diagnosed with stress myelography in four dogs and magnetic resonance imaging in three, and who had hemilaminectomy, diverticular marsupialization, and vertebral stabilization, were reviewed. Data on previous treatment, pre- and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques, and outcomes was retrieved. Follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed immediately; â¼1, 2, and 6 mo postoperatively; and at annual follow-up examinations. The stress myelography demonstrated spinal cord dynamic compression in three of four dogs and change in size or shape of the SAD in all four. Two dogs who had SAD recurrences 4 and 13 mo after previous surgical dural fenestration, and one dog with no previous SAD treatment demonstrated long-term neurological improvement after vertebral stabilization (49, 77, and 126 mo). In two other dogs, recurrence of clinical signs was observed at the follow-up (8 and 12 mo). This case series suggested that repetitive spinal cord injury from the dynamic lesion appears to be one potential cause of thoracolumbar SADs. In cases with dynamic lesions confirmed by stress myelography, vertebral stabilization with conventional techniques is indicated to prevent SAD recurrence.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Laminectomía/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Mielografía/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/patología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/patología , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This article aims to evaluate clinical outcomes and complications of distal radial and ulnar fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs treated with conventional bone plate fixation. METHODS: Medical records (2001-2010) of miniature- and toy-breed dogs with distal radial and ulnar fractures repaired with open reduction and internal fixation utilizing conventional plates were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were body weight of <7 kg, fracture located in the distal antebrachium (distal-to-total radial length ratio < 0.4) and follow-up radiographs available. RESULTS: All 65 fractures healed without developing non-union, and had a successful return to normal function (median follow-up: 73 months; range: 2-149 months). Minor complication in seven fractures and major complication in four fractures were identified. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Open reduction and conventional plate fixation of distal radial and ulnar fractures in miniature- and toy-breed dogs are effective means of fixation that result in normal functional outcome without developing non-union.
Asunto(s)
Placas Óseas/veterinaria , Perros/lesiones , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/veterinaria , Fracturas del Radio/veterinaria , Fracturas del Cúbito/veterinaria , Animales , Perros/cirugía , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Fracturas del Radio/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Fracturas del Cúbito/cirugíaRESUMEN
A 13-year-old spayed female miniature dachshund dog was presented with a history of hematochezia, melena, and weight loss. A colonic mass detected by exploratory celiotomy was resected and diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma (HSA). Liver lobectomy for hepatic HSA was performed 894 days after surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy was declined. This is the first documentation of a canine colonic HSA.
Hémangiosarcome primaire du côlon chez un chien. Une chienne Dachsund miniature stérilisée âgée de 13 ans a été présentée avec une anamnèse d'hématochézie, de méléna et de perte de poids. Une masse du côlon détectée par céliotomie exploratoire a été réséquée et diagnostiquée comme un hémangiosarcome (HSA). La lobectomie pour le HSA hépatique a été réalisée 894 jours après la chirurgie. La chimiothérapie adjuvante a été refusée. Il s'agit de la première documentation d'un HSA canin du côlon.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias del Colon/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Hemangiosarcoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias Hepáticas/veterinaria , Animales , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Hemangiosarcoma/diagnóstico , Hemangiosarcoma/patología , Hemangiosarcoma/cirugía , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the application of skin stretchers for closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomies in a dog and a cat. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: A 12-year-old intact female Miniature Dachshund and a 13-year-old spayed female domestic short-hair cat. METHODS: Skin stretchers were applied to the site of the skin adjacent to mammary glands for 2-4 days before surgery. Cable tension was adjusted every 6-8 hours to elongate the skin and to achieve primary closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomy without tension. RESULTS: Wound closure after single-stage bilateral mastectomy was achieved without tension or major complication in both animals. CONCLUSION: Use of skin stretchers allows primary closure of single-stage bilateral mastectomy in dogs and cats.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Colgajos Quirúrgicos/veterinaria , Animales , Gatos , Perros , Femenino , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/cirugía , Mastectomía/métodos , Mastectomía/veterinaria , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
A 12-year-old Chihuahua dog was presented for cervical pain and progressive tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal cord compression due to a mass in the dorsal atlantoaxial region. Surgical treatment was performed. The mass was histopathologically diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma. The dog recovered to normal neurologic status after surgery.
Carcinome squameux causant une compression de la moelle épinière altantoaxiale dorsale chez un chien. Un Chihuahua âgé de 12 ans a été présenté pour de la douleur cervicale et une tétraparésie progressive. Une imagerie par résonance magnétique a révélé une compression de la moelle épinière en raison d'une masse dans la région atlantoaxiale dorsale. Le traitement chirurgical a été réalisé. La masse a été diagnostiquée à l'histopathologie comme étant un carcinome squameux. Le chien a retrouvé une condition neurologique normale après l'opération.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Óseas/veterinaria , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/veterinaria , Animales , Articulación Atlantoaxoidea , Neoplasias Óseas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Neoplasias Óseas/cirugía , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/complicaciones , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirugía , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Perros , Femenino , Invasividad Neoplásica , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/diagnóstico , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/etiología , Compresión de la Médula Espinal/cirugíaRESUMEN
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) greatly affects the quality of life. The nucleus pulposus (NP) of chondrodystrophic dog breeds (CDBs) is similar to the human NP because the cells disappear with age and are replaced by fibrochondrocyte-like cells. Because IVDD develops as early as within the first year of life, we used canines as a model to investigate the in vitro mechanisms underlying IVDD. The mechanism underlying age-related IVDD, however, is poorly understood. Several research groups have suggested that Wnt/ß-catenin signaling plays an important role in IVDD. However, the role of Wnt/ß-catenin signals in IVD cells is not yet well understood. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt/ß-catenin signaling could enhance Runx2 expression in IVDD and lead to IVD calcification. Nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue was obtained from Beagle dogs after evaluation of the degeneration based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histological analysis showed that lack of Safranin-O staining, calcified area, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13-positive cells increased with progression of the degeneration. Furthermore, the levels of ß-catenin- and Runx2-positive cells also increased. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the MRI signal intensity and mRNA expression levels of ß-catenin and Runx2 are correlated in NP tissues. Moreover, supplementation of LiCl induced ß-catenin accumulation and Runx2 expression. In contrast, FH535 inhibited LiCl-induced upregulation. These results suggest that Runx2 transcript and protein expression, potentially in combination with ß-catenin accumulation, are enhanced in degenerated and calcified intervertebral discs of CDBs.
Asunto(s)
Calcinosis/patología , Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/biosíntesis , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Disco Intervertebral/patología , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Subunidad alfa 1 del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/genética , Perros , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/biosíntesis , Expresión Génica , Cloruro de Litio/farmacología , Masculino , Metaloproteinasa 13 de la Matriz/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Vía de Señalización Wnt , beta Catenina/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To compare data for French Bulldogs and Dachshunds that had hemilaminectomy for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (T-L IVDE) by 1 surgeon and to evaluate the association between IVDE and congenital vertebral anomalies. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: French Bulldogs (n = 47) and 671 Dachshunds. METHODS: Age, gender, vertebral anomaly, kyphosis/kyphoscoliosis, IVDE site, non-recovery and progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia development from grade 5 (paraplegia without deep nociception) were compared between the 2 breeds. RESULTS: French Bulldogs were significantly younger (P = .00001), more likely to be male (P = .023), and more likely to have a congenital vertebral anomaly and kyphosis/kyphoscoliosis (P < .00001) than Dachshunds. The frequencies of French Bulldogs with IVDE within typical sites (T11-L3) were significantly lower (P = .0005) and within caudal sites (L3-L7) significantly higher (P = .0001) compared with Dachshunds. None of the French Bulldogs had IVDE within the kyphotic/kyphoscoliotic segment. The frequency of lumbar IVDE (L1-L5) in French Bulldogs with kyphosis/kyphoscoliosis was significantly higher (P = .003) compared with French Bulldogs without kyphosis/kyphoscoliosis. In grade 5 dogs, the risk of developing progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia in French Bulldogs was significantly higher (P = .03) than in Dachshunds. CONCLUSION: The distribution of IVDE site in French Bulldogs within the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine was different from Dachshunds. IVDE sites were not located at the sites of vertebral anomaly. French Bulldogs appeared to have T-L IVDE at younger ages, with higher male predisposition and higher risk of developing progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia from grade 5 compared with Dachshunds.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Vértebras Lumbares/anomalías , Vértebras Torácicas/anomalías , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Perros , Femenino , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/genética , Degeneración del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration greatly affects quality of life. The nucleus pulposus (NP) of chondrodystrophic dog breeds (CDBs) is similar to the human NP, because the cells disappear with age and are replaced by fibrochondrocyte-like cells. However, because IVD develops as early as within the first year of life, we used canines as a model to investigate in vitro the mechanisms underlying IVD degeneration. Specifically, we evaluated the potential of a three-dimensional (3D) culture of healthy NP as an in vitro model system to investigate the mechanisms of IVD degeneration. Agarose hydrogels were populated with healthy NP cells from beagles after performing magnetic resonance imaging, and mRNA expression profiles and pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) protein distribution were determined. After 25 days of 3D culture, there was a tendency for redifferentiation into the native NP phenotype, and mRNA levels of Col2A1, COMP, and CK18 were not significantly different from those of freshly isolated cells. Our findings suggest that long-term 3D culture promoted chondrodystrophic NP redifferentiation through reconstruction of the pericellular microenvironment. Further, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced expression of TNF-α, MMP3, MMP13, VEGF, and PGES mRNA in the 3D cultures, creating a molecular milieu that mimics that of degenerated NP. These results suggest that this in vitro model represents a reliable and cost-effective tool for evaluating new therapies for disc degeneration.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Disco Intervertebral/patología , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/patología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colágeno Tipo II/genética , Citocinas/genética , Perros , Fibroblastos/patología , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Glicosaminoglicanos/genética , Ácido Hialurónico/genética , Disco Intervertebral/citología , Disco Intervertebral/metabolismo , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/genética , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/metabolismo , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Fenotipo , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/genética , Enfermedades de la Columna Vertebral/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe diagnostic findings, complications, and long-term outcome of dogs with atlantoaxial instability (AAI) that had modified ventral stabilization with positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate by 1 surgeon and to evaluate the potential prognostic indicators. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Dogs (n = 49) with AAI. METHODS: Medical records (2000-2010) of dogs with AAI that had modified ventral stabilization were reviewed. Data on pre- and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, and outcomes were retrieved. Age, neurologic grade, duration of clinical abnormalities, dens abnormalities, and MRI findings were evaluated as the potential predictors for recovery. Age and cancellous bone grafting were evaluated as the potential predictors of postoperative pin breakage. RESULTS: Two dogs died during the perioperative period. In 47 dogs with follow up (median: 29 months; range, 4-110 months), 46 dogs (94%) improved neurologically after surgery, but 1 dog did not become ambulatory. There were no long term complications that resulted in serious neurologic deterioration or that required additional surgery. Partial pin breakage (1-5 pins) occurred in 16 dogs at 1-27.5 months (median, 5 months) without neurologic deterioration. Only the nonambulatory preoperative grade was significantly (P = .002) associated with non/incomplete recovery compared with ambulatory dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate stabilization of the vertebrae and improved neurologic status were achieved in most dogs with AAI using a modified ventral stabilization technique with positively threaded profile pins and polymethylmethacrylate.
Asunto(s)
Articulación Atlantoaxoidea/cirugía , Clavos Ortopédicos/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Luxaciones Articulares/veterinaria , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/veterinaria , Polimetil Metacrilato , Animales , Perros , Luxaciones Articulares/cirugía , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) that successfully recovered following hemilaminectomy and fenestration, the time to ambulation (TTA) in affected dogs after surgery, and the frequency of urinary and fecal incontinence in recovered dogs and to document long-term complications. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 831 dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH treated by hemilaminectomy and concomitant disk fenestration by the same surgeon. PROCEDURES: For all dogs, neurologic deficits before surgery had been assessed with a modified grading system. Dogs were reexamined after surgery over a period of 3 to 6 months, and follow-up evaluation was performed at > 12 months. The proportion of dogs that neurologically improved after surgery, TTA, and incidence of fecal or urinary incontinence in recovered dogs were compared among dogs with various grades of neurologic dysfunction before surgery. RESULTS: Of 831 dogs, 122 had unsuccessful outcomes and 709 had successful outcomes. Of 620 dogs with intact deep nociception before surgery, 606 (97.7%) were ambulatory after surgery. Despite maintaining the ability to walk, 7 dogs were judged to have an unsuccessful outcome because the severity of ataxia did not improve. Of 211 paraplegic dogs with loss of deep nociception, 110 (52.1%) dogs became ambulatory after surgery. Long-term complications included incontinence, permanent neurologic deterioration, and self-mutilation. Dogs with paraplegia before surgery had a higher frequency of urinary or fecal incontinence, compared with dogs that were ambulatory. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prognosis for dogs with thoracolumbar IVDH that retain deep nociception in at least 1 of the pelvic limbs or tail before surgery was good.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/cirugía , Laminectomía/métodos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and location of recurrent thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (T-L IVDE) after hemilaminectomy with prophylactic fenestration (PF) and to document PF-related complications. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Chondrodystrophic dogs (n = 793). METHODS: In 662 successfully recovered dogs (>1 year follow-up), the prevalence of dogs with recurrent T-L IVDE that required a 2nd surgery and dogs with clinical signs that improved without surgery was evaluated. Prevalence of second disc extrusions (SDEs) within T11-L4 intervertebral discs was compared between PF discs and non-PF discs. RESULTS: T-L SDEs were intraoperatively confirmed in 15 dogs (2.3%), 2-61 months after initial surgery and 66 dogs (10.0%) had signs of T-L IVDE recurrence that improved without surgery (mean follow-up, 44.7 months). No dog had further extrusion at the initial T-L site. SDE occurred at a PF disc (n = 1), adjacent to PF discs (8), or at distant discs (6). Prevalence of SDE in non-PF discs was 26.2 times higher than PF discs (95% CI: 3.4, 203.4; P < .001). Major PF-related complications included iatrogenic introduction of the disc material into the spinal canal (n = 1), and vertebral subluxation/instability (3) at 1-88 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: SDE is more likely to occur at non-PF discs than PF discs when PF is performed at spaces predisposed to disc extrusion. PF is a safe and effective treatment to prevent SDE in chondrodystrophic dogs.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/veterinaria , Laminectomía/veterinaria , Osteocondrodisplasias/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/etiología , Desplazamiento del Disco Intervertebral/patología , Laminectomía/efectos adversos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/veterinaria , Masculino , Osteocondrodisplasias/patología , Osteocondrodisplasias/cirugía , Recurrencia , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
A 6-year-old, spayed female dog had hydronephrosis and incomplete ureteral occlusion on the left side. An end-to-side ureteral anastomosis was performed. The incomplete ureteral occlusion was determined to be related to an ovarian pedicle granuloma formation and was presumably related to a reaction to the suture material used for ovariohysterectomy (OVH) performed 5 years prior to presentation. Azotemia and hydronephrosis were dramatically improved after surgery, and renal function has been well maintained for 3 years. To the authors' knowledge, a chronic partial ureteral occlusion associated with an ovarian pedicle granuloma from an OVH has not been reported.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Granuloma/veterinaria , Hidronefrosis/veterinaria , Obstrucción Ureteral/veterinaria , Anastomosis Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Perros , Femenino , Granuloma/complicaciones , Granuloma/diagnóstico , Granuloma/cirugía , Hidronefrosis/diagnóstico , Hidronefrosis/etiología , Hidronefrosis/cirugía , Histerectomía/efectos adversos , Histerectomía/veterinaria , Ovariectomía/efectos adversos , Ovariectomía/veterinaria , Resultado del Tratamiento , Obstrucción Ureteral/diagnóstico , Obstrucción Ureteral/etiología , Obstrucción Ureteral/cirugíaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to establish a protocol for generating karyoplasts that can be used to produce somatic nuclear transferred gonadal germ cells (snt-GGCs) in domestic chickens. Karyoplasts were produced by centrifuging cultured fibroblasts from 10-day-old chick embryos at 10,000 x g in the presence of 1.0 microg/ml cytochalasin B. The number of karyoplasts was significantly (P<0.05) higher and the diameters of the karyoplasts were significantly (P<0.05) smaller when fibroblasts were centrifuged for 60 min than for 10 or 30 min. It was possible to generate snt-GGCs by electrofusion of GGCs with karyoplasts produced from cryopreserved or serum-starved fibroblasts. These results indicate that karyoplasts generated from 10-day-old chick embryos can be used to produce snt-GGCs even after cryopreservation and serum starvation of the fibroblasts.