Thyroid hemiagenesis with compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining lobe: A case report.

Thyroid hemiagenesis is defined as a failure of one thyroid lobe development. This condition predominantly manifests as an incidental finding during radiological investigation. This paper repor ts the case o f a 53-year-ol d female, a known case of hypertension, who visited the ENT clinic at AKU, a ter tiary ca re centre in Karachi, Pak istan and was hospi talized from 12 th to 1 5th Septembe r 202 1. The patient presented with hemiagenesis of the right thyroid lobe with enlargement of the contralateral lobe resulting in airway compression. She was subjected to excision of the thyroid gland without any intra-operative or postoperative com plicati ons. There were n o complaints o f dyspnoea, stridor or hoarseness during the hospital stay. The patient was discharged and was found to be well on subsequent follow-ups.

Big surgeons don't need big incisions: Minimally invasive surgery and use of robotics in Otolaryngology: A Narrative Review.

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and robotics have revolutionized the field of Otolaryngology. MIS and robotics have reshaped traditional otolaryngological practices, offering patients a multitude of benefits. Reduced incision sizes and tissue manipulation minimize postoperative pain and discomfort, while also improving cosmetic outcomes. MIS has facilitated enhanced visualization and access to intricate anatomical structures, enabling the treatment of previously inaccessible lesions. MIS procedures also offer shorter hospital stays, reduced blood loss, and faster healing times whilst enhancing patient satisfaction and overall quality of life The ongoing progress in minimally invasive approaches solidifies their role as a cornerstone in modern Otolaryngology, and surgeons navigating this transformative landscape must embrace the learning curve associated with these advanced techniques, recognizing the potential for improved patient outcomes. This article explores the transformative impact of MIS and robotics on the diverse branches of Otolaryngology, highlighting the technological advancements that have enabled these techniques to flourish.

Oral health related quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors within the first year following treatment: a cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan.

After completing treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC), patients often face oral complications like oral pain, limited mouth opening and dry mouth which significantly reduce their oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). These issues impact their overall well-being, social activities and long-term survival. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate OHRQoL and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene practices and oral clinical parameters such as oral hygiene status and oral mucositis grade in patients who have completed treatment for head and neck cancer. This cross-sectional study involved 79 HNC-treated patients within first year after completion of cancer treatment attending ENT and dental clinics at outpatient department (OPD) setting in Karachi. Data was collected electronically using structured questionnaire comprising of EORTC QLQ H&N - 35 to measure OHRQoL, patients were also examined for oral hygiene status using oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-s) and oral mucositis grade using WHO oral mucositis scale. Multiple linear regression was used to test OHRQoL associations with the sociodemographic and different clinical factors. The result showed an overall mean score for oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 25.02 ± 15.86 (95% CI 21.46-28.57), with difficulty in mouth opening 53.16 ± 18.88 and dry mouth 45.14 ± 24.48 being predominant concerns for decline in the OHRQoL in the population. Male predilection was observed among participants n = 60 (75.9%), majority of the participants n = 41 (51.9%) were below 52 years of age. n = 63 (80%) participants received radiotherapy alongside surgery and chemotherapy. Most of participants n = 66 (83.5%) experienced moderate to severe oral mucositis with poor oral hygiene status n = 56 (71%). Significant associations were found between OHRQoL and BMI, OH status, marital status, monthly income, gender and fluoride toothpaste (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that Quality of Life (QoL) among HNC treated patients is negatively impacted by their poor oral health, post cancer treatment. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and modify the current treatment modalities and involve multidisciplinary teams, to improve their OHRQoL thereby enhancing overall QoL.

Auricular leishmaniasis mimicking squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis can occur on any exposed area of the body; however, the pinna is an exceptionally rare site for the disease. Caused by the parasite Leishmania, cutaneous leishmaniasis has a wide range of presentations and thus is very easy to misdiagnose or mistake for a neoplastic lesion. Here, we report the case of a middle-aged male patient presenting with a painful, ulcerated lesion on the left auricle initially suspected to be a malignancy with histopathology eventually revealing a diagnosis of auricular leishmaniasis. The patient received appropriate therapy and was found to be disease free at follow-up. These isolated lesions of the pinna often resemble neoplastic lesions and thus may escape diagnosis for months at a time, increasing patient stress as well as expenditure. In addition, prompt recognition may also help mitigate recurrence of the disease, making it worthwhile to include cutaneous leishmaniasis as part of the differential, especially in endemic areas.

Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: an analytical cross-sectional study from a lower-middle-income country.

INTRODUCTION: The disease course of head and neck (H&N) cancer can severely impair patients' quality of life (QoL). In Pakistan, a South Asian lower-middle-income country (LMIC), psychosocial factors may impact QoL. We aimed to assess QoL and associated factors amongst patients with H&N cancer in Pakistan. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted amongst adult (≥ 18 years) patients with H&N cancer who were ≥ 4 weeks post-initiation of treatment. The survey assessed QoL (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and social support (Enriched Social Support Instrument). Multivariable linear regression was performed for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 250 patients (mean age: 51.6 years) were included. The majority of patients were married (87%) and living with multigenerational/extended family households (53%). On multivariable linear regression, ongoing cancer treatment (beta coefficient: -13.93), having a tracheostomy (-10.02), and receiving adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (-8.17) were significantly associated with poorer global QoL. Additionally, poorer QoL was associated with depression (-24.37) and anxiety (-13.34). However, having more household family members was associated with better global QoL (0.34). CONCLUSION: The QoL of patients with H&N cancer in Pakistan is affected by both the nature of cancer treatment as well as sociocultural factors such the number of household family members. Given that poorer QoL is associated with worse mental health outcomes, there is a need to develop and implement psychosocial interventions to improve the QoL of patients with H&N cancer in Pakistan, particularly during active treatment.

Psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 (European organization for research and treatment of cancer head and neck module) quality of life tool.

BACKGROUND: We translated and validated the Urdu version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire's Head and Neck (H&N) Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-H&N35) and assessed its convergent and discriminant validity by examining correlations of QoL with depression, anxiety, and resilience. METHODS: We translated the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 according to EORTC instructions. Patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan completed a survey consisting of Urdu versions of EORTC QLQ-C30 (core QoL tool), QLQ-H&N35, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS-14). Content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability (using Cronbach's alpha) of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 were assessed. RESULTS: Our sample comprised 250 patients with H&N cancer, most commonly oral (82%). The Urdu translations were comprehensible for all patients. The Cronbach alpha for QLQ-H&N35 multi-item domains ranged from 0.75 to 0.98 (acceptable to excellent), barring "Senses Problems", which was less than the generally acceptable level (0.50). The patient-reported content validity index (CVI) scores for relevance and clarity of the Urdu version of the QLQ-H&N35 were 0.93 and 0.92, respectively (both excellent). Our results revealed weak bidirectional correlations of the QLQ-H&N35 with resilience, depression, and anxiety, showing good discriminant validity. A weak-to-moderate but significant negative correlation (r: - 0.185 to - 0.613; p < 0.01) was seen between the QLQ-H&N35 and the global QoL measure of the QLQ-30. CONCLUSION: Our Urdu translation of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 demonstrated validity comparable to previous studies, with good discriminant construct validity when measured against resilience, depression, and anxiety. An issue of concern is the poor internal consistency of the "Senses Problems" domain. Nevertheless, the Urdu translation produced in this study serves as a valid and reliable measure to measure QoL in H&N cancer in clinical or research settings in Pakistan.

Resilience and its associated factors in head and neck cancer patients in Pakistan: an analytical cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The study aimed to assess resilience and its associated factors in head and neck cancer patients, post-treatment in a low middle income country (LMIC) such as Pakistan. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2019 to May 2020 among head and neck cancer patients aged at least 18 years at the largest private tertiary care hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan. Information regarding their resilience scores was collected through Wagnild and Young's Resilience scale that comprises of 14 items (RS-14). Moreover, depression and anxiety were also assessed via Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and social support was assessed by Enriched Social Support Instrument (ESSI). RESULTS: The data was analyzed by linear regression modeling. Unadjusted and adjusted beta coefficients with 95% CI were reported. A total of 250 head and neck cancer patients were recruited, 79% of them were males. Mean age of the patients was 51.59 years with 93% having high social support and only 8% having severe depression and 3% having severe anxiety. After adjusting for the covariates in multivariable analysis resilience was associated with severe depression (- 17[- 20.98,-12.93]) or borderline depression (- 4[- 8.41,-0.39]), severe anxiety (- 11 [- 17.88,-4.18]), low social support (- 6[- 9.62,-1.71]), having family members of > 6 in the household (- 2[- 4.31,-0.29), smokeless tobacco users post- treatment (10[5.79, 14.45]), and those who underwent tracheotomy (- 4[- 7.67,-0.21]). There was a significant interaction between education and role in the family (decision maker). CONCLUSION: In Pakistan, a South Asian LMIC, collectivist culture prevails, family ties are greatly promoted thus resilience and social support is highly prevalent in head and neck cancer patients resulting in lower prevalence of depression and anxiety. Our study highlights that higher resilience is prevalent among small families less than six members, as the welfare of the individual is prioritized over multiple needs of the family. Formal Education and role in household/decision making power are effect modifiers in our study, demonstrating its protective effect on the mental health of head and neck cancer patients. High resilience scores were reported among current smokeless tobacco users as compared to quitters post treatment. Resilience-building interventions should be formulated to aid head and neck cancer patients to cope with the disease and its sequel.

Organ Preservation for Advanced Laryngeal Cancer: Experience with Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy.

Introduction The larynx is a part of the upper respiratory tract that performs many essential functions including breathing, speaking, and swallowing. For this reason, the quality of life is significantly affected by laryngeal cancer and its treatment. Therefore, the focus of management for the last few decades has been on preserving the function of a larynx without compromising survival. This study was done with the purpose of reviewing our experience of organ preservation approach with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) for locally advanced cancers of larynx. Methods A retrospective chart review was carried out for the data of pathology reports and clinical notes of the patients who were diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and primarily treated with CCRT at our tertiary care institute from November 2010 to June 2015. Results Of 25 patients included in the study, there were 19 males and six females. The mean age was 56 years. On comparison of post-treatment CT scan following eight weeks of completion of therapy, 21 patients showed complete resolution of the disease and four patients had persistent disease who were later treated with salvage laryngectomy. The speech was understandable in 18 patients and poor or not understandable in seven patients. Three patients had chronic aspiration and breathing difficulties necessitating permanent tracheostomy. Three patients required permanent gastrostomy due to chronic dysphagia, one of them belonged to those who were also tracheostomized. Conclusions Our experience with CCRT as an organ preservation approach for advanced laryngeal cancers was promising. When considering the functional organ preservation, the proportion of success is remarkably less; however, the overall impression is worthy enough to uphold the sentiment in favor of non-surgical organ preservation. The debate is ongoing in the quest of finding a balanced approach with acceptable toxicity and decent functional outcome with adequate speech, breathing, and swallowing.

Iatrogenic trauma following percutaneous and minimally invasive surgical interventions.

Technological progress has changed the landscape of surgical practice. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and percutaneous interventions (PC) are constantly replacing open procedures. This reduces hospital stay and allows quicker recovery. The application of MIS should follow the good medical practice dictum by Hippocrates i.e. "First do no harm". To remain abreast with new procedures, the medical personnel are required to update and enhance their knowledge and skill. To ensure safety, the innovations are rigorously tested and tried. The learning curve of MIS is shortened by simulator training and proctorship. Credentialing processes are in place to enhance safe delivery of care. Despite of all these measures MIS and PCI are associated with adverse effects. The purpose of this article is to overview the iatrogenic trauma associated with MIS and PCI in major surgical subspecialties.

Concurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Synovial Carcinoma of the Neck in an Adult Male.

INTRODUCTION: Synovial sarcoma makes up 8-10% of all soft tissue sarcomas, and constitutes 3-10% of all sarcomas occurring in the head and neck region. It shows male predominance (3:2), and the mean age of presentation is 30 years. CASE REPORT: A 51-year-old gentleman presented with right-sided neck swelling which had been progressively increasing in size for the past 2 years. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large heterogeneously enhancing mass on the right side of the neck measuring 7.5 × 6.2 cm. Biopsy of an enlarged node revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma. The patient subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy with right neck dissection. Final histopathology revealed a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and the right-sided mass was shown to be monophasic synovial sarcoma. CONCLUSION: We present a case of a concurrent pathology of neck papillary thyroid carcinoma with monophasic synovial sarcoma. We experienced difficulty in diagnosis and misdirection due to raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, until final histopathology of the neck mass.

Translation and validation of voice handicap Index-10 in Urdu. A validation study from a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of Urdu translated version of voice handicap index-10 to be used for assessing patients with voice-related complaints. METHODS: The case control validation study was carried out at the Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery unit of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from August 2015 to January 2016. Group A had patients with voice-related disorders, while Group B had healthy controls. English version of voice handicap index-10 was translated into Urdu. Prospective instrument validation was performed. SPSS 19 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were 100 participants with 50(50%) in each of the two groups. The mean age of Group A was 52±15.33 years and for Group B it was 46.48+/-16.96 years. Significant difference was seen in the mean scores of Group A and Group B (p <0.001). Internal consistency was demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.961 and significant correlation was found between voice handicap index-10 total score and patient's self-related dysphonic severity (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The Urdu version of voice handicap index-10 was found to be a valid and reliable tool and can be used for subjective voice assessment of individuals who understand Urdu.

Calcifying fibrous pseudotumour of maxilla: A rare entity mimicking malignancy: A case report.

Occurrence of inflammatory pseudotumour in head and neck region or nose and paranasal sinuses is rare. However, when they do occur, they could be quite aggressive. Etiologically, they are believed to be reactive than neoplastic, and calcification may suggest end-stage. Their clinical presentation and radiologic features may resemble a malignancy. Grossly, they are not encapsulated, but multilobulated and can be circumscribed or infiltrative. Histologically, they constitute of bland spindle cells with scant cytoplasm and occasional mitotic figures. Scattered lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrates with abundant dense hyalinized collagenous stroma and focal small calcifications are seen. Presence of atypia, DNA aneuploidy, and abnormal p53 expression may suggest malignant potential. Though not known to metastasize, they can lead to local complications, causing destruction of bone and surrounding tissues. Management is mainly by surgical excision though adjunct corticosteroids have been advocated. We report such a rare case of calcifying fibrous pseudotumour of maxilla.

Ectopic cervical thymic cyst in a seven year old: a diagnostic challenge.

Cervical thymus cyst is a rare entity and resembles lymphangioma or branchial cleft cyst therefore, presents as a diagnostic challenge. It has a slight male predominance and presents on the left side of the neck in up to 70% of cases. It is a painless mass that progressively increases. We present a case of a seven year old child with a right sided neck swelling that would increase on phonation therefore, adding to the complexity of the case. Surgical excision was performed and final histopathology revealed an ectopic thymic cyst.

Airway management and postoperative length of hospital stay in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: General anesthesia and airway management of patients for head and neck cancer surgery is a challenge for the anesthesiologist. Appropriate assessment and planning are essential for successful airway management. Our objectives were to review airway management strategies in patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery in our tertiary care institution and also to observe the effect of airway management techniques on postoperative length of hospital stay (PLOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of 400 patients who underwent major head and neck cancer surgery in our institution was conducted. A special form was used, and records were searched for airway and anesthetic management in the operating room and recovery room, and for PLOS. RESULTS: 289 (72.25%) of the patients were male, and 111 (27.75%) female. 49.8% of patients had Mallampati score of 3 and 4. Airway was managed with tracheostomy in 81 (20.25%) patients; nasal intubation was performed in 177 (44.25%) and oral intubation in 142 (35.5%) patients. Postoperative emergency tracheostomy was not done in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: Median postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer (P = 0.0005) in patients who had a tracheostomy performed compared with those where the airway was managed without it.

An Unusual Case of Cauda Equina Secondary to Spinal Metastasis of Thyroid Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Cauda equina secondary to metastatic follicular thyroid cancer of the lumbosacral area is a rare entity. CASE REPORT: We report an unusual case of a 52-year-old male who presented with backache, lower limb weakness, and perianal numbness. A CT-scan of the lumbosacral area showed an enhancing mass at the L4, L5 and S1 vertebrae. Histopathology after excision revealed a metastatic thyroid cancer. Hence, a CT scan of the neck and chest was performed which showed a nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid and a mass in the left chest wall. A total thyroidectomy and excision of the chest wall lesion was undergone, which was diagnosed as a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. CONCLUSION: Metastatic workup of spinal metastasis should include evaluation of the thyroid gland.

Laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion in the immediate post-partum period for head and neck cancer.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement serves as a well-tolerated and efficacious technique for long-term enteral access in patients with medical conditions precluding oral food intake. The nutritional optimisation of patients with oral cancer is mostly achieved via PEG tube placement. However, certain special situations, such as pregnancy and the immediate post-partum period, may render the placement of PEG tubes to be a challenge. A 28-year-old pregnant female patient presented to us with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue during her third trimester. Definitive surgical resection was planned post-delivery along with simultaneous PEG tube placement. Immediately following delivery via an elective Caesarean section, she successfully underwent laparoscopic-assisted PEG tube placement. A gravid uterus or an immediately post-partum distended uterus poses significant difficulties whilst attempting PEG insertion. However, laparoscopic-assisted PEG insertion in a controlled setting may make the process safer to perform.

Venous thromboembolism-incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with head and neck cancer: a tertiary care experience in Pakistan

Introduction Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is seen with morbidity and mortality in various surgical specialties, scarce data are available in the head and neck surgery domain. Objective We aim to determine the incidence of VTE in patients receiving surgery for head and neck cancer. Methods Four hundred thirteen patients who underwent head and neck surgery procedures between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients with head and neck surgery had received thromboprophylaxis (i.e., compression stockings and subcutaneous heparin). Patient demographics, operating time, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. The incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) during the initial postoperative hospitalization was assessed. Results Twelve patients were identified who developed VTE. Three patients developed DVT, and nine developed PE. The incidence of DVT and PE was 0.72 and 2.17%, respectively. Interestingly, all of these patients had undergone excision of extensive head and neck cancers accompanied by a reconstructive procedure. Patients who developed PE had a longer hospital stay compared with those who only had DVT. There were overall three mortalities in the nine patients who developed PE. Conclusion Although VTE has a low incidence, it is a known complication of extensive head and neck surgeries with life-threatening outcomes. We recommend early mobilization and physiotherapy with the possible aid from appropriate mechanical and pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis.

Venous Thromboembolism-Incidence of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Tertiary Care Experience in Pakistan.

Introduction Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is seen with morbidity and mortality in various surgical specialties, scarce data are available in the head and neck surgery domain. Objective We aim to determine the incidence of VTE in patients receiving surgery for head and neck cancer. Methods Four hundred thirteen patients who underwent head and neck surgery procedures between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients with head and neck surgery had received thromboprophylaxis (i.e., compression stockings and subcutaneous heparin). Patient demographics, operating time, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. The incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) during the initial postoperative hospitalization was assessed. Results Twelve patients were identified who developed VTE. Three patients developed DVT, and nine developed PE. The incidence of DVT and PE was 0.72 and 2.17%, respectively. Interestingly, all of these patients had undergone excision of extensive head and neck cancers accompanied by a reconstructive procedure. Patients who developed PE had a longer hospital stay compared with those who only had DVT. There were overall three mortalities in the nine patients who developed PE. Conclusion Although VTE has a low incidence, it is a known complication of extensive head and neck surgeries with life-threatening outcomes. We recommend early mobilization and physiotherapy with the possible aid from appropriate mechanical and pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis.

Transcervical approach to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion in a patient with head and neck cancer.

This is the case of a 48-year-old woman with recurrent head and neck cancer. Six years before presenting at our institution, she was diagnosed with a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma involving the right maxilla and underwent surgical resection followed by chemoradiation. More recently, she presented at our institution with oral bleeding and pain. Examination revealed severe trismus, and biopsy demonstrated recurrent squamous cell carcinoma. She underwent surgical resection with a plan for simultaneous placement of a feeding gastrostomy tube. Owing to the near non-existent mouth opening, traditional per-oral placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube was impossible. Intraoperatively, following tumor resection, endoscopy was performed via direct pharyngeal access through a right cervical incision. The PEG tube was then placed uneventfully. Numerous studies have shown the superiority of PEG tubes over either radiologically or surgically placed gastrostomy tubes. This report describes an approach to PEG placement in a patient in whom per-oral placement was not feasible.

The rationality of prescribing antibiotics after tonsillectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the antibiotic therapy with the absence of antibiotic therapy in reducing post-tonsillectomy morbidities METHODS: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from November 2006 to September 2007. It involved 60 patients fulfilling the criteria for recurrent tonsillitis who were divided in two groups based on the different practice of two sets of surgeons. In one group antibiotics were used, while in the other group, no antibiotic was given. Patients filled a questionnaire about pain, post-operative bleeding, day of normal diet intake, day of normal activity and any consultation received during the first postoperative week. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULTS: There were 60 patients who were divided in two groups of 30 each on the basis of purposive sampling technique. Mean age was 21.43 +/- 8.3 years. Of the total, 55% were male and 45% were female. Post-operative pain was comparable between the two groups. Four patients had secondary haemorrhage--three in the antibiotic group, and one in the non-antibiotic group. Mean day of normal activities and normal diet intake was almost the same in both groups. Unscheduled hospital visits were 6.9% in the antibiotic group, and 3.3% in the non-antibiotic group. CONCLUSION: The study showed that antibiotics did not have any significant impact in reducing the post-tonsillectomy morbidities.