Metformin's dual impact on Gut microbiota and cardiovascular health: A comprehensive analysis.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause significant global morbidity, mortality and public health burden annually. CVD alters richness, diversity, and composition of Gut microbiota along with RAS and histopathological differences. Present study explores Metformin role in mitigating doxorubicin induced cardiovascular toxicity/remodeling. Animals were divided into 4 groups with n=6: Group I (N. Control) free access to diet and water; Group II (MET. Control) on oral Metformin (250 mg/kg) daily; Group III (DOX. Control) alternate day intraperitoneal Doxorubicin (3 mg/kg) totaling 18 mg/kg; Group IV (DOX. MET. Control) received both daily oral Metformin (250 mg/kg) and alternate day Doxorubicin (3 mg/kg). Gut microbial analysis was made from stool before animals were sacrificed for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Significant alterations were observed in ɑ and ß-diversity with new genus from Firmicutes, specifically Clostridia_UCG-014, Eubacterium ruminantium, and Tunicibacter, were prevalent in both the DOX. Control and DOX.MET groups. Proteobacteria, represented by Succinivibrio, were absent in all groups. Additionally, Parabacteroides from the Bacteroidia phylum was absent in all groups except the N. control. In the DOX.MET Control group, levels of Angiotensin II ( 7.75± 0.49 nmol/min, p<0.01) and Renin (2.60±0.26 ng/ml/hr) were significantly reduced. Conversely, levels of CK-MB, Fibrinogen, Troponin, CRP ( p < 0.0001), and TNFɑ (p < 0.05) were elevated. Histopathological examination revealed substantial cardiac changes, including Fibrinogen and fat deposition and eosinophilic infiltration, as well as liver damage characterized by binucleated cells and damaged hepatocytes, along with altered renal tissues in the DOX.MET.Control group. The findings suggest that MET. significantly modifies gut microbiota, particularly impacting the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. The reduction in Angiotensin II levels, alongside increased inflammatory markers and myocardial damage, highlights the complex interactions and potential adverse effects associated with MET therapy on cardiovascular health.

Trends in Serum Shifts: Unveiling Hyperglycaemia Links PostCOVID-19 Vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Clinical endocrinology has observed emerging endocrine complications following COVID-19 vaccination, amidst successful reductions in COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines have demonstrated efficacy. Reports indicate a potential association between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and diabetes, exploring interactions with ACE-2 receptors and molecular mimicry. Additionally, altered liver and kidney function tests post-vaccination prompt investigation into their role in predicting type 2 diabetes. This study aims to explore these biochemical abnormalities in a case-control, single-centre prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study aimed to evaluate a total of five hundred healthy donors, out of which 203 qualified for final analysis. Participants were selected based on their vaccination status with a COVID-19 vaccine and prior exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Donors without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were excluded from the study. Included participants were adults who had received three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: A total of 203 individuals were included in the study, comprising 104 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 99 without. Demographic characteristics including age, sex, nationality, Rh factors, ABO blood groups, liver function tests (LFT), kidney function tests (KFT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mineral ion levels were analysed. Among the participants, the distribution based on HbA1c levels showed 47.8% with HbA1c <7% classified as normal, 38.48% with HbA1c 8-10% classified as high, and 16.64% with HbA1c <10% classified as uncontrolled diabetes. Significant findings included a decrease in magnesium levels to 0.77±0.82 mmol/L (p<0.04*), an increase in LDH levels to 420.70±356.26 µL (p<0.01*), and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (143.22 ± 142.62 µL, p<0.001), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (55.70 ± 32.20 µL, p<0.001), and serum bilirubin (9.23 ± 4.87 µmol/L, p<0.001). Creatinine levels were significantly lower at 116.75 ± 101.94 µmol/L (p#60;0.001), while uric acid levels were significantly elevated at 305.92 ± 145.04 µmol/L (p<0.001) in individuals with uncontrolled HbA1c <10%. A majority of these individuals belonged to the O+ blood group. CONCLUSION: This study underscores significant shifts in serum biomarkers and their complex interplay with mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and diabetes, particularly in uncontrolled cases. The findings suggest potential autoimmune reactions triggered by the self-adjuvant properties of mRNA and polyethylene glycol lipid conjugates. Variations observed among different blood groups may correspond to racial disparities influencing molecular mimicry mechanisms. Despite these insights, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear, highlighting the critical need for further research to validate and expand upon these findings.

6-shogaol against 3-Nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease in rodents: Based on molecular docking/targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines/NF-κB-BDNF-Nrf2 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is an extremely harmful autosomal inherited neurodegenerative disease. Motor dysfunction, mental disorder, and cognitive deficits are the characteristic features of this disease. The current study examined whether 6-shogaol has a protective effect against 3-Nitropropionic Acid (3-NPA)-induced HD in rats. METHODS: A total of thirty male Wistar rats received 6-shogaol (10 and 20 mg/kg, per oral) an hour before injection of 3-NPA (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 15 days. Behavioral tests were performed, including narrow beam walk, rotarod test, and grip strength test. Biochemical tests promoting oxidative stress were evaluated [superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA)], including changes to neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), homovanillic acid (HVA), (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The 6-shogaol was docked to the active site of TNF-α (2AZ5), NF-κB (1SVC), BDNF) [1B8M], and Nrf2 [5FZN] proteins using AutoDock tools. RESULTS: The 6-shogaol group significantly improved behavioral activity over the 3-NPA-injected control rats. Moreover, 3-NPA-induced significantly altered neurotransmitters, biochemical and neuroinflammatory indices, which could efficiently be reversed by 6-shogaol. The 6-shogaol showed favorable negative binding energies at -9.271 (BDNF) kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of 6-shogaol in an experimental animal paradigm against 3-NPA-induced HD in rats. The suggested mechanism is supported by immunohistochemical analysis and western blots, although more research is necessary for definite confirmation.

Synchronized Glioma Insights: Trends, Blood Group Correlations, Staging Dynamics, and the Vanguard of Liquid Biopsy Advancements.

BACKGROUND: Gliomas are the most frequent, heterogeneous group of tumors arising from glial cells, characterized by difficult monitoring, poor prognosis, and fatality. Tissue biopsy is an established procedure for tumor cell sampling that aids diagnosis, tumor grading, and prediction of prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied and compared the levels of liquid biopsy markers in patients with different grades of glioma. Also, we tried to prove the potential association between glioma and specific blood group antigens. RESULTS: 78 patients were found, among whom the maximum percentage with glioblastoma had blood group O+ (53.8%). The second highest frequency had blood group A+ (20.4%), followed by B+ (9.0%) and A- (5.1%), and the least with O-. Liquid biopsy biomarkers included Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), lymphocytes, Urea, Alkaline phosphatase (AST), Neutrophils, and C-Reactive Protein (CRP). The levels of all the components increased significantly with the severity of the glioma, with maximum levels seen in glioblastoma (grade IV), followed by grade III and grade II, respectively. CONCLUSION: Gliomas have significant clinical challenges due to their progression with heterogeneous nature and aggressive behavior. A liquid biopsy is a non-invasive approach that aids in setting up the status of the patient and figuring out the tumor grade; therefore, it may show diagnostic and prognostic utility. Additionally, our study provides evidence to prove the role of ABO blood group antigens in the development of glioma. However, future clinical research on liquid biopsy will improve the sensitivity and specificity of these tests and confirm their clinical usefulness to guide treatment approaches.

Black Seed Oil-Based Curcumin Nanoformulations Ameliorated Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination in the Mouse Hippocampus.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the demyelination of nerves, axonal damage, and neuroinflammation. Cognition impairment, pain, and loss of mobility are some of the usual complications of MS. It has been postulated that the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the main factors that contribute to MS pathology. Among various animal models, the cuprizone model is the most widely used model for investigating MS-related pathology. We assessed the effects of cuprizone along with the protective effects of some black seed oil-based nanoformulations of curcumin with and without piperine, in mice hippocampus in terms of the changes in antioxidant enzymes, transcription factors, and cytokines during demyelination and remyelination processes. The results of behavioral studies point toward impairment in working memory following the feeding of cuprizone for 5 weeks. However, in treatment groups, mice seemed to prevent the toxic effects of cuprizone. Nanoformulations used in this study were found to be highly effective in lowering the amount of ROS as indicated by the levels of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, nanoformulations CCF and CCPF were observed resisting the toxic effects of cuprizone. We observed greater expression of NFκB-p65 in the CPZ group than in the control group. CCF nanoformulation had a better inhibitory effect on NFκB-p65 than other formulations. Histological examination of the hippocampus was also conducted. Nanoformulations used here were found effective in reversing MS-related pathophysiology and hence have the potential to be applied as adjuvant therapy for MS treatment.

Europinidin Attenuates Methamphetamine-induced Learning and Memory Impairments and Hippocampal Alterations in Rodents: Based on Molecular Docking through a Mechanism of Neuromodulatory Cytokines/ Caspases-3/ CREB/BDNF Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (MA) is well recognized as a psychostimulant that can cause neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration, which is associated with cognitive decline, has been confirmed experimentally. OBJECTIVE: The research aimed to investigate the neuroprotective properties of europinidin (Eu) in rodents affected by methamphetamine (MA)-induced cognitive impairments and hippocampal alterations. This was achieved by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory markers. METHODS: Rats were exposed to cognitive impairment produced by MA. The Morris water maze (MWM) is utilized for evaluating behavioral parameters. Tests were conducted on malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), interleukins-1ß (IL-1ß), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the expression of neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine [NE], dopamine [DA], glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) as well as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), IL-6, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and caspase 3 proteins. An investigation was carried out using docking methodology to ascertain whether Eu interacts with relevant molecular targets. RESULTS: Significant decline in the transfer latency and there were significant changes in the amount of SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA and alterations in levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, CREB, TNF-α, BDNF, and Caspase 3 proteins expression, as well as considerably alterations in level of neurotransmitters (NE, DA, Glutamate, and GABA) were observed in the Eu-treated rats compared to the MA-induced rats. Eu had a favorable affinity towards BDNF with docking scores of -9.486 kcal/mol. CONCLUSION: The experiment found that administering Eu to rats improved cognitive abilities by changing antioxidant enzymes, reducing cytokines, and modifying neurotransmitter levels, compared to rats in the control group treated with MA.

Zamzam Water Mitigates Cardiac Toxicity Risk through Modulation of GUT Microbiota and the Renin-angiotensin System.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to exert a substantial global influence in specific areas due to population growth, aging, microbiota, and genetic/environmental factors. Drinking water has a strong impact on the health of an individual. Further, emerging evidence has highlighted the therapeutic potential and benefits of Zamzam water (Zam). OBJECTIVE: We investigated the influence of Zam on doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity, elucidating its consequential effects on GUT microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic and renal functions. METHODS: Male rats were categorized into four groups: Group 1 as Normal control (NC), Group 2 as Zamzam control (ZC), Group 3 Disease control (DC) and Group 4 as Therapeutic control (DZ) treated with Zam against doxorubicin-induced disease at a dose of 1mg/kg boy weight) intraperitoneally (i.p). RESULTS: Significant dysbiosis in the composition of GM was observed in the DC group along with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum levels of Zinc, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6 and Angiotensin II (Ang II), while C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and CKMB increased significantly (restoration of Zinc ions (0.72 ± 0.07 mcg/mL) compared to NC. Treatment with Zamzam exhibited a marked abundance of 18-times to 72% in Romboutsia, a genus of firmicutes, along with lowering of Proteobacteria in DZ followed by significant restoration of Zinc ions (0.72 ± 0.07 mcg/mL), significant (p ˂ 0.05) reduction in CRP (7.22 ± 0.39 mg/dL), CKMB (118.8 ± 1.02 U/L) and Fibrinogen (3.18 ± 0.16 mg/dL), significant (p < 0.05) increase in IL-10 (7.22 ± 0.84 pg/mL) and IL-6 (7.18 ± 0.40 pg/ml), restoration of Ang II (18.62 ± 0.50 nmol/mL/min), marked increase in renin with normal myocyte architecture and tissue orientation of kidney, and restoration of histological architecture of hepatocyte. CONCLUSION: Zam treatment mitigated cardiac toxicity risk through the modulation of GUT microbiota and the renin-angiotensin system and tissue histology effectively.

Hibiscetin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-evoked memory impairment by inhibiting BDNF/caspase-3/NF-κB pathway in rodents.

This study explores the neuroprotective potential of hibiscetin concerning memory deficits induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in rats. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of hibiscetin against LPS-injected memory deficits in rats. The behavioral paradigms were conducted to access LPS-induced memory deficits. Various biochemical parameters such as acetyl-cholinesterase activity, choline-acetyltransferase, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, catalase), oxidative stress (malonaldehyde), and nitric oxide levels were examined. Furthermore, neuroinflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and nuclear factor-kappa B expression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor as well as apoptosis marker i.e., caspase-3 were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the hibiscetin-treated group exhibited significant recovery in LPS-induced memory deficits in rats by using behavioral paradigms, biochemical parameters, antioxidant levels, oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and apoptosis markers. Recent research suggested that hibiscetin may serve as a promising neuroprotective agent in experimental animals and could offer an alternative in LPS-injected memory deficits in rodent models.

Recent Patterns and Assessment of Long-term Complications followi ngSARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in the Context of Diabet esPrevalence among Blood Donors.

BACKGROUND: Much increasing evidence has suggested that long-term complications post vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 experience a wide range of complication including diabetes. The risk and burden of type 1 diabetes is extensively reported, but type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) has yet to be characterized. To address this gap, we aimed to examine trends of long-term complications post SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in diabetes incidence among the Saudi population. METHODS: In this cross-sectional hospital-based study, we analyzed the blood profile of first-time blood donors from the University Hospital of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia. Various blood parameters, HbA1c was measured in the month of May 2023. All the donors were non-diabetic and were never diagnosed with T2D before the current blood donation. 203 healthy subjects donated their blood, out of which 104 had abnormally high HbA1c tending towards diagnosis of T2D and 99 had with blood profiles. The study followed the STROBE reporting guidelines. RESULTS: Out of 203 donors 104 (male 50(48.1%), female 54(51.9%)) were diagnosed with increased HbA1c (8.24 in males) compared to 7.61 of HbA1c in females. 35.6% were above ˃65 years, with 52.9% with O+ from the ABO blood group. Liver functions indicated significant p˂0.05, 0.04, increased amount of GGT (46.47 U/L), Alkaline phosphatase (99.93 ±64.26 uL) respectively in HbA1c elevated donors KFT represented significant p˂0.05, 0.02 elevated levels of urea (6.73 ±5.51 mmol/L), creatinine (129.97 ±195.17 umol/L) respectively along with elevated values of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (263.72± 196.70 uL) and triglycerides (1.66 ±0.74mmol/L) when compared to normal value of HbA1c donors. DISCUSSION: In the present cross-sectional study, significant increase in HbA1c, trending towards increased cases of T2D post SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Males are much affected compared to females. Further maximum number of cases were from donors above the age of 65 years with altered partial LFT (GGT, Alkaline phosphatase), KFT (urea, creatinine), lipid profile (TG) and LDH in post SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination blood donors. CONCLUSION: Increase in HbA1c in 50% of donors, irrespective of gender, is an alarming figure for health authorities, with altered LFT, KFT and LDH tests and, in the near future, may increase the incidence of T2D. Large-scale population-based studies are required to prevent future incidences of T2D in young children who will be vaccinated.

In Vitro and In Vivo Preventive Effects of Thymoquinone against Breast Cancer: Role of DNMT1.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women and is a major cause of female cancer-related deaths. BC is a multifactorial disease caused by the dysregulation of many genes, raising the need to find novel drugs that function by targeting several signaling pathways. The antitumoral drug thymoquinone (TQ), found in black seed oil, has multitargeting properties against several signaling pathways. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of TQ on the MCF7 and T47D human breast cancer cell lines and its antitumor activity against BC induced by a single oral dose (65 mg/kg) of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) in female rats. The therapeutic activity was evaluated in DMBA-treated rats who received oral TQ (50 mg/kg) three times weekly. TQ-treated MCF7 and T47D cells showed concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. TQ also decreased the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) in both cancer cell types. In DMBA-treated animals, TQ inhibited the number of liver and kidney metastases. These effects were associated with a reduction in DNMT1 mRNA expression. These results indicate that TQ has protective effects against breast carcinogens through epigenetic mechanisms involving DNMT1 inhibition.

Development of a highly sensitive fluorescent probe using Delonix regia (Gulmohar) tree pod shell for precise sarcosine detection in human urine samples: advancing prostate cancer diagnosis.

We designed a highly sensitive fluorescent sensor for the early detection of sarcosine, a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. This sensor was based on surface-cobalt-doped fluorescent carbon quantum dots (Co-CD) using a FRET-based photoluminescent sensing platform. Blue luminescent carbon quantum dots (CQD) were synthesised through a hydrothermal approach, utilizing Delonix regia tree pod shells. Cobalt was employed to functionalize the CQD, enhancing the quantum-entrapped effects and minimizing surface flaws. To optimize Co-CD preparation, we employed a Box-Behnken design (BBD), and response surface methodology (RSM) based on single-factor experiments. The Co-CD was then used as a fluorescent probe for selective Cu2+ detection, with Cu2+ quenching Co-CD fluorescence through an energy transfer process, referred to as 'turn-off'. When sarcosine was introduced, the fluorescence intensity of Co-CD was restored, creating a 'turn-on' response. The sensor exhibited a Cu2+ detection limit (LOD) of 2.4 µM with a linear range of 0 µM to 10 µM. The sarcosine detection in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) resulted in an LOD of 1.54 µM and a linear range of 0 to 10 µM. Importantly, the sensor demonstrated its suitability for clinical analysis by detecting sarcosine in human urine. In summary, our rapid and highly sensitive sensor offers a novel approach for the detection of sarcosine in real samples, facilitating early prostate cancer diagnosis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Volatile Oil Containing Plants as Phytopharmaceuticals to Treat Psoriasis: A Review.

INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition caused by an autoimmune response that accelerates the life cycle of skin cells, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of scaling, inflammation, and itching. METHODS: Palliative treatment options for psoriasis often prioritize the use of volatile oils. These oils contain monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids that are intricately linked to the molecular cascades involved in the pathogenesis and symptoms of psoriasis. To evaluate the antipsoriatic efficacy of volatile oils and their components, we conducted a systematic review of scientific studies. Our literature search encompassed various online databases, including PubMed, BIREME, SCIELO, Open Grey, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The selected studies included experimental in vitro/in vivo assessments as well as clinical studies that examined the potential of volatile oils and their extracts as antipsoriatic agents. We excluded conference proceedings, case reports, editorials, and abstracts. Ultimately, we identified and evaluated a total of 12 studies for inclusion in our analysis. RESULTS: The data collected, compiled, and analyzed strongly support the interaction between volatile oils and their constituents with the key molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the development of its symptoms. Volatile oils play a significant role in the palliative treatment of psoriasis, while their chemical constituents have the potential to reduce the symptoms and recurrence of this condition. CONCLUSION: The current review highlights that the constituents found in volatile oils offer distinct chemical frameworks that can be regarded as promising starting points for the exploration and development of innovative antipsoriatic agents.

Anaesthesia-induced Changes in Genomic Expression Leading to Neurodegeneration.

General anaesthetics (GA) have been in continuous clinical use for more than 170 years, with millions of young and elderly populations exposed to GA to relieve perioperative discomfort and carry out invasive examinations. Preclinical studies have shown that neonatal rodents with acute and chronic exposure to GA suffer from memory and learning deficits, likely due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, which has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanisms behind anaesthesia-induced alterations in late postnatal mice have yet to be established. In this narrative review, we present the current state of knowledge on early life anaesthesia exposure-mediated alterations of genetic expression, focusing on insights gathered on propofol, ketamine, and isoflurane, as well as the relationship between network effects and subsequent biochemical changes that lead to long-term neurocognitive abnormalities. Our review provides strong evidence and a clear picture of anaesthetic agents' pathological events and associated transcriptional changes, which will provide new insights for researchers to elucidate the core ideas and gain an in-depth understanding of molecular and genetic mechanisms. These findings are also helpful in generating more evidence for understanding the exacerbated neuropathology, impaired cognition, and LTP due to acute and chronic exposure to anaesthetics, which will be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Given the many procedures in medical practice that require continuous or multiple exposures to anaesthetics, our review will provide great insight into the possible adverse impact of these substances on the human brain and cognition.

Lipid Nanocapsule: A Novel Approach to Drug Delivery System Formulation Development.

Nanocapsules are polymeric nanoparticles encased in a polymeric coating composed of a predominantly non-ionic surfactant, macromolecules, phospholipids, and an oil core. Lipophilic drugs have been entrapped using various nanocarriers, including lipid cores, likely lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, and others. A phase inversion temperature approach is used to create lipid nanocapsules. The PEG (polyethyleneglycol) is primarily utilised to produce nanocapsules and is a critical parameter influencing capsule residence time. With their broad drug-loading features, lipid nanocapsules have a distinct advantage in drug delivery systems, such as the capacity to encapsulate hydrophilic or lipophilic pharmaceuticals. Lipid nanocapsules, as detailed in this review, are surface modified, contain target-specific patterns, and have stable physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, lipid nanocapsules have target-specific delivery and are commonly employed as a marker in the diagnosis of numerous illnesses. This review focuses on nanocapsule synthesis, characterisation, and application, which will help understand the unique features of nanocapsules and their application in drug delivery systems.

Review of the potential pharmacological role of erucic acid: a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid.

This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the pharmacological properties of erucic acid (EA) and highlight areas that require further research. EA is an omega-9 fatty acid found in certain vegetable oil, such as rapeseed oil has demonstrated favourable effects in rodents, including ameliorating myocardial lipidosis (fat accumulation in the heart muscle), congestive heart disease, hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver), and memory impairments. These findings have prompted regulatory bodies to establish limits on EA content in food oils. The studies were performed on rodents and led to caution on ingesting the EA at high levels. Moreover, EA is frequently utilized as a nutritional supplement for the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy, myocardial disease, and memory improvement. The review of the article indicated that EA improves cognitive function, has a part in Huntington's disease, interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, inhibits elastase and thrombin, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumour properties, and inhibits influenza A virus. This article elucidates the pharmacological effects of EA, an omega-9 fatty acid.

Influence of rosiridin on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rodents through endogenous antioxidants-inflammatory cytokines pathway and molecular docking study.

The research was undertaken to assess the antidiabetic activity of rosiridin in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was elicited chemically in experimental animals using STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.). Experimental rats were arbitrarily allocated to normal control, rosiridin perse, diabetic control, and STZ + rosiridin groups. After the confirmation of diabetes, rosiridin (10 mg/kg) was given orally to the experimental animals for 30 days. Various anti-diabetic (blood glucose, insulin), hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory (Nuclear factor kappa B, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin beta (IL-1ß), and IL-6), antioxidant (and malondialdehyde level, hepatic function and others markers (ALT, AST, adiponectin, and FNDC5) and histopathological indices of injury were evaluated. In addition, the rosinidin was docked into the active site of NF-Kß (1SVC), FNDC5 (4LSD) and adiponectin (5LXG) proteins with AutoDock tools. MD simulations were carried out for the complexes of rosiridin with NF-Kß, myokine and human adiponectin receptor 1. Rosiridin treatment restored the biochemical parameters and preserved the histopathological building of the pancreas as compared to the diabetic rats. Histopathological analysis of the pancreas confirmed that rosiridin antidiabetic efficacy in the STZ-induced diabetes mellitus model. The 5LXG_rosinidin showed favourable affinity with the best binding energies at -7.534 kcal/mol. MD simulations were carried out for the complexes of rosiridin with NF-Kß, myokine and human adiponectin receptor 1, the complex of myokine and rosiridin exhibited the most stable complex. Rosiridin may exhibit considerable anti-diabetic activity in the STZ-induced diabetes mellitus model.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Acemannan ameliorates STZ-activated diabetes by attenuating high glucose via inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis pathway.

Acemannan, the main polysaccharide in Aloe vera, is a -(1, 4)-acetylated polymannose. According to numerous research findings, acemannan is a viable alternative for the treatment of pathological disorders. Streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally caused type 2 diabetes in rats. The current study sought to determine the anti-diabetic efficacy of acemannan (25 and 50 mg/kg) in STZ-injected rats. Different biochemical parameters including HbA1C, glucose and serum insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory markers, antioxidant, oxidative balance, liver function test, glycogen and creatinine, and caspase-3 were evaluated. In addition, a molecular docking study was performed to estimate acemannan's binding affinity to inflammatory markers. Acemannan may be a potent anti-diabetic agent for the treatment of diabetic patients, which will aid in future research into alternative diabetes medications.

Protective effect of fustin against adjuvant-induced arthritis through the restoration of proinflammatory response and oxidative stress.

Rheumatoid arthritis causes irreparable damage to joints. The present research sought to check fustin's anti-arthritic efficacy against the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis paradigm in animals by altering the inflammatory response. In the rats, complete Freund's adjuvant was used to trigger arthritis and they received fustin at 50 and 100 mg/kg for 21 days. At regular intervals, the hind paw volume and arthritic score were assessed. After the trial period, hematological, antioxidant, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other biochemical parameters were estimated. Fustin-treated rats showed the down-regulation of hind paw volume, arthritic score, and altered hematological parameters (TLC, DLC (neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil)). Furthermore, fustin significantly mitigates proinflammatory cytokine (reduced interleukin, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1ß), oxidative stress (attenuated malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), attenuated production of prostaglandin E2 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and improved nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) action. Fustin led to the benefit in arthritis-prone animals elicited by complete Freund's adjuvant via pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Effect of Europinidin against Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage in Rats by Inhibiting the TNF-α/TGF-ß/IFN-γ/NF-kB/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: The effect of europinidin on alcoholic liver damage in rats was examined in this research. METHODS: A total of 24 Wistar rats were grouped in the same way into four groups: normal control (normal), ethanol control (EtOH), europinidin low dose (10 mg/kg), and europinidin higher dose (20 mg/kg). The test group rats were orally treated with europinidin-10 and europinidin-20 for 4 weeks, whereas 5 mL/kg distilled water was administered to control rats. In addition, 1 h after the last dose of the above-mentioned oral treatment, 5 mL/kg (i.p.) EtOH was injected to induce liver injury. After 5 h of EtOH treatment, samples of blood were withdrawn for biochemical estimations. RESULTS: Administration of europinidin at both doses restored all of the estimated serum, i.e., liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP), biochemical test (Creatinine, albumin, BUN, direct bilirubin, and LDH), lipid assessment (TC and TG), endogenous antioxidants (GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (TGF-ß, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-12), caspase-3, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) associated with the EtOH group. CONCLUSION: The results of the investigation showed that europinidin had favorable effects in rats given EtOH and may have hepatoprotective potential property.

Correction: Al-Qahtani et al. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of 2-Methoxyestradiol Exhibits Enhanced Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activities in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Life 2022, 12, 1369.

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