A self-regulated shielding layer induced by an electrolyte additive for alkaline Al-air batteries.

Aqueous Al-air batteries (AABs) are considered promising electrochemical energy devices due to their high-energy density, high-capacity density, and stable discharge voltage. However, the self-corrosion, passivation, and parasitic hydrogen precipitation side reactions in the aqueous electrolyte degrade the performance of these batteries, limiting their development. To overcome the problems related to the use of AABs, we introduce ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) as an additive to the alkaline electrolyte. EDTA-2Na adsorbs strongly to the Al anode interface creating a protective layer capable of inhibiting water-induced parasitic reactions. In fact, in the presence of the additive, the hydrogen evolution tests have shown that the hydrogen evolution rate decreased from 0.70 to 0.30 mL cm-2 min-1. In addition, the electrochemical tests indicated an inhibition efficiency of 55%, the full-cell discharge tests suggested an increase in the specific capacity density of the battery from 943.6 to 2381.7 mA h g-1 and the anode utilization increased from 31.6% to 80.9%, greatly improving the performance of the battery. Surface characterization of the Al alloy surface was also carried out to investigate the adsorption of EDTA-2Na on it. This electrolyte modification strategy provides a promising option for modulating the anode/electrolyte interface chemistry to achieve high-performance AAB.

Exploring half-metallic ferromagnetism and thermoelectric properties of Tl2WX6 (X = Cl and Br) double perovskites.

Half-metallic semiconductors typically exhibit 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level which makes them desired materials for spintronic applications. In this study, we reported a half-metallic ferromagnetic nature in vacancy-ordered double perovskites Tl2WX6 (X = Cl and Br). The magnetic, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of the material are studied by the use of density functional theory (DFT). For the calculations of exchange-correlation potential, PBE-sol is employed while more accurate electronic band structure and density of states (DOS) are calculated by the mBJ potential. Both materials exhibited structural stability in the cubic structure with Fm3̄m space-group. The mechanical stability is confirmed by their computed elastic constants while their thermodynamic stability is attested by negative formation energy. The spin-based volume optimization suggested the ferromagnetic nature of the materials which is further confirmed by the negative value of the exchange energy Δ x(pd). Moreover, computed magnetic moment value for Tl2WCl6 and Tl2WBr6 is 2 µB and the majority of this comes from W. The spin-polarized band structure and DOS confirmed that both materials are half-metallic and at the Fermi level they exhibit 100% spin polarization. Furthermore, in the spin-down state, materials behave as semiconductors with wide bandgaps. Lastly, the thermoelectric properties are evaluated by the BoltzTrap code. The thermoelectric parameters which include the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, power factor, and figure of merit (ZT) are investigated in the range of temperatures from 200 to 800 K. The half-metallic ferromagnetic and thermoelectric characteristics make these materials desired for spintronics and thermoelectric applications.

Antibacterial, antidiabetic, acute toxicity, antioxidant, and nephroproductive competence of extracts of Lannea coromandelica fruit through in-vitro and in-vivo animal model investigation.

The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and nephroprotective activities of methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lannea coromandelica fruit were investigated through in-vitro (agar well diffusion method) and in-vivo (animal model) study. The methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against selective bacterial pathogens at increased concentration (15.0 mg mL-1) in the following order P. vulgaris (35.2 ± 1.6 mm) > E. aerogenes (32.1 ± 2.1 mm) > K. pneumoniae (29.3±2 mm) > P. acnes (28.2 ± 2.4 mm) > S. aureus (25.5 ± 2.4 mm) > S. pyogenes (24.3 ± 2.1 mm) than aqueous extract. The MIC values of this methanol and aqueous extract was found as 2.5-7.5 mg mL-1 and 5.0 to 1.0 mg mL-1 respectively. Different treatment sets (A-E) on a rat-based animal model study revealed that the methanol extract has excellent antioxidant and nephroprotective activity, as well as favorable effects on essential biochemical substances involved in active metabolic activities. As demonstrated by histopathological and microscopic examination, the biologically active chemical present in methanol extract had a positive effect on serum markers, enzyme, and non-enzyme-based antioxidant activities, as well as lowering the toxicity caused by EG in the rat (as nephroprotective activity) renal cells.

RM12 similar to substance P from tachykinin of freshwater murrel Channa striatus influence intracellular ROS in vitro fish erythrocytes and developmental toxicity and antioxidant enzymes in vivo zebrafish embryo.

In this study, substance P, an antioxidant peptide of tachykinin, was identified using bioinformatics tools from the earlier established muscle transcriptome of a freshwater murrel Channa striatus and the peptide was named RM12. The antioxidant properties of RM12 were screened using various colorimetric assays. The toxicity of RM12 was experimented using fish erythrocytes, and it is observed that the maximum concentration (320 µM) of RM12 was found to have 15 or 20% of hemolytic activity; however, it was not significant with other tested concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 µM). Further, the in vivo antioxidant properties of RM12 were experimented on zebrafish embryo, the intracellular ROS level was estimated by 5 mM H2O2 stress in the zebrafish embryo, and inhibition of apoptosis was evaluated. The antioxidant enzymes were extracted from the H2O2-stressed zebrafish embryo, and the intracellular ROS was eliminated due to RM12. Collectively, the experiment showed that the substance P from the freshwater murrel C. striatus possessed potent antioxidant properties; thus, it can further be focused to develop it as antioxidant molecule in aquaculture organisms.

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of metals in brown and red seaweeds collected from a tropical marine biosphere reserve.

In the present study, we have assessed the degree of contamination of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in ten species of red and brown seaweeds, the seasonal variations in the concentration of metals, and the health risk due to the seaweeds. Overall metal concentrations for red and brown seaweeds followed the order Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd and Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd, respectively. Cd and Pb levels were found to be elevated in both the red and brown seaweeds. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the sources of Cd and Pb are mainly anthropogenic. Despite the high concentrations of the non-essential metals (Cd and Pb) in the seaweeds, the health risk assessment revealed that they have a lower hazard index. Hence, consumption of edible red and brown seaweeds from the Tuticorin coast may not pose health hazards in humans for the time being.

Arthrospira platensis transglutaminase derived antioxidant peptide-packed electrospun chitosan/ poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous mat accelerates wound healing, in vitro, via inducing mouse embryonic fibroblast proliferation.

In this present study, we have carried out the antioxidant function of transglutaminase (TG) identified from Arthrospira platensis (Ap) transcriptome. The antioxidant peptide ML11 (MLRSIGIPARL) has been predicted from the transglutaminase core domain and the peptide's free radical scavenging potential was evaluated and it shows that it functions on a dose dependent manner. The ML11 peptide cell toxicity was analysed in the human blood leucocytes which resulted no cytotoxic activity in any of the cell population. Moreover, the nanofibre mat encapsulated with antioxidant peptide ML11 was prepared by electrospinning technique. The antioxidant peptide ML11 encapsulated mat showed increase in fibre diameter compared to the chitosan polyvinyl alcohol blended mat. The change in the crystalline behaviour of both chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol polymer to the amorphous nature was determined by X-ray diffraction at the broad band between 20 and 30° (2θ°). FTIR revealed the functional groups which present in the polymer as well as the interaction between their components of chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The fibre retains the antioxidant activity due to the peptide encapsulated by scavenging the intracellular ROS that was confirmed by flowcytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The ML11 peptide encapsulated mat showed no cytotoxicity in the NIH-3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. Also, ML11 peptide encapsulated fibre showed potential wound healing activity in NIH-3T3 cells. Taken altogether, the study indicates that the wound healing potential of the ML11 peptide encapsulated nano fibre mat may be used as biopharmaceutical drug.

Defense involvement of piscidin from striped murrel Channa striatus and its peptides CsRG12 and CsLC11 involvement in an antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.

In this study, we have evaluated bioinformatics characterization and antimicrobial role of two piscidin (Pi) peptide identified from the established transcriptome of striped murrel Channa striatus (Cs). The identified CsPi cDNA contains 256 nucleotides encode a protein with 70 amino acids in length which has two antimicrobial peptides and named CsRG12 and CsLC11. The gene expression analysis with various immune stimulants indicated an induced expression pattern of CsPi. Antibiogram showed that CsRG12 and CsLC11 was active against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33592, a major multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogen and Bacillus cereus ATCC 2106. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm assays were conducted to observe the activity of pathogenic bacteria with these derived antimicrobial peptides. Flow cytometry analysis noticed that the CsRG12 and CsLC11 disrupt the membrane formation of S. aureus and B. cereus, which was further assured by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images that bleb formation leads to disruption around the bacterial membrane. Overall, it is reported that CsPi is involved in innate immunity as the gene expression plays a remarkable role in up and down regulation during infection. In addition, the involvement of peptides in antibiofilm formation and bacterial membrane disruption support its immune character. This study leads to a possibility for the development of therapeutics in aquaculture biotechnology.

Effect of cassic acid on immunity and immune-reproductive genes transcription in Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda.

The present study was investigated the dietary administration of cassic acid (CA) on growth, innate immunity, transcription profiles of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormones as well as lysozyme enzyme determined in Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain (WG), protein efficacy ratio (PER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly improved in infected fish fed dietary administration with CA at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 diets. The survival is higher (96.7% and 98.3%) in the infected groups fed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) was found significantly high in the infected fish feeding at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. Total protein and albumin were significantly increased with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets among weeks 1-4 while the globulin and albumin: globulin ratio increased of these diet only after week 2. The phagocytic and respiratory burst activities were enhanced statistically the infected fish fed at 10 mg kg-1 CA diet group whereas the production of superoxide anion (SOA) and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The lymphocyte proliferation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly high the infected fish when fed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets after 2nd week whereas the alternate complement activity (ACP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lysozyme activity (Lyz) were observed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets among weeks 1-4. The accumulative mortality was 10% in infected fish fed at 1 and 5 mg kg-1 CA diets whereas 15% mortality found with 10 mg kg-1 CA diet. The highest levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression found in gonad while the highest levels of follicle stimulating hormone-beta subunit (FSH-ß) mRNA expression found in testis of the infected fish given at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The up-regulation of chick-type lysozyme (c-Lyz) mRNA was observed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets after 2nd week while goose-type lysozyme (g-Lyz) mRNA was up-regulation amongst weeks 1-4 of these diets. The present study suggested that E. tarda challenged fish after feeding with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets did not affect growth and hemato-biochemical parameter, but it enhanced nonspecific immune system and improving ERα, FSH-ß, c-Lyz, and g-Lyz mRNA expression in C. gariepinus against E. tarda.

Intracellular oxidative damage due to antibiotics on gut bacteria reduced by glutathione oxidoreductase-derived antioxidant molecule GM15.

The human gut consists of > 1000 different bacterial species for the smooth functioning of the gut. In normal conditions, the antioxidant system present in cells minimize the effects of reactive oxygen species. Upon exposure to antibiotics, there is a rise in ROS level which induces oxidative stress to the cells, ultimately killing the cells. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics, streptomycin and gentamicin at a concentration of 50 µM and 25 µM, were treated with Bacillus subtilis SRMIST201901 (MN726522) and B. cereus SRMIST201902 (MN726923); the treatment reduced the cell counts. Considering the bacterial defense property which relies on the antioxidant mechanism, in this study, we have reported an antioxidant peptide (GM15) derived from glutathione oxidoreductase of spirulina (or called cyanobacteria) Arthrospira platensis (Ap) which reduced the intracellular oxidative stress. Cellular ROS detection was confirmed by fluorescent-associated cell sorting (FACS) using the DCFDA dye. Resazurin dye test also confirmed the activity of peptide on the growth of the Bacillus sp. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the intracellular oxidative stress on treating with GM15 peptide. Overall, the study indicates the influence of antioxidant peptide on the intracellular oxidative stress, leading to the development of an antioxidant drug from glutathione oxidoreductase of A. platensis against oxidative-related stresses.

Antioxidant molecular mechanism of adenosyl homocysteinase from cyanobacteria and its wound healing process in fibroblast cells.

An antioxidant molecule namely, adenosyl homocysteinase (AHc) was identified from the earlier constructed transcriptome database of Spirulina, where it was cultured in a sulphur deprived condition. From the AHc protein, a small peptide NL13 was identified using bioinformatics tools and was predicted to have antioxidant property. Further, the peptide was synthesised and its antioxidant mechanism was addressed at molecular level. NL13 was subjected to various antioxidant assays including DPPH assay, HARS assay, SARS Assay, NO assay and ABTS assay, where NL13 exhibited significant (P < 0.05) potential antioxidant activity compared to its antioxidant control, Trolox. Cytotoxicity was performed on Human whole blood and the cell viability was performed on VERO fibroblast cells. In both assays, it was found that NL13 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect towards the cells. Further, the intracellular ROS was performed on Multimode reader followed by imaging on fluorescence microscope which showed scavenging activity even at lower concentration of NL13 (31.2 µM). An effective wound healing property of NL13 on VERO cells was confirmed by analysing the cell migration rate at two different time intervals (24 and 48 h). Overall, the study shows that NL13 peptide scavenges the intracellular oxidative stress.

Study the immunomodulation of anthracenedione in striped dwarf catfish, Mystus vittatus against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila.

Anthracenedione is a derivative of anthraquinone aromatic organic natural pigments found in senna, aloe latex, rhubarb, cascara, lichens, and fungi having broad range of bioactivity, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-viral activities suggesting potential for clinical purpose of many diseases. The effect of anthracenedione enriched diet on growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune parameters as well as protection from Aeromonas hydrophila in Mystus vittatus was reported. The weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly increased in uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. The red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) count and the percentage of lymphocytes were significantly augmented in both infected and uninfected groups feeding with any diet. The percentage of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and the biochemical profile such as total protein, albumin, and globulin also were significantly increased in the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 enriched diet. The innate and adaptive immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, immunoglobulin M (IgM), respiratory burst activity, complement activity, and lysozyme activity were significantly increased in uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 or 10 mg kg-1 diets but not with 1 mg kg-1 diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is significantly increased in the uninfected and infected fish fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet but the increase was not significantly observed in 1 or 10 mg kg-1 diets. The nitric oxide (NO) production is significantly elevated in both uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. On the other hand, the lymphocyte proliferation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly increased the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 diets. The cumulative mortality was found 5% with 1 and 5 mg kg-1 diet groups while it was observed 10% mortality with 10 mg kg-1 diet group. Based on the results, it is observed that feeding the uninfected and infected groups with 5 mg kg-1 anthracenedione diet resulted in better improvement of growth, hematological, biochemical, and innate as well as adaptive immune parameters in M. vittatus against A. hydrophila.

Effect of symbiotic supplemented diet on innate-adaptive immune response, cytokine gene regulation and antioxidant property in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Administration of probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic supplemented diets boosts the antioxidant property, pro and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription, innate-adaptive immunity, growth rate and feed digestibility with very low or no mortality in healthy and infected (both groups) in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The probiotic diet increased the white blood cell (WBC) count and globulin (GB) level significantly on or after 6th week whereas with the symbiotic diet the increase was noted two weeks earlier in both groups; the total protein (TP) level also increased significantly when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, whereas with symbiotic diet the significant increase manifested earlier at 4th week itself. The serum phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), complement C3 (CC3) level, alternative complement pathway (ACP), lysozyme activity (LA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in head kidney (HK) leucocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 2-8; but with prebiotic diet only on 8th week. With probiotic diet the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 but the prebiotics diet only on 8th week. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8 and with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8. When healthy fish fed with any supplementation diet for a period of 30 days there was no mortality while 5%, 10%, and 10% mortality was observed in infected group fed with symbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic supplementation diets. In head kidney (HK) leucocytes, the IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB gene transcriptions were significantly up-regulation in both groups when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 while the prebiotic diet only on 8th week. The iNOS expression was up-regulation significantly in both groups fed with probiotic and symbiotic diets on weeks 6 and 8; however, with any diet, the relative IL-10 and TGF-ß gene expressions were down-regulated. The present study suggested that dietary administration of symbiotic diet elicited earlier antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive immune response, immune related cytokine gene modulation, and disease protection earlier i.e. on 4th week than with probiotic or prebiotic diets in L. rohita against A. hydrophila.

Impact of chlorpyrifos on behavior and histopathological indices in different tissues of freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch).

The present systematic experiment was conducted to estimate the impact of behavioral and pathological indices on freshwater fish Channa punctatus exposed to sub-lethal concentration (5 ppm) of an organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Fish were segregated into four experimental groups (G1, control; G2, 10 days; G3, 20 days; and G4, 30 days exposure), each group comprises 15 fish in triplicate. The behavioral and histological changes were assessed in each group. Severe behavioral changes were observed in the 30 days, moderate changes in the 20 days, and mild changes in the 10 days exposure groups respectively when compared with the control group. The pathologic lesions such as inter lamellae space, necrotic lamellae, fused lamellae, and lifting of lamellae epithelium in gills; vacuolation, blood conjunctions, and necrotic hepatocytes in the liver; and lamina propria, fusion of villi, and flattened villi in the intestine were observed. These structural alterations of the gills, liver, and intestine could affect respiration, osmotic and ionic regulation; absorption, storage and secretion; digestion; and absorption of nutrients respectively, which in turn could adversely affect the growth and survival of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. This study serves as a biomonitoring tool for the effects of organophosphorus insecticide CPF on the aquatic biota.

Resolving the pathogenicity factors of a novel opportunistic fungus Schizophyllum commune at molecular level.

Schizophyllum commune is a well-known mushroom forming fungi which is an edible one due to its nutritive value. It exhibits a special wood degrading mechanism to grow in decay matters by releasing a series of enzymes. These enzymes might make them an opportunistic pathogen which has been reported to infect various animals and human beings too. Although these fungi were identified as human and animal pathogens, their mechanisms of pathogenesis and the key virulence factors involved in disease establishment are not known. In this study, we reported this fungal infection in freshwater fish for the first time and its morphological features. Further, we employed RNA-seq technique to identify the major virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis in fish and the network of interaction between the identified virulence factors were analysed. Also, we confirmed the virulence roles of this fungus during infection by qRT-PCR analysis. This study emphasizes the virulence nature of the common mushroom forming food fungus and the involvement of enzymes such as phosphoinositide phospholipase C, hexosaminidase and few toxins such as pesticidal and insecticidal crystal proteins which opened a new avenue in the virulence nature of edible mushrooms.

Design and characterization of a novel Arthrospira platensis glutathione oxido-reductase-derived antioxidant peptide GM15 and its potent anti-cancer activity via caspase-9 mediated apoptosis in oral cancer cells.

Glutathione oxido-reductase (GR) is a primary antioxidant enzyme of most living forms which protects the cells from oxidative metabolism by reducing glutathione (GSH) from its oxidized form (GSSG). Although the antioxidant role of the enzyme is well characterized, the specific role of conserved N' peptide sequence in antioxidant mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we have identified an RNA sequence encoding GR enzyme from spirulina, Arthrospira platensis (Ap) and the changes in its gene expression profile was analysed during H2O2 stress. Results showed that H2O2 (10 mM) stimulated the expression of ApGR throughout the timeline of study (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days) with highest expression at 5th day post-exposure which confirmed the antioxidant role of ApGR in spirulina during H2O2 induced oxidative stress. A dithiol containing short antioxidant peptide, 39GGTCVIRGCVPKKLM53 (GM15) from ApGR was predicted and its radicals (superoxide and hydroxyl radical) scavenging potential was confirmed by in vitro cell-free assays. GM15 (12.5 µM) reduced the intracellular generalized oxidative stress level, as measured using DCFDA assay in H2O2 exposed leucocytes without affecting any of the cellular population. Further, the biomedical application of the radical scavenging property of GM15 was validated in oral carcinoma (KB) cells where GM15 exhibited significant cytotoxicity. Also, GM15 exhibited heterogenous effects on intracellular oxidative stress level in KB cells: at lower concentration (6.25 µM), the peptide reduced oxidative stress whereas, at higher concentration (25 µM) it increased the intensity of oxidative stress. GM15 (25 µM) induced caspase-9 mediated apoptosis in KB cells along with membrane disruption and DNA degradation which are confirmed by propidium iodide (PI) internalization and comet assays, respectively. Overall, the study shows that GM15 peptide i) scavenges superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and influences intracellular oxidative stress, and ii) has anti-cancer effect in oral cancer cells.

Effects of aloe-emodin on innate immunity, antioxidant and immune cytokines mechanisms in the head kidney leucocytes of Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans.

The effect of aloe-emodin incorporated diets on innate immune response, disease resistance, pro and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription in Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans is reported for the first time. In healthy and infected groups fed with 5 mg aloe-emodin enriched diet the white blood cell (WBC) count increased significantly (p > 0.05) after 6th week. In both groups fed with any enriched diet the biochemical parameters such as albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio did not vary significantly; however with 5 mg aloe-emodin diet the albumin and globulin levels increased significantly (p > 0.05) after 6th week. The serum phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), serum complement C3 (CC3), and lysozyme activity (LA) did not increase with any diet between weeks 2 and 4, whereas with 5 mg aloe-emodin diet increased significantly in both groups after 6th week. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, and iNOS significantly modulated the expression in both groups on being fed with 5 mg aloe-emodin incorporation diet on 8th week. Healthy fish fed with any aloe-emodin diet did not suffer mortality. However, the infected fish fed with 1, 5, and 10 mg kg-1 aloe-emodin diets registered 5%, 10%, and 15% mortality. The present study indicates that healthy and infected L. rohita exhibited enhanced innate immune response, disease resistance, pro and/or anti-inflamatory cytokine gene transcription levels against A. invadans.

Comparative immunostimulatory effect of probiotics and prebiotics in Channa punctatus against Aphanomyces invadans.

In aquaculture and human health care probiotics and prebiotics have been widely used due to their important role in enhancing beneficial gut microbiota, promoting growth, increasing disease resistance, and positively modulating the host immune system. This study reports for the first time a comparative analysis on the effect of the probiotics and prebiotics on growth, digestive enzymes activity, antioxidant activity, and immune response in Channa punctatus against Aphanomyces invadans. Among the diets enriched with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) in C. punctatus, feeding 2.5 g kg-1 diet did not significantly influence the mean weight gain (MWG) between weeks 2 and 4 in both the infected and control groups; however the increase in MWG became significant from weeks 6-8. Similarly, during this period the protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein intake (PI) did not increase significantly. The intestinal protease, lipase, and amylase enzyme activities also did not increase significantly between weeks 2 and 4, whereas the values increased significantly after 6 weeks in both groups when fed with dietary supplementation of S. cerevisiae and GOS. The total S. cerevisiae count significantly increased in the gut of infected and non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS diets while the total bacterial (TB) count decreased between weeks 6 and 8. The total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) activity and the malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration increased significantly in the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS supplementation diets between weeks 6 and 8 whereas the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities increased significantly only on week 8. The innate immune parameters such as plasma lysozyme, acid phosphatase (ACP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities increased significantly in the infected and non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS containing diets after 6 weeks. Similarly, the plasma nitric oxide (NO) level and total protein (TP) content significantly increased in the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS containing diets between weeks 6 and 8. In the control and the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS enriched diets caused no mortality whereas 15% and 10% mortality was observed in the infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS diets, respectively. This study indicates that the infected and non-infected C. punctatus fed with dietary supplementation of GOS diet at 2.5 g kg-1 had exhibited better growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, gut microbiota composition, and immune response than that of S. cerevisiae diet.

Gene profiling of antimicrobial peptides, complement factors and MHC molecules from the skin transcriptome of Channa striatus and its expression pattern during Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Channa striatus is one of the economically important freshwater fish with high demand in Southeast Asia for its nutritional and medicinal values. The unique composition of skin mucus of murrel provides immunity against pathogens; however, they are susceptible to few bacterial pathogens especially Aeromonas hydrophila. Although few immune molecules such as antimicrobial peptides have already been identified from the murrel mucus, there is no report on the complete gene profile of the skin and mucosal immunity. Therefore, in this study we applied transcriptome approach to identify the mRNA sequences of various immune molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, complement factors and adaptive immune molecules from the skin tissue. Transcriptome wide search revealed unique mRNA sequences of 13 antimicrobial peptides, 11 complement components, 2 major histocompatibility complex proteins and its receptor, 6 butyrophilins, 2 leptins and its receptor. Brief bioinformatics analysis of the identified mRNA sequences and their respective putative protein sequences were performed to understand molecular information of those immune components. Further, we analysed the differential expression pattern of selected 13 mRNA sequences representing each immune group using qRT-PCR technique which highlighted the role of those genes during A. hydrophila challenge. Overall, this study revealed the complex immune response of murrel skin and the involvement of various innate and adaptive immune molecules against A. hydrophila infection.

Pharmaceutical significance of Leuconostoc mesenteroides KS-TN11 isolated from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

Aquatic animals are known for their myriad of beneficial bacteria with diverse biologically active compounds. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize potentially beneficial lactic acid bacteria from Nile Tilapia and evaluate their pharmaceutical applications. The fish samples were dissected and stomach, intestine, and gills were collected and serially diluted for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on BCP agar media. Identification of isolate was carried by biochemical and molecular characterization using API kit and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, respectively. Further, KS-TN11 was assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential using the chromogenic method. A lactic acid bacterium KS-TN11 was isolated from the stomach of Nile Tilapia and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Effect of KS-TN11 on lipid accumulation in adipocytes was done by using Oil Red O staining. The isolate showed strong antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria in vitro. In addition, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 KS-TN11 (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) tends to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and thus may have possible anti-obesity effects. Moreover, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 exhibited substantial α-glucosidase inhibitory activities by 41.33% at 50 mg/ml and 64% at 100 mg/ml, respectively. The bacterium showed potent antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria; in addition to alpha-glucosidase activity, and inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cell line. These results reinforce KS-TN11 as a novel bacterium with an impending pharmaceutical application.

Kaolin incorporated diet on growth and immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of kaolin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. Both the infected and uninfected groups fed with kaolin enriched diet gained better weight, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The survival rate was 98.3% in control (C) and uninfected (UI) fed with 2 g kg-1 kaolin diet, whereas it was 95.0% in uninfected (UI) fed with 1 g kg-1 or infected (I) fed with 1 g kg-1 kaolin diets. In both groups the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils, level of albumin and globulin increased in uninfected (UI) fed with 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 diets. The serum Ig level significantly increased in both groups when fed with 3 g kg-1 diet, whereas the phagocytic activity did not increase significantly. Further the respiratory burst activity in both groups significantly increased with any supplemented diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the infected group fed with 2 g kg-1 diet and the uninfected group fed with 1 g kg-1 diet. The complement activity was significantly enhanced in both groups when fed with 1 and 2 g kg-1 diets; the lysozyme activity increased with 2 g kg-1 diet; besides the group was 5% mortality whereas 10% mortality was observed when fed with 1 or 3 g kg-1 diets. The present results suggest that C. idellus fed with kaolin enriched diet promotes growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.