Metastatic organotropism in small cell lung cancer.

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, yet its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most metastatic form of lung cancer, with most patients presenting with widespread disease, making it an ideal model for studying metastasis. However, the lack of suitable preclinical models has limited such studies. We utilized well-annotated rapid autopsy-derived tumors to develop xenograft models that mimic key features of SCLC, including histopathology, rapid and widespread development of metastasis to the liver, brain, adrenal, bone marrow, and kidneys within weeks, and response to chemotherapy. By integrating in vivo lineage selection with comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, we identified critical cellular programs driving metastatic organotropism to the liver and brain, the most common sites of SCLC metastasis. Our findings reveal the key role of nuclear-cytoskeletal interactions in SCLC liver metastasis. Specifically, the loss of the nuclear envelope protein lamin A/C, encoded by the LMNA gene, increased nuclear deformability and significantly increased the incidence of liver metastasis. Human liver metastases exhibited reduced LMNA expression compared to other metastatic sites, correlating with poorer patient outcomes and increased mortality. This study introduces novel preclinical models for SCLC metastasis and highlights pathways critical for organ-specific metastasis, offering new avenues for the development of targeted therapies to prevent or treat metastatic disease.

Staufen1 Represses the FOXA1-Regulated Transcriptome by Destabilizing FOXA1 mRNA in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Transcription factors play key roles in development and disease by controlling gene expression. Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), is a pioneer transcription factor essential for mouse development and functions as an oncogene in prostate and breast cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), FOXA1 is significantly downregulated and high FOXA1 expression is associated with better prognosis, suggesting potential tumor suppressive functions. We therefore investigated the regulation of FOXA1 expression in CRC, focusing on well-differentiated CRC cells, where FOXA1 is robustly expressed. Genome-wide RNA stability assays identified FOXA1 as an unstable mRNA in CRC cells. We validated FOXA1 mRNA instability in multiple CRC cell lines and in patient-derived CRC organoids, and found that the FOXA1 3'UTR confers instability to the FOXA1 transcript. RNA pulldowns and mass spectrometry identified Staufen1 (STAU1) as a potential regulator of FOXA1 mRNA. Indeed, STAU1 knockdown resulted in increased FOXA1 mRNA and protein expression due to increased FOXA1 mRNA stability. Consistent with these data, RNA-seq following STAU1 knockdown in CRC cells revealed that FOXA1 targets were upregulated upon STAU1 knockdown. Collectively, this study uncovers a molecular mechanism by which FOXA1 is regulated in CRC cells and provides insights into our understanding of the complex mechanisms of gene regulation in cancer.

Abrogation of the G2/M checkpoint as a chemosensitization approach for alkylating agents.

BACKGROUND: The cell cycle is tightly regulated by checkpoints, which play a vital role in controlling its progression and timing. Cancer cells exploit the G2/M checkpoint, which serves as a resistance mechanism against genotoxic anticancer treatments, allowing for DNA repair prior to cell division. Manipulating cell cycle timing has emerged as a potential strategy to augment the effectiveness of DNA damage-based therapies. METHODS: In this study, we conducted a forward genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening with repeated exposure to the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) to investigate the mechanisms underlying tumor cell survival under genotoxic stress. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that canonical DNA repair pathways, including the Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/Fanconi and mismatch repair, determine cell fate under genotoxic stress. Notably, we identified the critical role of PKMYT1, in ensuring cell survival. Depletion of PKMYT1 led to overwhelming TMZ-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Isobologram analysis demonstrated potent drug synergy between alkylating agents and a Myt1 kinase inhibitor, RP-6306. Mechanistically, inhibiting Myt1 forced G2/M-arrested cells into an unscheduled transition to the mitotic phase without complete resolution of DNA damage. This forced entry into mitosis, along with persistent DNA damage, resulted in severe mitotic abnormalities. Ultimately, these aberrations led to mitotic exit with substantial apoptosis. Preclinical animal studies demonstrated that the combination regimen involving TMZ and RP-6306 prolonged the overall survival of glioma-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings highlight the potential of targeting cell cycle timing through Myt1 inhibition as an effective strategy to enhance the efficacy of current standard cancer therapies, potentially leading to improved disease outcomes.

SIRT1 Prevents R-Loops during Chronological Aging by Modulating DNA Replication at rDNA Loci.

In metazoans, the largest sirtuin, SIRT1, is a nuclear protein implicated in epigenetic modifications, circadian signaling, DNA recombination, replication, and repair. Our previous studies have demonstrated that SIRT1 binds replication origins and inhibits replication initiation from a group of potential initiation sites (dormant origins). We studied the effects of aging and SIRT1 activity on replication origin usage and the incidence of transcription-replication collisions (creating R-loop structures) in adult human cells obtained at different time points during chronological aging and in cancer cells. In primary, untransformed cells, SIRT1 activity declined and the prevalence of R-loops rose with chronological aging. Both the reduction in SIRT1 activity and the increased abundance of R-loops were also observed during the passage of primary cells in culture. All cells, regardless of donor age or transformation status, reacted to the short-term, acute chemical inhibition of SIRT1 with the activation of excessive replication initiation events coincident with an increased prevalence of R-loops. However, cancer cells activated dormant replication origins, genome-wide, during long-term proliferation with mutated or depleted SIRT1, whereas, in primary cells, the aging-associated SIRT1-mediated activation of dormant origins was restricted to rDNA loci. These observations suggest that chronological aging and the associated decline in SIRT1 activity relax the regulatory networks that protect cells against excess replication and that the mechanisms protecting from replication-transcription collisions at the rDNA loci manifest as differentially enhanced sensitivities to SIRT1 decline and chronological aging.

Berzosertib Plus Topotecan vs Topotecan Alone in Patients With Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a high replication stress tumor, have poor prognoses and few therapeutic options. A phase 2 study showed antitumor activity with the addition of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase inhibitor berzosertib to topotecan. Objective: To investigate whether the addition of berzosertib to topotecan improves clinical outcomes for patients with relapsed SCLC. Design, Setting, and Participants: Between December 1, 2019, and December 31, 2022, this open-label phase 2 randomized clinical trial recruited 60 patients with SCLC and relapse after 1 or more prior therapies from 16 US cancer centers. Patients previously treated with topotecan were not eligible. Interventions: Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive topotecan alone (group 1), 1.25 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 through 5, or with berzosertib (group 2), 210 mg/m2 intravenously on days 2 and 5, in 21-day cycles. Randomization was stratified by tumor sensitivity to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary end points included overall survival (OS) in the overall population and among patients with platinum-sensitive or platinum-resistant tumors. The PFS and OS for each treatment group were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare PFS and OS between the 2 groups, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the treatment hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 2-sided 95% CI. Results: Of 60 patients (median [range] age, 59 [34-79] years; 33 [55%] male) included in this study, 20 were randomly assigned to receive topotecan alone and 40 to receive a combination of topotecan with berzosertib. After a median (IQR) follow-up of 21.3 (18.1-28.3) months, there was no difference in PFS between the 2 groups (median, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.2-5.1] months for group 1 vs 3.9 [95% CI, 2.8-4.6] months for group 2; HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.46-1.41]; P = .44). Overall survival was significantly longer with the combination therapy (5.4 [95% CI, 3.2-6.8] months vs 8.9 [95% CI, 4.8-11.4] months; HR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.29-0.96], P = .03). Adverse event profiles were similar between the 2 groups (eg, grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia, 11 of 20 [55%] vs 20 of 40 [50%], and any grade nausea, 9 of 20 [45%] vs 14 of 40 [35%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, treatment with berzosertib plus topotecan did not improve PFS compared with topotecan therapy alone among patients with relapsed SCLC. However, the combination treatment significantly improved OS. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03896503.

RepID represses megakaryocytic differentiation by recruiting CRL4A-JARID1A at DAB2 promoter.

BACKGROUND: Megakaryocytes (MKs) are platelet precursors, which arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While MK lineage commitment and differentiation are accompanied by changes in gene expression, many factors that modulate megakaryopoiesis remain to be uncovered. Replication initiation determinant protein (RepID) which has multiple histone-code reader including bromodomain, cryptic Tudor domain and WD40 domains and Cullin 4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4) recruited to chromatin mediated by RepID have potential roles in gene expression changes via epigenetic regulations. We aimed to investigate whether RepID-CRL4 participates in transcriptional changes required for MK differentiation. METHODS: The PCR array was performed using cDNAs derived from RepID-proficient or RepID-deficient K562 erythroleukemia cell lines. Correlation between RepID and DAB2 expression was examined in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) through the CellMinerCDB portal. The acceleration of MK differentiation in RepID-deficient K562 cells was determined by estimating cell sizes as well as counting multinucleated cells known as MK phenotypes, and by qRT-PCR analysis to validate transcripts of MK markers using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated MK differentiation condition. Interaction between CRL4 and histone methylation modifying enzymes were investigated using BioGRID database, immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. Alterations of expression and chromatin binding affinities of RepID, CRL4 and histone methylation modifying enzymes were investigated using subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting. RepID-CRL4-JARID1A-based epigenetic changes on DAB2 promoter were analyzed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation and qPCR analysis. RESULTS: RepID-deficient K562 cells highly expressing MK markers showed accelerated MKs differentiation exhibiting increases in cell size, lobulated nuclei together with reaching maximum levels of MK marker expression earlier than RepID-proficient K562 cells. Recovery of WD40 domain-containing RepID constructs in RepID-deficient background repressed DAB2 expression. CRL4A formed complex with histone H3K4 demethylase JARID1A in soluble nucleus and loaded to the DAB2 promoter in a RepID-dependent manner during proliferation condition. RepID, CRL4A, and JARID1A were dissociated from the chromatin during MK differentiation, leading to euchromatinization of the DAB2 promoter. CONCLUSION: This study uncovered a role for the RepID-CRL4A-JARID1A pathway in the regulation of gene expression for MK differentiation, which can form the basis for the new therapeutic approaches to induce platelet production. Video Abstract.

RepID represses megakaryocytic differentiation by recruiting CRL4A-JARID1A at DAB2 promoter.

Background Megakaryocytes (MKs) are platelet precursors, which arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). While MK lineage commitment and differentiation are accompanied by changes in gene expression, many factors that modulate megakaryopoiesis remain to be uncovered. Replication origin binding protein (RepID) which has multiple histone-code reader including bromodomain, cryptic Tudor domain and WD40 domains and Cullin 4-RING ubiquitin ligase complex (CRL4) recruited to chromatin mediated by RepID have potential roles in gene expression changes via epigenetic regulations. We aimed to investigate whether RepID-CRL4 participates in transcriptional changes required for MK differentiation. Methods The PCR array was performed using cDNAs derived from RepID-proficient or RepID-deficient K562 erythroleukemia cell lines. Correlation between RepID and DAB2 expression was examined in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) through the CellMinerCDB portal. The acceleration of MK differentiation in RepID-deficient K562 cells was determined by estimating cell sizes as well as counting multinucleated cells known as MK phenotypes, and by qRT-PCR analysis to validate transcripts of MK markers using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated MK differentiation condition. Interaction between CRL4 and histone methylation modifying enzymes were investigated using BioGRID database, immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. Alterations of expression and chromatin binding affinities of RepID, CRL4 and histone methylation modifying enzymes were investigated using subcellular fractionation followed by immunoblotting. RepID-CRL4-JARID1A-based epigenetic changes on DAB2 promoter were analyzed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation and qPCR analysis. Results RepID-deficient K562 cells highly expressing MK markers showed accelerated MKs differentiation exhibiting increases in cell size, lobulated nuclei together with reaching maximum levels of MK marker expression earlier than RepID-proficient K562 cells. Recovery of WD40 domain-containing RepID constructs in RepID-deficient background repressed DAB2 expression. CRL4A formed complex with histone H3K4 demethylase JARID1A in soluble nucleus and loaded to the DAB2 promoter in a RepID-dependent manner during proliferation condition. RepID, CRL4A, and JARID1A were dissociated from the chromatin during MK differentiation, leading to euchromatinization of the DAB2 promoter. Conclusion This study uncovered a role for the RepID-CRL4A-JARID1A pathway in the regulation of gene expression for MK differentiation, which can form the basis for the new therapeutic approaches to induce platelet production.

ATR inhibition augments the efficacy of lurbinectedin in small-cell lung cancer.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most lethal type of lung cancer. Specifically, MYC-driven non-neuroendocrine SCLC is particularly resistant to standard therapies. Lurbinectedin was recently approved for the treatment of relapsed SCLC, but combinatorial approaches are needed to increase the depth and duration of responses to lurbinectedin. Using high-throughput screens, we found inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad3 related (ATR) as the most effective agents for augmenting lurbinectedin efficacy. First-in-class ATR inhibitor berzosertib synergized with lurbinectedin in multiple SCLC cell lines, organoid, and in vivo models. Mechanistically, ATR inhibition abrogated S-phase arrest induced by lurbinectedin and forced cell cycle progression causing mitotic catastrophe and cell death. High CDKN1A/p21 expression was associated with decreased synergy due to G1 arrest, while increased levels of ERCC5/XPG were predictive of increased combination efficacy. Importantly, MYC-driven non-neuroendocrine tumors which are resistant to first-line therapies show reduced CDKN1A/p21 expression and increased ERCC5/XPG indicating they are primed for response to lurbinectedin-berzosertib combination. The combination is being assessed in a clinical trial NCT04802174.

Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) Kills Cancer Cells Undergoing Unscheduled Re-replication.

Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) is an increasingly prominent predictive biomarker and a molecular sensor for a wide range of clinical drugs: topoisomerases, PARP and replication inhibitors, and platinum derivatives. To expand the spectrum of drugs and pathways targeting SLFN11, we ran a high-throughput screen with 1,978 mechanistically annotated, oncology-focused compounds in two isogenic pairs of SLFN11-proficient and -deficient cells (CCRF-CEM and K562). We identified 29 hit compounds that selectively kill SLFN11-proficient cells, including not only previously known DNA-targeting agents, but also the neddylation inhibitor pevonedistat (MLN-4924) and the DNA polymerase α inhibitor AHPN/CD437, which both induced SLFN11 chromatin recruitment. By inactivating cullin-ring E3 ligases, pevonedistat acts as an anticancer agent partly by inducing unscheduled re-replication through supraphysiologic accumulation of CDT1, an essential factor for replication initiation. Unlike the known DNA-targeting agents and AHPN/CD437 that recruit SLFN11 onto chromatin in 4 hours, pevonedistat recruited SLFN11 at late time points (24 hours). While pevonedistat induced unscheduled re-replication in SLFN11-deficient cells after 24 hours, the re-replication was largely blocked in SLFN11-proficient cells. The positive correlation between sensitivity to pevonedistat and SLFN11 expression was also observed in non-isogenic cancer cells in three independent cancer cell databases (NCI-60, CTRP: Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal and GDSC: Genomic of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer). The present study reveals that SLFN11 not only detects stressed replication but also inhibits unscheduled re-replication induced by pevonedistat, thereby enhancing its anticancer efficacy. It also suggests SLFN11 as a potential predictive biomarker for pevonedistat in ongoing and future clinical trials.

Targeting Replication Stress and Chemotherapy Resistance with a Combination of Sacituzumab Govitecan and Berzosertib: A Phase I Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Despite promising preclinical studies, toxicities have precluded combinations of chemotherapy and DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors. We hypothesized that tumor-targeted chemotherapy delivery might enable clinical translation of such combinations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a phase I trial, we combined sacituzumab govitecan, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that delivers topoisomerase-1 inhibitor SN-38 to tumors expressing Trop-2, with ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) inhibitor berzosertib. Twelve patients were enrolled across three dose levels. RESULTS: Treatment was well tolerated, with improved safety over conventional chemotherapy-based combinations, allowing escalation to the highest dose. No dose-limiting toxicities or clinically relevant ≥grade 4 adverse events occurred. Tumor regressions were observed in 2 patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer, and a patient with small cell lung cancer transformed from EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: ADC-based delivery of cytotoxic payloads represents a new paradigm to increase efficacy of DDR inhibitors. See related commentary by Berg and Choudhury, p. 3557.

Matrin3 regulates mitotic spindle dynamics by controlling alternative splicing of CDC14B.

Matrin3 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates diverse RNA-related processes, including mRNA splicing. Although Matrin3 has been intensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, its function in cancer remains unclear. Here, we report Matrin3-mediated regulation of mitotic spindle dynamics in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We comprehensively identified RNAs bound and regulated by Matrin3 in CRC cells and focused on CDC14B, one of the top Matrin3 targets. Matrin3 knockdown results in increased inclusion of an exon containing a premature termination codon in the CDC14B transcript and simultaneous down-regulation of the standard CDC14B transcript. Knockdown of CDC14B phenocopies the defects in mitotic spindle dynamics upon Matrin3 knockdown, and the elongated and misoriented mitotic spindle observed upon Matrin3 knockdown are rescued upon overexpression of CDC14B, suggesting that CDC14B is a key downstream effector of Matrin3. Collectively, these data reveal a role for the Matrin3/CDC14B axis in control of mitotic spindle dynamics.

Extrachromosomal DNA Amplification Contributes to Small Cell Lung Cancer Heterogeneity and Is Associated with Worse Outcomes.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer. Oncogenic MYC amplifications drive SCLC heterogeneity, but the genetic mechanisms of MYC amplification and phenotypic plasticity, characterized by neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine cell states, are not known. Here, we integrate whole-genome sequencing, long-range optical mapping, single-cell DNA sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization to find extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) as a primary source of SCLC oncogene amplifications and driver fusions. ecDNAs bring to proximity enhancer elements and oncogenes, creating SCLC transcription-amplifying units, driving exceptionally high MYC gene dosage. We demonstrate that cell-free nucleosome profiling can noninvasively detect ecDNA amplifications in plasma, facilitating its genome-wide interrogation in SCLC and other cancers. Altogether, our work provides the first comprehensive map of SCLC ecDNA and describes a new mechanism that governs MYC-driven SCLC heterogeneity. ecDNA-enabled transcriptional flexibility may explain the significantly worse survival outcomes of SCLC harboring complex ecDNA amplifications. SIGNIFICANCE: MYC drives SCLC progression, but the genetic basis of MYC-driven SCLC evolution is unknown. Using SCLC as a paradigm, we report how ecDNA amplifications function as MYC-amplifying units, fostering tumor plasticity and a high degree of tumor heterogeneity. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 799.

Context-Dependent Function of Long Noncoding RNA PURPL in Transcriptome Regulation during p53 Activation.

PURPL is a p53-induced lncRNA that suppresses basal p53 levels. Here, we investigated PURPL upon p53 activation in liver cancer cells, where it is expressed at significantly higher levels than other cell types. Using isoform sequencing, we discovered novel PURPL transcripts that have a retained intron and/or previously unannotated exons. To determine PURPL function upon p53 activation, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) after depleting PURPL using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), followed by Nutlin treatment to induce p53. Strikingly, although loss of PURPL in untreated cells altered the expression of only 7 genes, loss of PURPL resulted in altered expression of ~800 genes upon p53 activation, revealing a context-dependent function of PURPL. Pathway analysis suggested that PURPL is important for fine-tuning the expression of specific genes required for mitosis. Consistent with these results, we observed a significant decrease in the percentage of mitotic cells upon PURPL depletion. Collectively, these data identify novel transcripts from the PURPL locus and suggest that PURPL delicately moderates the expression of mitotic genes in the context of p53 activation to control cell cycle arrest.

Integrative epigenomic analyses of small cell lung cancer cells demonstrates the clinical translational relevance of gene body methylation.

DNA methylation is a key regulator of gene expression and a clinical therapeutic predictor. We examined global DNA methylation beyond the generally used promoter areas in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and find that gene body methylation is a robust positive predictor of gene expression. Combining promoter and gene body methylation better predicts gene expression than promoter methylation alone including genes involved in the neuroendocrine classification of SCLC and the expression of therapeutically relevant genes including MGMT, SLFN11, and DLL3. Importantly, for super-enhancer (SE) covered genes such as NEUROD1 or MYC, using H3K27ac and NEUROD1, ASCL1, and POU2F3 ChIP-seq data, we show that genic methylation is inversely proportional to expression, thus providing a new approach to identify potential SE regulated genes involved in SCLC pathogenesis. To advance SCLC transitional research, these data are integrated into our web portal (https://discover.nci.nih.gov/SclcCellMinerCDB/) for open and easy access to basic and clinical investigators.

Replication stress defines distinct molecular subtypes across cancers.

Endogenous replication stress is a major driver of genomic instability. Current assessments of replication stress are low throughput precluding its comprehensive assessment across tumors. Here we develop and validate a transcriptional profile of replication stress by leveraging established cellular characteristics that portend replication stress. The repstress gene signature defines a subset of tumors across lineages characterized by activated oncogenes, aneuploidy, extrachromosomal DNA amplification, immune evasion, high genomic instability, and poor survival, and importantly predicts response to agents targeting replication stress more robustly than previously reported transcriptomic measures of replication stress. Repstress score profiles the dual roles of replication stress during tumorigenesis and in established cancers and defines distinct molecular subtypes within cancers that may be more vulnerable to drugs targeting this dependency. Altogether, our study provides a molecular profile of replication stress, providing novel biological insights of the replication stress phenotype, with clinical implications.

The differentially expressed gene signatures of the Cullin 3-RING ubiquitin ligases in neuroendocrine cancer.

Cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRLs) composed of four components including cullin scaffolds, adaptors, substrate receptors, and RING proteins mediates the ubiquitination of approximately 20% of cellular proteins that are involved in numerous biological processes. While CRLs deregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, how CRLs deregulation occurs is yet to be fully investigated. Here, we demonstrate that components of CRL3 and its transcriptional regulators are possible prognosis marker of neuroendocrine (NE) cancer. Analysis of Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) through the CellMinerCDB portal revealed that expression of CRL3 scaffold Cullin 3 (CUL3) highly correlates with NE signature, and CUL3 silencing inhibited NE cancer proliferation. Moreover, subset of 151 BTB (Bric-a-brac, Tramtrack, Broad complex) domain-containing proteins that have dual roles as substrate receptors and adaptor subunits in CRL3, as well as the expression of transcription factors (TFs) that control the transcription of BTB genes were upregulated in NE cancer. Analysis using published ChIP-sequencing data in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), including NE or non-NE SCLC verified that gene promoter of candidates which show high correlation with NE signature enriched H3K27Ac. These observations suggest that CRL3 is a master regulator of NE cancer and knowledge of specifically regulated CRL3 genes in NE cancer may accelerate new therapeutic approaches.

Combined epigenetic and immunotherapy for blastic and classical mantle cell lymphoma.

Classical MCL (cMCL) constitutes 6-8% of all B cell NHL. Despite recent advances, MCL is incurable except with allogeneic stem cell transplant. Blastic mantle cell lymphoma (bMCL) is a rarer subtype of cMCL associated with an aggressive clinical course and poor treatment response, frequent relapse and poor outcomes. We treated 13 bMCL patients with combined epigenetic and immunotherapy treatment consisting of vorinostat, cladribine and rituximab (SCR). We report an increased OS greater than 40 months with several patients maintaining durable remissions without relapse for longer than 5 years. This is remarkably better then current treatment regimens which in bMCL range from 14.5-24 months with conventional chemotherapy regimens. We demonstrate that the G/A870 CCND1 polymorphism is predictive of blastic disease, nuclear localization of cyclinD1 and response to SCR therapy. The major resistance mechanisms to SCR therapy are loss of CD20 expression and evasion of treatment by sanctuary in the CNS. These data indicate that administration of epigenetic agents improves efficacy of anti-CD20 immunotherapies. This approach is promising in the treatment of MCL and potentially other previously treatment refractory cancers.

Convergence of SIRT1 and ATR signaling to modulate replication origin dormancy.

During routine genome duplication, many potential replication origins remain inactive or 'dormant'. Such origin dormancy is achieved, in part, by an interaction with the metabolic sensor SIRT1 deacetylase. We report here that dormant origins are a group of consistent, pre-determined genomic sequences that are distinguished from baseline (i.e. ordinarily active) origins by their preferential association with two phospho-isoforms of the helicase component MCM2. During normal unperturbed cell growth, baseline origins, but not dormant origins, associate with a form of MCM2 that is phosphorylated by DBF4-dependent kinase (DDK) on serine 139 (pS139-MCM2). This association facilitates the initiation of DNA replication from baseline origins. Concomitantly, SIRT1 inhibits Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR)-kinase-mediated phosphorylation of MCM2 on serine 108 (pS108-MCM2) by deacetylating the ATR-interacting protein DNA topoisomerase II binding protein 1 (TOPBP1), thereby preventing ATR recruitment to chromatin. In cells devoid of SIRT1 activity, or challenged by replication stress, this inhibition is circumvented, enabling ATR-mediated S108-MCM2 phosphorylation. In turn, pS108-MCM2 enables DDK-mediated phosphorylation on S139-MCM2 and facilitates replication initiation at dormant origins. These observations suggest that replication origin dormancy and activation are regulated by distinct post-translational MCM modifications that reflect a balance between SIRT1 activity and ATR signaling.

DNA replication profiling by molecular combing on single DNA fibers.

In this protocol, the progression of DNA synthesis is profiled at a single-molecule resolution. DNA fibers are uniformly stretched on silanized coverslips, and replicating DNA can be traced with thymidine analogs using specific antibodies against distinct analogs. Single DNA fibers are visualized by an anti-single stranded DNA antibody. The protocol can be used to study DNA replication dynamics, the cellular response to replication stress, and replication fork progression at specific chromosomal regions when combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Conti et al. (2007), Fu et al. (2021), Kaykov et al. (2016), Redmond et al. (2018), and Schwob et al. (2009).