Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression and Their Association With Migraine Among PHC Center Visitors in Madina, Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study addresses the global rise in mental health disorders, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between migraines and conditions such as depression and anxiety. This study seeks to bridge a crucial gap by examining the prevalence of depression and anxiety and their potential role as predictors of migraine. METHODS: This study included 407 participants aged 16 and above, attending one of the major PHC centers in Madinah city between August 1, 2023, and October 1, 2023. The study employed the Migraine Screening Questionnaire (MS-Q) for migraine screening and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for identifying anxiety and depression. RESULTS: Among the 407 participants included in our study, the prevalence of anxiety and depression was 9.1% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of individuals experiencing both anxiety and depression was 3.7%. Anxiety exhibited a robust and statistically significant prediction of having migraines (OR: 4, P<0.05), while depression showed no statistically significant association. Gender, working frequency, and a higher level of education emerged as significant predictors of anxiety. Conversely, working multiple shifts and increased coffee consumption were found to be protective against anxiety. Regarding depression, spending more screen time and a higher education level were identified as significant predictors, while higher coffee intake and current smoking status were protective against depression. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study concluded that anxiety significantly predicts having migraines, while depression did not emerge as a statistically significant predictor. The study's outcomes underscore the imperative for mental health screening and management in individuals with migraines in PHC settings. However, comprehensive efforts are warranted to be applied across diverse cities and demographics to attain a more nuanced understanding of this association.

Cystic Lung Changes, Bronchiectasis, and a Heterozygous-Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia-Associated Variant in the DNAH5 Gene: A Diagnostic Challenge.

BACKGROUND Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that can present at different ages with different phenotypes. Missed and delayed diagnoses are fairly common. Many variants in the DNAH5 gene have been described that confirm the diagnosis of PCD. Advances in medicine, especially in molecular genetics, have led to increasingly early discoveries of such cases, especially in those with nonclassical presentations. CASE REPORT This report describes a patient with bronchiectasis, lung cysts, finger clubbing, and failure to thrive who was misdiagnosed for several years as having asthma. Many differentials were suspected and worked up, including a suspicion of PCD. Genetic tests with whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) detected a heterozygous, likely pathogenic, variant in the DNAH5 gene associated with PCD. CONCLUSIONS Despite a thorough workup done for this case, including a genetic workup, a PCD diagnosis was not established. We plan to reanalyze the WGS in the future, and with advent of technology and better coverage of genes, a genetic answer for this challenging case may resolve this diagnostic quandary in the future.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Canal Morphology of Mesiobuccal Root of Maxillary Molars in Saudi Subpopulation.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the canal configuration of mesiobuccal root (MBR) of the maxillary molars in the Saudi subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare if there is any gender and arch variation. Methodology: In this cross-sectional retrospective evaluation study, analysis of CBCT scans of MBRs of 400 maxillary first and second molars was done that has undergone CBCT scanning for diagnostic/treatment purposes in the private clinic of Jeddah, KSA. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: Type I, II, and III canal configurations have been reported to be the most common morphologies in the MBR in both first and second molars, with the incidence of 20.25% (81), 17.25% (69), and 17.25% (69), respectively. Type I canals were significantly (P < 0.001) more common in tooth #17 and #27, Type II canals were significantly (P < 0.001) more seen in tooth #26, Type 3 canals were more seen in tooth #27, but there is no statistically significant association. Supplemental canal configurations which were classified by Gulabivala as Type I, Type II, and Type IV were also seen. Furthermore, 93 additional unclassified canal configurations were also found. Conclusion: The data indicate high prevalence of MB2 canals with varying canal configurations. Preoperative CBCT imaging should always be done in tooth-like maxillary molars, to understand the complex configurations and variations and to achieve higher success while performing root canal treatment.