Patients' preferences for chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatment: The CHOICE study.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) therapies differ in efficacy, side effects, route, frequency, and duration of administration. We assessed patient preferences for treatment attributes and evaluated associations with disease stage, treatment line, and socio-demographic characteristics in a cross sectional, observational study conducted at 16 Italian hematology centers. Study visits occurred between February and July 2020; 401 adult patients with CLL (201 Watch and Wait (W&W), 200 treated) participated in a discrete choice experiment (DCE), composed of 8 choices between pairs of treatment profiles with different levels of 5 attributes of currently available CLL treatments (length of response, route and duration of administration, risk of side effects including diarrhea, infections, or organ damage). Health-related quality of life was assessed with the EQ-5D-5L, EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ CLL-16. Previously treated patients had longer disease duration (7 vs. 5 years), higher prevalence of serious comorbidities (45.5% vs. 36.2%) and high-risk molecular markers (unmutated IGHV 55.6% vs. 17.1%; TP53 mutation 15.2% vs. 4.0%). Health-related quality of life scores were similar between groups. In the DCE, W&W patients rated "possible occurrence of infections" highest (relative importance [RI] = 36.2%), followed by "treatment and relevant duration" (RI = 28.0%) and "progression-free survival (PFS)" (RI = 16.9%). Previously treated patients rated "treatment and relevant duration" highest (RI = 33.3%), followed by "possible occurrence of infections" (RI = 28.8%), "possible occurrence of organ damage" (RI = 19.4%), and "PFS" (RI = 9.8%). Concern over infection was rated highest overall; unexpectedly PFS was not among the most important criteria in either group, suggesting that the first COVID-19 pandemic wave may have influenced patient preferences and concerns about CLL therapy options.

Minimal residual disease-driven treatment intensification with sequential addition of ibrutinib to venetoclax in R/R CLL.

Undetectable measurable residual disease (uMRD) is achievable in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with the BCL2-inhibitor venetoclax alone or combined with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib. This phase 2, multicenter, MRD-driven study was designed to discontinue treatment upon reaching uMRD4 (<10-4) in patients with relapsed/refractory CLL receiving venetoclax monotherapy or after the addition of ibrutinib. Primary end point of the study was proportion of uMRD4 with venetoclax ± ibrutinib. Secondary end points were overall response rate, partial response, complete response, progression-free survival, duration of response, overall survival, and safety of venetoclax ± ibrutinib. Patients with uMRD4 at Cycle 12 Day 1 discontinued venetoclax. MRD+ patients added ibrutinib and continued both drugs up to Cycle 24 Day 28/uMRD4/progression/toxicity. After Cycle 24 Day 28, MRD+ patients continued ibrutinib. Thirty-eight patients (29% with TP53 aberrations; 79% with unmutated IGHV) started venetoclax. Overall response rate with venetoclax was 36 (95%) of 38 patients (20 complete; 16 partial response). Seventeen patients (45%) with uMRD4 at Cycle 12 Day 1 discontinued venetoclax. Nineteen (55%) MRD+ subjects added ibrutinib. After a median of 7 months (range, 3-10 months) of combined treatment, 16 (84%) of 19 achieved uMRD4, thus stopping both drugs. Two MRD+ patients at Cycle 24 Day 28 continued ibrutinib until progression/toxicity. After a median follow-up of 36.5 months, median progression-free survival was not reached; 10 patients progressed (4 restarted venetoclax, 3 without treatment need, 2 developed Richter transformation, and 1 dropped out). Seven (22%) of 32 patients remain uMRD4 after 3 years of follow-up. Neutropenia was the most frequent grade 3 to 4 adverse event; no grade 5 events occurred on study. This sequential MRD-guided approach led to uMRD4 in 33 (87%) of 38 patients, with venetoclax monotherapy or combined with ibrutinib, delivering treatment combination only in a fraction, and ultimately identifying the few patients benefiting from continuous therapy. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as # NCT04754035.

Are we finally getting personal? Moving towards a personalized approach in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

With its heterogeneous biological features and clinical course, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent adult leukemia in the Western world, is a paradigmatic condition requiring a tailored approach and a precise knowledge of the biology behind each individual patient. This personalized management is becoming even more crucial, since, after decades of preclinical work unravelling the key role of the B-cell receptor (BcR) signalling pathways and the anti-apoptotic mechanisms in CLL cell survival and proliferation, we have now BcR and BCL2 inhibitors available in clinical practice. Thanks to this, we are now able to exploit specific biomarkers to tailor our treatment strategies and improve long-term disease control, patient outcome and quality of life. That notwithstanding, as the disease itself remains incurable, novel challenges and unmet clinical needs have risen from the introduction of novel targeted agents, including mechanisms of resistance at both genetic and epigenetic levels. In this review, we summarize the currently established predictive biomarkers (i.e. IGHV mutation status and TP53 gene disruption) that should be applied in clinical practice to inform treatment decision in 2021 but also discuss the most promising prognostic biomarkers (B-cell receptor stereotypy, complex karyotype, somatic gene mutations, measurable residual disease - MRD) that might become key to define the management of our patients in a near future.

Decreased NOTCH1 Activation Correlates with Response to Ibrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

PURPOSE: Ibrutinib, a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi), has improved the outcomes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but primary resistance or relapse are issues of increasing significance. While the predominant mechanism of action of BTKi is the B-cell receptor (BCR) blockade, many off-target effects are unknown. We investigated potential interactions between BCR pathway and NOTCH1 activity in ibrutinib-treated CLL to identify new mechanisms of therapy resistance and markers to monitor disease response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: NOTCH activations was evaluated either in vitro and ex vivo in CLL samples after ibrutinib treatment by Western blotting. Confocal proximity ligation assay (PLA) experiments and analyses of down-targets of NOTCH1 by qRT-PCR were used to investigate the cross-talk between BTK and NOTCH1. RESULTS: In vitro ibrutinib treatment of CLL significantly reduced activated NOTCH1/2 and induced dephosphorylation of eIF4E, a NOTCH target in CLL. BCR stimulation increased the expression of activated NOTCH1 that accumulated in the nucleus leading to HES1, DTX1, and c-MYC transcription. Results of in situ PLA experiments revealed the presence of NOTCH1-ICD/BTK complexes, whose number was reduced after ibrutinib treatment. In ibrutinib-treated CLL patients, leukemic cells showed NOTCH1 activity downregulation that deepened over time. The NOTCH1 signaling was restored at relapse and remained activated in ibrutinib-resistant CLL cells. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a strong clinical activity of ibrutinib in a real-life context. The ibrutinib clinical efficacy was associated with NOTCH1 activity downregulation that deepened over time. Our data point to NOTCH1 as a new molecular partner in BCR signaling with potential to further improve CLL-targeted treatments.

NOTCH1 Aberrations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable B-cell neoplasm characterized by highly variable clinical outcomes. In recent years, genomic and molecular studies revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in CLL, which mirrored the clinical diversity of this disease. These studies profoundly enhanced our understanding of leukemia cell biology and led to the identification of new biomarkers with potential prognostic and therapeutic significance. Accumulating evidence indicates a key role of deregulated NOTCH1 signaling and NOTCH1 mutations in CLL. This review highlights recent discoveries that improve our understanding of the pathophysiological NOTCH1 signaling in CLL and the clinical impact of NOTCH1 mutations in retrospective and prospective trials. In addition, we discuss the rationale for a therapeutic strategy aiming at inhibiting NOTCH1 signaling in CLL, along with an overview on the currently available NOTCH1-directed approaches.

NOTCH1 Is Aberrantly Activated in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

To investigate chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-initiating cells, we assessed NOTCH1 mutation/expression in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In NOTCH1-mutated CLL, we detected subclonal mutations in 57% CD34+/CD38- HSCs. NOTCH1 mutation was present in 66% CD34+/CD38+ progenitor cells displaying an increased mutational burden compared to HSCs. Flow cytometric analysis revealed significantly higher NOTCH1 activation in CD34+/CD38- and CD34+/CD38+ cells from CLL patients, regardless NOTCH1 mutation compared to healthy donors. Activated NOTCH1 resulted in overexpression of the NOTCH1 target c-MYC. We conclude that activated NOTCH1 is an early event in CLL that may contribute to aberrant HSCs in this disease.

Cytogenetic/mutation profile of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/malignant melanoma collision tumors of the skin.

BACKGROUND: Collision tumors are rare entities that consist of two histologically distinct tumor types arising in the same anatomic site. An association between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and malignant melanoma (MM) has been already described. Up to now, they have been documented only at positive regional lymph nodes while we focused on collision tumor in a skin lesion. CASE PRESENTATION: We characterized the genomic profile of a skin CLL/MM collision tumor in a patient with a 9-years story of CLL. Typical high-grade genomic biomarkers featured the CLL: the immunoglobulin heavy variable genes were unmutated; a clonal del(11q), involving ATM and BIRC3, was present in the peripheral blood (PB) and skin lesion, while a subclonal large del(13q)/D13S319-RB1 was detected only in the PB. Interestingly, the del(13q) clone, increased from 10% to 46% from diagnosis to relapse. NOTCH1, SF3B1, and TP53 were wild type. The MM lesion carried a BRAFV600E and a TERT promoter mutation.As the family story was consistent with a genetic predisposition to cancer, we performed mutational analysis of genes involved in familial melanoma and CLL, and of BRCA1 and BRCA2. No germinal mutation known to predispose to CLL, MM, or breast cancer was found. Interestingly, conventional cytogenetic detected a constitutional t(12;17)(p13;p13). CONCLUSIONS: Our data are consistent with distinct genetic landscape of the two tumors which were characterized by specific disease-related abnormalities. CLL cells carried poor prognostic imbalances, i.e. large deletions of the long arm of chromosomes 11 and 13, while in MM cells two functionally linked mutations, i.e. BRAFV600E and a TERT promoter occurred. Although, known germline variations predisposing to MM and/or CLL were ruled out, genetic counseling suggested the proband family was at high risk for MM.

Ibrutinib treatment of a patient with relapsing chronic lymphocytic leukemia and sustained remission of Richter syndrome.

PURPOSE: Richter syndrome (RS) is a rare event in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that is influenced by biological factors and prior CLL treatments. Ibrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown remarkable efficacy in CLL; however, little is known about its relationship to RS. We report a case of ibrutinib efficacy against CLL in a patient with prolonged remission of RS. METHODS: The patient was diagnosed with CLL in 2003. Biological findings at onset included absent ZAP70 expression, mutated IGVH, and NOTCH1 mutation. He was treated with FCR with partial response. In 2013, he progressed to RS, not clonally related to the underlying CLL. The patient was treated with anthracycline- and platinum-based regimens, obtaining a complete remission. After 3 years, he presented a CLL progression with worsening lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathies. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan excluded pathologic uptake. Thus, he was started on ibrutinib. RESULTS: At 12 months' follow-up, we observed white blood cell normalization, increased hemoglobin and platelet levels, disappearance of lymphadenopathy, and spleen size reduction. Therapy was well-tolerated with no evidence of RS. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates sustained RS remission in a patient with CLL under ibrutinib therapy, thus improving our knowledge on the use of this new drug in CLL and beyond.