ERß1 Sensitizes and ERß2 Desensitizes ERα-Positive Breast Cancer Cells to the Inhibitory Effects of Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant and Their Combination with All-Trans Retinoic Acid.

Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is the treatment of choice for early-stage estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer (BC). However, almost 40% of tamoxifen-treated cases display no response or a partial response to AET, thus increasing the need for new treatment options and strong predictors of the therapeutic response of patients at high risk of relapse. In addition to ERα, BC research has focused on ERß1 and ERß2 (isoforms of ERß), the second ER isotype. At present, the impact of ERß isoforms on ERα-positive BC prognosis and treatment remains elusive. In the present study, we established clones of MCF7 cells constitutively expressing human ERß1 or ERß2 and investigated their role in the response of MCF7 cells to antiestrogens [4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHΤ) and fulvestrant (ICI182,780)] and retinoids [all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)]. We show that, compared to MCF7 cells, MCF7-ERß1 and MCF7-ERß2 cells were sensitized and desensitized, respectively, to the antiproliferative effect of the antiestrogens, ATRA and their combination and to the cytocidal effect of the combination of OHT and ATRA. Analysis of the global transcriptional changes upon OHT-ATRA combinatorial treatment revealed uniquely regulated genes associated with anticancer effects in MCF7-ERß1 cells and cancer-promoting effects in MCF7-ERß2 cells. Our data are favorable to ERß1 being a marker of responsiveness and ERß2 being a marker of resistance of MCF7 cells to antiestrogens alone and in combination with ATRA.

The brominated flame retardants TBECH and DPTE alter prostate growth, histology and gene expression patterns in the mouse.

The brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2 dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) bind to the androgen receptor (AR). in vitro bioassays have shown that TBECH is a potent androgen agonist while DPTE is a potent AR antagonist. Both TBECH and DPTE alter gene expression associated with AR regulation. However, it remains to be determined if TBECH and DPTE can affect the prostate. For this reason, we exposed CD1 mice to a 1:1 mixture of TBECH diastereomers α and ß, a 1:1 mixture of γ and δ, and to DPTE, and tested their effects on prostate growth, histology and gene expression profiles. Castrated mice were used to study the androgenic effects of TBECHαß and TBECHγδ while the antagonistic effects of DPTE were studied in non-castrated mice. We observed that testosterone and TBECHγδ increased body and prostate weights while TBECHαß affected neither of them; and that DPTE had no effect on body weight but reduced prostate weight drastically. Histomorphometric analysis of the prostate revealed epithelial and glandular alterations in the TBECHγδ group comparable to those in testosterone group while alterations in the TBECHαß group were less pronounced. DPTE displayed androgen antagonist activity reminiscent of castration. The transcription profile of the prostate was altered by castration and exposure to testosterone and to TBECHγδ reversed several of these changes. Testosterone and TBECHγδ also regulated the expression of several androgen responsive genes implicated in prostate growth and cancer. While DPTE resulted in a drastic reduction in prostate weight, it only affected a small number of genes. The results indicate that TBECHγδ and DPTE are of high human health concern as they may contribute to changes in prostate growth, histology and function.

Natural and Nature-Derived Products Targeting Human Coronaviruses.

The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. Potential antiviral natural products (NPs) have been discovered from plants of the global biodiversity, including extracts, compounds and categories of compounds with activity against several viruses of the respiratory tract such as HCoVs. However, the scarcity of natural products (NPs) and small-molecules (SMs) used as antiviral agents, especially for HCoVs, is notable. This is a review of 203 publications, which were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, evaluates the available literature since the discovery of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s; it summarizes important aspects of structure, function, and therapeutic targeting of HCoVs as well as NPs (19 total plant extracts and 204 isolated or semi-synthesized pure compounds) with anti-HCoV activity targeting viral and non-viral proteins, while focusing on the advances on the discovery of NPs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and providing a critical perspective.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new raloxifene analogues of improved antagonist activity and endometrial safety.

Raloxifene agonism of estrogen receptor (ER) in post-menopausal endometrium is not negligible. Based on a rational drug design workflow, we synthesized 14 analogues of raloxifene bearing a polar group in the aromatic ring of the basic side chain (BSC) and/or changes in the bulkiness of the BSC amino group. Analogues with a polar BSC aromatic ring and amino group substituents of increasing volume displayed increasing ER antagonism in Ishikawa cells. Analogues with cyclohexylaminoethoxy (13a) or adamantylaminoethoxy BSC (13b) lacking a polar aromatic ring displayed high ER-binding affinity and ER antagonism in Ishikawa cells higher than raloxifene and similar to fulvestrant (ICI182,780). The endometrial surface epithelium of immature female CD1 mice injected with 13b was comparable to that of vehicle-treated mice, while that of mice treated with estradiol, raloxifene or 13b in combination with estradiol was hyperplastic. These findings indicate that raloxifene analogues with a bulky BSC amino group could provide for higher endometrial safety treatment of the menopausal syndrome.

Isoflavonoid Profiling and Estrogen-Like Activity of Four Genista Species from the Greek Flora.

As part of our ongoing research on phytoestrogens, we investigated the phytochemical profile and estrogen-like activities of eight extracts from the aerial parts of four Genista species of Greek flora using estrogen-responsive cell lines. Ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of G. acanthoclada, G. depressa,G. hassertiana, and G. millii were obtained with accelerated solvent extraction and their phytochemical profiles were compared using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (uHPLC-HRMS). Fourteen isoflavonoids, previously isolated from G. halacsyi, were used as reference standards for their identification in the extracts. Thirteen isoflavonoids were detected in both extracts of G. acanthoclada and G. hassertiana, while fewer and far fewer were detected in G. millii and G. depressa, respectively. The ethyl acetate extracts of G. hassertiana and G. acanthoclada displayed 2.45- and 1.79-fold higher, respectively, estrogen-like agonist activity in Ishikawa cells compared to MCF-7 cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Both these extracts, but not that of G. depressa, contained mono- and di-O-ß-d-glucosides of genistein as well as the aglycone, all three of which are known to display full estrogen-like activity at lower-than-micromolar concentrations. The possibility of using preparations rich in G. hassertiana and/or G. acanthoclada extracts as a potentially safer substitute for low-dose vaginal estrogen for menopausal symptoms is discussed.

Biological evaluation of isoflavonoids from Genista halacsyi using estrogen-target cells: Activities of glucosides compared to aglycones.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of estrogen target cells to a series of isoflavone glucosides and aglycones from Genista halacsyi Heldr. The methanolic extract of aerial parts of this plant was processed using fast centrifugal partition chromatography, resulting in isolation of four archetypal isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, isoprunetin, 8-C-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein) and ten derivatives thereof. 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein were among the most abundant constituents of the isolate. All fourteen, except genistein, displayed low binding affinity for estrogen receptors (ER). Models of binding to ERα could account for the low binding affinity of monoglucosides. Genistein and its glucosides displayed full efficacy in inducing alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) in Ishikawa cells, proliferation of MCF-7 cells and ER-dependent gene expression in reporter cells at low concentrations (around 0.3 µM). ICI182,780 fully antagonized these effects. The AlkP-inducing efficacy of the fourteen isoflavonoids was more strongly correlated with their transcriptional efficacy through ERα. O-monoglucosides displayed higher area under the dose-response curve (AUC) of AlkP response relative to the AUC of ERα-transcriptional response compared to the respective aglycones. In addition, 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein displayed estradiol-like efficacy in promoting differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells to osteoblasts, while genistein was not convincingly effective in this respect. Moreover, 7,4΄-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, while 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein was not convincingly effective and genistein was ineffective. However, genistein and its O-glucosides were ineffective in inhibiting differentiation of RAW 264.7 cells to osteoclasts and in protecting glutamate-challenged HT22 hippocampal neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death. These findings suggest that 7-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein and 7,4΄-di-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-genistein display higher estrogen-like and/or anti-inflammatory activity compared to the aglycone. The possibility of using preparations rich in O-ß-D-glucopyranosides of genistein to substitute for low-dose estrogen in formulations for menopausal symptoms is discussed.

Discovery of New non-steroidal selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as potent anti-inflammatory drugs; however, GC therapy is often accompanied by adverse side effects. The anti-inflammatory action of GCs is exerted through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in part by antagonizing the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor k B (NF-kB) whereas the majority of side effects are assumed to be mediated by transactivation of GR target genes. We set out to identify novel non-steroidal selective GR agonists (SEGRA) favoring transrepression of NF-kB target genes over transactivation of genes associated with undesirable effects. Our virtual screening protocol was driven by a pharmacophore model based on a pyrrolidinone amide analogue (named as 'compound 12' in Biggadike et al 2009, PNAS USA 106, 18,114) bound to the extended binding pocket of the GR ligand binding domain (GR-LBD). Ambinter library (7.8 million compounds) was queried by our validated pharmacophore hypothesis and the prioritized compounds were biologically evaluated using a series of well-established screening assays. Two structurally similar hits (1 and 13) were identified that bind to GR, induce its translocation to the nucleus, do not mediate transactivation of GR target genes whereas partially repress a number of pro-inflammatory NF-kB target genes, in a GR-dependent manner. Explanatory molecular dynamics (MD) calculations could detail the per-residue interactions accounting for the binding of 1 and 13 to the extended binding pocket of GR. The discovered 1,3-benzothiazole analogs introduce a new class of genuine SEGRA paving the way for hit-to-lead optimization.

Phytochemical study and biological evaluation of chemical constituents of Platanus orientalis and Platanus × acerifolia buds.

One flavonol glycoside, two O-isoprenylated flavonols, one α,α-dimethylallyl flavonol, one dihydrochalcone, two furanocoumarins and one terpenoid previously undescribed, along with 42 known compounds were isolated from the buds of two European Platanaceae, Platanus orientalis and Platanus × acerifolia. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC) experiments, as well as HRMS data. The estrogen-like and antiestrogen-like activity of dichloromethane and methanol extracts of P. orientalis and P. × acerifolia buds and isolated compounds was evaluated using estrogen-responsive cell lines. The potency of selected estrogen agonists to regulate gene expression through ERα and/or ERß was compared with their in vitro osteoblastogenic activity. Kaempferol and 8-C-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-5,7-dihydroxyflavonol displayed osteoblastogenic as well as ERα-mediated estrogenic activity similar to estradiol.

Biological and computational evaluation of resveratrol inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease.

It has been reported that beta amyloid induces production of radical oxygen species and oxidative stress in neuronal cells, which in turn upregulates ß-secretase (BACE-1) expression and beta amyloid levels, thereby propagating oxidative stress and increasing neuronal injury. A series of resveratrol derivatives, known to be inhibitors of oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death (oxytosis) were biologically evaluated against BACE-1 using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) assay. Correlation between oxytosis inhibitory and BACE-1 inhibitory activity of resveratrol derivatives was statistically significant, supporting the notion that BACE-1 may act as pivotal mediator of neuronal cell oxytosis. Four of the biologically evaluated resveratrol analogs demonstrated considerably higher activity than resveratrol in either assay. The discovery of some "hits" led us to initiate detailed docking studies associated with Molecular Dynamics in order to provide a plausible explanation for the experimental results and understand their molecular basis of action.

Estrogenic activity of isoflavonoids from the stem bark of the tropical tree Amphimas pterocarpoides, a source of traditional medicines.

Various preparations of the African tree Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms are traditionally used to treat endocrine- related adverse health conditions. In the ovariectomized rat, the enriched in phenolics fraction of the methanol extract of stem bark of A. pterocarpoides acted as vaginotrophic agent of considerably weaker uterotrophic activity compared to estradiol. Evaluation of the fraction and 11 isoflavonoids isolated therefrom using Ishikawa cells and estrogen receptor (ER) isotype-specific reporter cells suggested that the estrogenic activity of the fraction could be attributed primarily to daidzein and dihydroglycitein and secondarily to glycitein. The potency-based selectivity of daidzein, dihydroglycitein and glycitein for gene expression through ERß versus ERα, expressed relative to estradiol, was 37, 27 and 20, respectively. However, the rank order of relative-to-estradiol potencies of induction of alkaline phosphatase in Ishikawa cells, a reliable marker of estrogenic activity, was daidzein>dihydroglycitein>>glycitein. The considerably higher estrogenic activity of dihydroglycitein compared to glycitein could be attributed to the partial agonist/antagonist activity of dihydroglycitein through ERß. Calculation of theoretical free energies of binding predicted the partial agonism/antagonism of dihydroglycitein through ERß. The fraction and the isolated isoflavonoids promoted lactogenic differentiation of HC11 mammary epithelial cells at least as effectively as premenopausal levels of estradiol. This data suggests that the estrogenic activity of the fraction likely depends on the metabolism of glycitein to dihydroglycitein; that the fraction could exert vaginotrophic activity likely without challenging endocrine cancer risk more than estrogen-alone supplementation; and that the fraction's safety for the reproductive track warrants a more detailed evaluation.

Elucidation of the binding mechanism of renin using a wide array of computational techniques and biological assays.

We investigate the binding mechanism in renin complexes, involving three drugs (remikiren, zankiren and enalkiren) and one lead compound, which was selected after screening the ZINC database. For this purpose, we used ab initio methods (the effective fragment potential, the variational perturbation theory, the energy decomposition analysis, the atoms-in-molecules), docking, molecular dynamics, and the MM-PBSA method. A biological assay for the lead compound has been performed to validate the theoretical findings. Importantly, binding free energy calculations for the three drug complexes are within 3 kcal/mol of the experimental values, thus further justifying our computational protocol, which has been validated through previous studies on 11 drug-protein systems. The main elements of the discovered mechanism are: (i) minor changes are induced to renin upon drug binding, (ii) the three drugs form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with renin, whilst the lead compound presented diminished interactions, (iii) ligand binding in all complexes is driven by favorable van der Waals interactions and the nonpolar contribution to solvation, while the lead compound is associated with diminished van der Waals interactions compared to the drug-bound forms of renin, and (iv) the environment (H2O/Na(+)) has a small effect on the renin-remikiren interaction.

Perinatal exposure to low-dose bisphenol A affects the neuroendocrine stress response in rats.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen-mimicking endocrine disruptor. Early-life exposures to low doses of BPA exert long-lasting effects on animals' reproductive and brain physiology. However, little is known about the effects of BPA on the stress-response system. Given the interaction of sex and stress hormones, we examined the effect of a low perinatal BPA exposure on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis at rest and upon application of acute stress. Throughout pregnancy and lactation rats received daily 40 µg BPA/kg body weight orally via cornflakes. We studied the effect of this low but chronic exposure to BPA in the male and female offspring at puberty. BPA exposure led to abnormal adrenal histology including reduced zona reticularis especially in male offspring, hyperplasia of zona fasciculata in both sexes, and increased adrenal weight in female offspring. BPA-treated females had increased basal corticosterone and reduced hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptors (GR) levels. Stressed BPA-exposed females exhibited anxiety-like behavioral coping, a less rigorous corticosterone response, and did not downregulate GR in the hypothalamus, compared with control females. BPA-exposed males exhibited a heightened corticosterone stress response compared with females; they also displayed increased pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA levels and retained the prestress levels of pituitary corticotropin-releasing hormone-receptor 1, compared with control males. We found that perinatal chronic exposure to a low dose of BPA perturbs the basal and stress-induced activity of the HPA axis in a sexually dimorphic manner at adolescence. Exposure to BPA might contribute to increased susceptibility to stress-related disorders in later life.

Peltogynoids and 2-phenoxychromones from Peltophorum pterocarpum and evaluation of their estrogenic activity.

Phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Peltophorum pterocarpum, a tropical ornamental tree, led to the isolation of twelve compounds (1-12). One new derivative of peltogynoid ophioglonin (1) and a new 2-phenoxychromone (2) with its 3'-O-ß-D-glucoside derivative (3) are described here for the first time. In addition, nine flavonoid derivatives, including peltogynoid ophioglonin (4), were isolated for the first time from this plant. The structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Evaluation of the estrogenic activities of 1, 2, and 4 using different model cell systems revealed that 4 was estrogenic and that 2 was largely inactive. Interestingly, 1 was unable to stimulate the proliferation of breast and endometrial cancer cells but exhibited substantial estrogen receptor α-mediated activation of gene expression. This observation indicates that 1 can be further evaluated for its cancer chemopreventive potential.

Pharmacoproteomic study of the natural product Ebenfuran III in DU-145 prostate cancer cells: the quantitative and temporal interrogation of chemically induced cell death at the protein level.

A naturally occurring benzofuran derivative, Ebenfuran III (Eb III), was investigated for its antiproliferative effects using the DU-145 prostate cell line. Eb III was isolated from Onobrychis ebenoides of the Leguminosae family, a plant endemic in Central and Southern Greece. We have previously reported that Eb III exerts significant cytotoxic effects on certain cancer cell lines. This effect is thought to occur via the isoprenyl moiety at the C-5 position of the molecule. The study aim was to gain a deeper understanding of the pharmacological effect of Eb III on DU-145 cell death at the translational level using a relative quantitative and temporal proteomics approach. Proteins extracted from the cell pellets were subjected to solution phase trypsin proteolysis followed by iTRAQ-labeling. The labeled tryptic peptide extracts were then fractionated using strong cation exchange chromatography and the fractions were analyzed by nanoflow reverse phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis using a hybrid QqTOF platform. Using this approach, we compared the expression levels of 1360 proteins analyzed at ≤ 1% global protein false discovery rate (FDR), commonly present in untreated (control, vehicle only) and Eb III-treated cells at the different exposure time points. Through the iterative use of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis with hierarchical clustering of protein expression patterns, followed by bibliographic research, the temporal regulation of the Calpain-1, ERK2, PAR-4, RAB-7, and Bap31 proteins were identified as potential nodes of multipathway convergence to Eb III induced DU-145 cell death. These proteins were further verified with Western blot analysis. This gel-free, quantitative 2DLC-MS/MS proteomics method effectively captured novel modulated proteins in the DU-145 cell line as a response to Eb III treatment. This approach also provided greater insight to the multifocal and combinatorial signaling pathways implicated in Eb III-induced cell death.

Ester and carbamate ester derivatives of Biochanin A: synthesis and in vitro evaluation of estrogenic and antiproliferative activities.

Biochanin A (BCA), a major isoflavone in red clover and many other legumes, has been reported to display estrogenic as well as cancer chemopreventive properties. Ingested BCA is known to display low bioavailability due to poor solubility, extensive metabolism and rapid clearance. Esters of bioactive isoflavones are known to increase metabolic stability and bioavailability following local rather than systemic administration. We synthesized BCA from phloroglucinol and p-methoxy-phenylacetic acid by a Friedel-Crafts reaction and cyclization. We also synthesized esters (1, 3) and carbamate esters (2, 4, 5) at position 7 of BCA using short aliphatic chains bearing a chlorine (1, 2) or a bromine atom (3, 4) or long aliphatic chains without such atoms (5). We tested the estrogenic and antiproliferative activities of 1-5 and BCA using human breast and endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. We found that 5 affects MCF-7 and Ishikawa cells in a manner providing for induction of gene expression to a level similar to 17ß-estradiol and BCA but, unlike both of the latter, for suppression of cell proliferation as well. In addition, 5 appeared to display higher stability compared to 1-4 and BCA in both MCF-7 and Ishikawa cells. The inference is that 5 may represent a safer than BCA alternative to hormone replacement therapy.

Coactivation of GR and NFKB alters the repertoire of their binding sites and target genes.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exerts anti-inflammatory action in part by antagonizing proinflammatory transcription factors such as the nuclear factor kappa-b (NFKB). Here, we assess the crosstalk of activated GR and RELA (p65, major NFKB component) by global identification of their binding sites and target genes. We show that coactivation of GR and p65 alters the repertoire of regulated genes and results in their association with novel sites in a mutually dependent manner. These novel sites predominantly cluster with p65 target genes that are antagonized by activated GR and vice versa. Our data show that coactivation of GR and NFKB alters signaling pathways that are regulated by each factor separately and provide insight into the networks underlying the GR and NFKB crosstalk.

Isoxazole substituted chromans against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage.

We have previously reported that catechol-bearing regioisomers of 5-isoxazolyl-6-hydroxy-chroman display higher in vitro neuroprotective activity, compared to hybrids with other nitrogen heterocycles, but their activity is hampered by cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. In an effort to discover non-cytotoxic isoxazole substituted chromans of high neuroprotective activity, 20 new 3- and 5-substituted (chroman-5-yl)-isoxazoles and (chroman-2-yl)-isoxazoles were synthesized using the copper(I)-catalysed cycloaddition reaction between in situ generated nitrile oxides and terminal acetylenes. An additional aim was to further explore the effect of the isoxazole ring substituents on the neuroprotective activity. The activity of these compounds against oxidative stress-induced death (oxytosis) of neuronal HT22 cells was evaluated and interesting SARs for this group of analogues were derived. The vast majority of new chroman analogues displayed high in vitro neuroprotective activity displaying EC(50) values below 1 µM and lacked cytotoxicity. The position of substituents on the isoxazole ring influences the activity of the regioisomers, with the 3-aryl-5-(chroman-5-yl)-isoxazoles, 17 and 18 and bis-chroman 20 displaying higher neuroprotective activity (EC(50)∼0.3 µM) compared to other (chroman-5-yl) and (chroman-2-yl)-isoxazoles.

Insights into ectopic estrogen receptor expression, nucleocytoplasmic distribution and interaction with chromatin obtained with new antibodies to estrogen receptors α and ß.

Recent reports have indicated that in cells ectopically expressing only ERα or the full-length hormone-binding isoform of ERß (ERß1), the receptors interact with chromatin with different efficacies and that antibodies capable of probing such interactions by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) are scarce. We therefore produced nine subtype and isoform-specific antibodies to ERα or ERß and validated their performance in receptor probing in cell lines and tissue biopsies by various immunochemical methods, including ChIP. We also produced clones of HEK-293 cells stably transfected with an estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent luciferase reporter and ERα or ERß1, in order to comparatively study their interaction with reporter ERE. We show that ERα was located in the nucleus and ERß1 in the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus of the stably transfected cells, while both receptors were found predominantly in the nucleus in transiently transfected cells and in all estrogen target tissues examined using the same antibodies. The cells displayed wild-type transcriptional activity and canonical regulation of ERE-dependent luciferase expression by estrogen agonists and antagonists. However, unlike ERα, ERß1 recruitment to the reporter ERE could be probed only by sequential ChIP with antibodies to receptor N- and C-terminus. These data suggest that in HEK-293 cells stably expressing ERα or ERß1, ER subtype-specific constraints apply to ERß1 nuclear entry; and that in cells displaying cytoplasmic as well as nuclear localization of ERß1, sequential ChIP with different antibodies to the receptor is the method of choice for probing its interaction with chromatin.

Comparison of thermal effects of stilbenoid analogs in lipid bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry and molecular dynamics: correlation of thermal effects and topographical position with antioxidant activity.

In previous studies it was shown that cannabinoids (CBs) bearing a phenolic hydroxyl group modify the thermal properties of lipid bilayers more significantly than methylated congeners. These distinct differential properties were attributed to the fact that phenolic hydroxyl groups constitute an anchoring group in the vicinity of the head-group, while the methylated analogs are embedded deeper towards the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayers. In this work the thermal effects of synthetic polyphenolic stilbenoid analogs and their methylated congeners have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to explain the DSC results. Thus, two of their phenolic hydroxyl groups orient in the lipid bilayers in such a way that they anchor in the region of the head-group. In contrast, their methoxy congeners cannot anchor effectively and are embedded deeper in the hydrophobic segment of the lipid bilayers. The MD results explain the fact that hydroxystilbenoid analogs exert more significant effects on the pretransition than their methoxy congeners, especially at low concentrations. To maximize the polar interactions, the two phenolic hydroxyl groups are localized in the vicinity of the head-group region, directing the remaining hydroxy group in the hydrophobic region. This topographical position of stilbenoid analogs forms a mismatch that explains the significant broadening of the width of the phase transition and lowering of the main phase-transition temperature in the lipid bilayers. At high concentrations, hydroxy and nonhydroxy analogs appear to form different domains. The correlation of thermal effects with antioxidant activity is discussed.

New hydroxystilbenoid derivatives endowed with neuroprotective activity and devoid of interference with estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated transcription.

We have synthesized a series of new (E) stilbenoid derivatives containing hydroxy groups at ring positions identical or similar to those of trans-resveratrol and bearing one or two bulky electron donating groups ortho to 4'-OH and we have evaluated their neuroprotective activity using glutamate-challenged HT22 hippocampal neurons to model oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death. The most active derivatives, 5-{(E)-2-[3,5-bis(1-ethylpropyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethenyl}-1,3-benzenediol (2), 5-[(E)-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethenyl)]-1,3-benzenediol (4) and 5-{(1E,3E)-4-[3,5-bis(1-ethylpropyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1,3-butadienyl}-1,3-benzenediol (6), had EC(50) values of 30, 45 and 12nM, respectively, and were ca. 100 to 400-fold more potent than resveratrol. Derivatives 2, 4 and 6 lacked cytotoxic activity against HT22 cells and estrogen receptor agonist or antagonist activity in estrogen response element-dependent gene expression and in estrogen-dependent proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In addition, they were incapable of interfering with aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated xenobiotic response element-dependent gene expression. Derivatives 2, 4 and 6 might assist in the development of lead candidates against oxidative stress-driven neurodegenerative diseases that will not increase endocrine cancer risk nor affect drug activation and detoxification mechanisms.