Drop impact onto immiscible liquid films floating on pools.

The interface dynamics of a droplet impacting onto a liquid pool has been well studied, and the common interfacial velocity quantified for the cases when the pool is both the same and a different fluid to the impacting droplet. In this work we investigate, experimentally and computationally, the scenario of a droplet impacting onto a pool of the same fluid coated by a layer of another fluid with various thicknesses. The effect of the film thickness on the penetration velocity of the upper droplet-film interface is measured for experiments and simulations, and carefully compared to theoretical predictions for early-to-moderate timescales in the limiting cases of: (i) zero film thickness, in which the film has no effect and thus behaves like a fluid on same fluid impact, and (ii) infinite film thickness, in which the underlying pool has no effect. For finite layer thickness cases we carefully quantify the transition between the two limiting scenarios, and provide insight into the interfacial and flow quantities of interest, with a robust transitional behaviour observed over a rich parametric landscape. This exploration provides new quantitative insight into the nonlinear behaviour of the multi-fluid systems in newly explored finite thickness regimes, as well as a clear delineation of their effect in the context of the noted distinguished limits, with films of up to one impacting drop diameter in thickness shown to induce meaningful interpretable changes in the resulting post-impact dynamics. We also explore longer timescale features of the lower interface dynamics, revealing comparatively lower velocities and larger film thicknesses as the liquid film viscosity is increased.

Effect of Surfactants on the Splashing Dynamics of Drops Impacting Smooth Substrates.

We present the results of a systematic study elucidating the role that dynamic surface tension has on the spreading and splashing dynamics of surfactant-laden droplets during the impact on hydrophobic substrates. Using four different surfactants at various concentrations, we generated a range of solutions whose dynamic surface tension were characterized to submillisecond timescales using maximum bubble-pressure tensiometry. Impact dynamics of these solutions were observed by high-speed imaging with subsequent quantitative image processing to determine the impact parameters (droplet size and speed) and dynamic wetting properties (dynamic contact angle). Droplets were slowly formed by dripping to allow the surfactants to achieve equilibrium at the free surface prior to impact. Our results indicate that while only the fastest surfactants appreciably affect the maximum spreading diameter, the droplet morphology during the initial stages of spreading is different to water for all surfactant solutions studied. Moreover, we show that surfactant-laden droplets splash more easily than pure liquid (water). Based on the association of the splashing ratio to our tensiometry measurements, we are able to predict the effective surface tension acting during splashing. These results suggest that droplet splashing characteristics are primarily defined by the stretching of the equilibrated droplet free surface.

Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profile, phylotyping and pathotyping of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children in Southwest Mexico.

Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) strains are one of the most important etiology factors causing diarrhea in children worldwide, especially in developing countries. DEC strains have characteristic virulence factors; however, other supplemental virulence genes (SVG) may contribute to the development of diarrhea in children. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of DEC in children with diarrhea in southwestern Mexico and to associate childhood symptoms, SVG, and pathotypes with diarrhea-causing DEC strains. DEC strains were isolated from 230 children with diarrhea aged 0-60 months from the state of Oaxaca, southwestern Mexico; clinical data were collected, and PCR was used to identify SVG and pathotypes. Antibiotic resistance profiling was performed on DEC strains. 63% of samples were DEC positive, single or combined infections (two (21%) or three strains (1.3%)) of aEPEC (51%), EAEC (10.2%), tEPEC (5.4%), DAEC (4.8%), ETEC (4.1%), EIEC (1.4%), or EHEC (0.7%) were found. Children aged ≤ 12 and 49-60 months and symptoms (e.g., fever and blood) were associated with DEC strains. SVG related to colonization (nleB-EHEC), cytotoxicity (sat-DAEC and espC-tEPEC), and proteolysis (pic-aEPEC) were associated with DECs strains. E. coli phylogroup A was the most frequent, and some pathotypes (aEPEC-A, DAEC-B), and SVG (espC-B2, and sat-D) were associated with the phylogroups. Over 79% of the DEC strains were resistant to antibiotics, and 40% were MDR and XDR, respectively. In conclusion aEPEC was the most prevalent pathotype in children with diarrhea in this region. SVG related to colonization, cytotoxicity, and proteolysis were associated with diarrhea-producing DEC strains, which may play an essential role in the development of diarrhea in children in southwestern Mexico.

New atherogenic index for the prediction of carotid atherosclerosis based on the non-ultrasensitive c-reactive protein/HDL ratio. / Nuevo índice aterogénico para la predicción de aterosclerosis carotídea basado en la ratio proteína C reactiva no ultrasensible/HDL.

INTRODUCTION: Current guidelines recommend cardiovascular risk assessment as a preventive measure for cardiovascular diseases, whose fundamental etiology is arteriosclerosis. One of the tools used to estimate risk in clinical practice are atherogenic indices (AI), ratios between lipid fractions with well-established reference ranges. Despite its widespread use, there is still limited information on its clinical utility. In recent years, some research has reinforced the role of inflammation in the etiology and chronicity of the atherosclerotic process. The inclusion of inflammatory parameters in the AI calculation could improve its diagnostic performance in the detection of arteriosclerosis. We sought to evaluate a new AI as a ratio between C-reactive protein (CRP) values and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) values. METHODS: A total of 282 asymptomatic patients with no history of cardiovascular disease were included in the study. Laboratory tests with lipid profile and CRP, and carotid ultrasound to assess the presence of atheromatosis were performed in all of them. The new AI is established as the ratio between non-ultrasensitive CRP value in mg/dL (multiplied by 100) and HDL value in mg/dL. It was compared with the Castelli I and II indices, and the plasma atherogenic index. The optimal cut-off point of the new AI was value=1 as determined by ROC curve, with an area under the curve of 0.678 (95% CI 0.60-0.75; p<0.001). RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 60.4±14.5 years. A total of 118 patients (41.8% of total) had carotid arteriosclerosis. When evaluating the diagnostic performance of different AIs, we found that CRP·100/HDL ratio showed the highest values of sensitivity and positive predictive value (0.73 and 0.68, respectively) compared to the Castelli I and II indices, and the plasma atherogenic index. It was also the only predictor of carotid atheromatosis both when considering its values quantitatively (with OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1-1.7]; p=0.005), and qualitatively (with OR 2.9 [95% CI 1.5-5.5]; p<0.001) in patients with a CRP·100/HDL ratio>1. CONCLUSIONS: The new PCR·100/HDL index showed the best diagnostic performance in the detection of carotid atheromatosis compared to other classic AIs in this Spanish population of asymptomatic patients.

Late third trimester diagnosis of congenital giant hemangioma complicated by the Kasabach-Merritt phenomen: a case report and literature review.

Objective. To describe the case of a large cervical mass diagnosed in the late third trimester with development of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) in the immediate postnatal period, along with a literature review.Methods. Description of case-report and literature search through Medline/Pubmed, performed from inception to December 2022 for articles relating to the pre and postnatal diagnosis of KMP.Results. A 36-year-old multiparous woman was admitted to hospital for contractions at 40 weeks of gestation, in an otherwise uneventful pregnancy. Admission's ultrasound showed the presence of a voluminous mass of 14x15 cm of the posterior side of the neck, highly vascularized, and no signs of hemodynamic imbalance. Postnatally, blood tests showed the presence of severe anemia and thrombocytopenia requiring several transfusions of blood, plasma, platelets and clotting factors. Due to the association of congenital hemangioma and thrombocytopenia a diagnosis of KMP was made. After attempts of conservative treatment, surgical removal was needed to stop the hematological cascade with regression of symptoms. The review of the literature identified 14 articles including 9 cases of prenatally suspected KMP and 6 diagnosed in the immediate postnatal period and without signs of fetal hydrops. Adverse perinatal outcome, in terms of postnatal death/termination of pregnancy, was observed in 67% of cases (6/9) in the prenatally suspected group and 33% of cases in those with a postnatal diagnosis of KMP. Fetal hydrops was present in 83% of cases with adverse perinatal outcome.Conclusions. The Kasabach-Merrit syndrome is a rare condition, which can have a dangerous evolution when it develops in utero or in the immediate postnatal period carrying a risk of perinatal mortality of approximately 50%. Even if the fetus shows no signs of anemia or heart failure, the risk of developing it in the immediate postnatal period is high and should be mentioned to the couple.

Surface tension measurement and calculation of model biomolecular condensates.

The surface tension of liquid-like protein-rich biomolecular condensates is an emerging physical principle governing the mesoscopic interior organisation of biological cells. In this study, we present a method to evaluate the surface tension of model biomolecular condensates, through straighforward sessile drop measurements of capillary lengths and condensate densities. Our approach bypasses the need for characterizing condensate viscosities, which was required in previously reported techniques. We demonstrate this method using model condensates comprising two mutants of the intrinsically disordered protein Ddx4N. Notably, we uncover a detrimental impact of increased protein net charge on the surface tension of Ddx4N condensates. Furthermore, we explore the application of Scheutjens-Fleer theory, calculating condensate surface tensions through a self-consistent mean-field framework using Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. This relatively simple theory provides semi-quantitative accuracy in predicting Ddx4N condensate surface tensions and enables the evaluation of molecular organisation at condensate surfaces. Our findings shed light on the molecular details of fluid-fluid interfaces in biomolecular condensates.

A new flow-based design for double-lumen needles.

Oocyte retrieval forms a crucial part of in vitro fertilisation treatment and its ultimate outcome. Standard double-lumen needles, which include a sequence of aspiration and flushing steps, are characterised by a similar success rate to single-lumen needles, despite their increased cost. A novel hydrodynamics-based needle called the OxIVF needle is proposed here, which is geared towards the generation of an internal flow field within the full follicular volume via laterally, rather than frontally, oriented flushing, leading to successful retrievals with no additional stress on the oocyte. A two-dimensional digital twin of the follicular environment is created and tested via multi-phase flow direct numerical simulation. Oocyte initial location within the follicle is varied, while quantities of interest such as velocity magnitude and vorticity are measured with a high level of precision. This provides insight into the overall fluid motion, as well as the trajectory and stresses experienced by the oocyte. A comparative benchmark set of tests indicated a higher success rate of the OxIVF needle of up to 100%, marking a significant improvement over the traditional double-lumen design whose success rate of no more than 75% was also highly dependent on the location of the needle tip inside the follicle. All forces measured during these tests showcase how the oocyte experiences stresses which are no larger than at the aspiration point, with the flow field providing a gentle steering effect towards the extraction region. Finally, the flow generation strategy maximises oocyte yield, unlocking new capabilities in both human and veterinary contexts.

Dual-energy CT in the differentiation between adrenal adenomas and metastases: Usefulness of material density maps and monochromatic images.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the behavior of adrenal adenomas and metastases with dual-energy CT, analyzing the attenuation coefficient in monochromatic images at three different levels of energy (45, 70, and 140 keV) and the tissue concentrations of fat, water, and iodine in material density maps, with the aim of establishing optimal cutoffs for differentiating between these lesions and comparing our results against published evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective case-control study included oncologic patients diagnosed with adrenal metastases in the 6-12 months prior to the study who were followed up in our hospital between January and June 2020. For each case (patient with metastases) included in the study, we selected a control (patient with an adrenal adenoma) with a nodule of similar size. All patients were studied with a rapid-kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT scanner, using a biphasic acquisition protocol. We analyzed the concentration of iodine in paired water-iodine images, the concentration of fat in the paired water-fat images, and the concentration of water in the paired iodine-water and fat-water images, in both the arterial and portal phases. We also analyzed the attenuation coefficient in monochromatic images (at 55, 70, and 140 keV) in the arterial and portal phases. RESULTS: In the monochromatic images, in both the arterial and portal phases, the attenuation coefficient at all energy levels was significantly higher in the group of patients with metastases than in the group of patients with adenomas. This enabled us to calculate the optimal cutoffs for classifying lesions as adenomas or metastases, except for the arterial phase at 55 KeV, where the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the estimated threshold (0.68) was not considered accurate enough to classify the lesions. For the arterial phase at 70 keV, the AUC was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.663‒0.899); the optimal cutoff (42.4 HU) yielded 92% sensitivity and 60% specificity. For the arterial phase at 140 keV, the AUC was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.894‒0.999); the optimal cutoff (18.9 HU) yielded 88% sensitivity and 94% specificity). For the portal phase at 55 keV, the AUC was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.663‒0.899); the optimal cutoff (95.4 HU) yielded 68% sensitivity and 84% specificity. For the portal phase at 70 keV, the AUC was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.757‒0.955); the optimal cutoff (58.4 HU) yielded 80% sensitivity and 84% specificity. For the portal phase at 140 keV, the AUC was 0.9 (95% CI: 0.834‒0.987); the optimal cutoff (16.35 HU) yielded 96% sensitivity and 84% specificity. In the material density maps, in the arterial phase, significant differences were found only for the iodine-water pair, where the concentration of water was higher in the group with metastases (1018.8 ±â€¯7.6 mg/cm3 vs. 998.6 ±â€¯8.0 mg/cm3 for the group with adenomas, p < 0.001). The AUC was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.893‒0.999); the optimal cutoff (1012.5 mg/cm3) yielded 88% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The iodine-water pair was also significantly higher in metastases (1019.7 ±â€¯12.1 mg/cm3 vs. 998.5 ±â€¯9.1 mg/cm3 in adenomas, p < 0.001). The AUC was 0.926 (95% CI: 0.807‒0.977); the optimal cutoff (1009.5 mg/cm3) yielded 92% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Although significant results were also observed for the fat-water pair in the portal phase, the AUC was insufficient to enable a sufficiently accurate cutoff for classifying the lesions. No significant differences were found in the fat-water maps or iodine-water maps in the arterial or portal phase or in the water-fat map in the arterial phase. CONCLUSIONS: Monochromatic images show differences between the behavior of adrenal adenomas and metastases in oncologic patients studied with intravenous-contrast-enhanced CT, where the group of metastases had higher attenuation than the group of adenomas in both the arterial and portal phases; this pattern is in line with the evidence published for adenomas. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no other publications report cutoffs for this kind of differentiation in contrast-enhanced monochromatic images obtained in rapid-kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT scanners, and this is the first new contribution of our study. Regarding the material density maps, our results suggest that the water-iodine pair is a good tool for differentiating between adrenal adenomas and metastases, in both the arterial and portal phases. We propose cutoffs for differentiating these lesions, although to our knowledge no cutoffs have been proposed for portal-phase contrast-enhanced images obtained with rapid-kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT scanners.

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pain and Motor Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been investigated as a potential therapeutic option for managing refractory symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SCS in PD. METHOD: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science to identify SCS studies reporting Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-III (UPDRS-III) or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score changes in PD cohorts with at least 3 patients and a follow-up period of at least 1 month. Treatment effect was measured as the mean change in outcome scores and analyzed using an inverse variance random-effects model. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and funnel plots. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies comprising 76 patients were included. Nine studies involving 72 patients reported an estimated decrease of 4.43 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.11; 6.75, p < 0.01) in UPDRS-III score, equivalent to a 14% reduction. The axial subscores in 48 patients decreased by 2.35 points (95% CI: 1.26; 3.45, p < 0.01, 20% reduction). The pooled effect size of five studies on back and leg pain VAS scores was calculated as 4.38 (95% CI: 2.67; 6.09, p < 0.001), equivalent to a 59% reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that SCS may provide significant motor and pain benefits for patients with PD, although the results should be interpreted with caution due to several potential limitations including study heterogeneity, open-label designs, small sample sizes, and the possibility of publication bias. Further research using larger sample sizes and placebo-/sham-controlled designs is needed to confirm effectiveness.

Early colonization of sessile megabenthos on electrolytic carbonated structures (Alicante's harbor, Western Mediterranean).

Biofouling of different artificial substrates was studied to determine the differences in biofouling assemblages among different substrates. However, studies on biofouling on natural substrates like electrolytic carbonated ones are lacking. These substrates have a great potential for coral reef restoration in tropical areas and for biofilter construction. Thus, this study was developed to examine the colonization of sessile macrofouling in the port of Alicante (SE Spain, Western Mediterranean) on two types of substrates: electrolytic carbonated and bare steel (as control) over three months of immersion (October 2019-January 2020). The community diversity was studied through different biotic parameters and abundance of assemblages, and preference of organisms according to their status and functional group (active filter feeders). Univariate and multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA and SIMPER) were also applied to examine the differences between carbonate and control substrates. The carbonated substrate had a more structured community and higher abundance, recruitment, and diversity indexes than the bare steel. Moreover, filter feeders (Porifera, Bivalvia, and Ascidiacea) were more abundant, and most of them only appeared in the carbonated substrate. These results show the potential of carbonated structures as biofilters.

Foliar Application of CaCO3-Rich Industrial Residues on 'Shiraz' Vines Improves the Composition of Phenolic Compounds in Grapes and Aged Wine.

The quality of wine grapes and wine depends on their content of phenolic compounds. Under commercial conditions, the phenolic maturity of grapes is mostly achieved by applying abscisic acid analogues. Some Ca forms represent a cost-effective alternative for these compounds. In this study, 'Shiraz' vines (veraison of 90%) were sprayed with CaCO3-rich residues from the cement industry (4.26 g of Ca per L). Fruit from treated and untreated vines was harvested 45 days after CaCO3 spraying and evaluated for quality. The fruit was vinified, and the obtained wines were bottled and stored in darkness for 15 months at 20 °C. Wines were evaluated for quality after storage. The evaluation of grape and wine quality included the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. The treatment with CaCO3 did not affect the ripening rate of grapes. However, the treatment improved the fruit yield as well as the color development, the content of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of grapes and wine. The treatment favored especially the accumulation of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, caftaric acid, caffeic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, and the procyanidins B1 and B2. Wine made with treated fruit was of higher quality than that of control fruit.

Drop splashing after impact onto immiscible pools of different viscosities.

Droplet impact onto liquid pools is a canonical scenario relevant to numerous natural phenomena and industrial processes. However, despite their ubiquity, multi-fluid systems with the drop and pool consisting of different liquids are far less well understood. Our hypothesis is that the post-impact dynamics greatly depends on the pool-to-droplet viscosity ratioµp/µd, which we explore over a range of six orders of magnitude using a combination of experiments and theoretical approaches (mathematical modelling and direct numerical simulation). Our findings indicate that in this scenario the splashing threshold and the composition of the ejecta sheet are controlled by the viscosity ratio. We uncover that increasing the pool viscosity decreases the splashing threshold for high viscosity pools (µp/µd≳35) when the splash comes from the droplet. By contrast, for low viscosity pools, the splash sheet comes from the pool and increasing the pool viscosity increases the splashing threshold. Surprisingly, there are conditions for which no splashing is observed under the conditions attainable in our laboratory. Furthermore, considering the interface velocity together with asymptotic arguments underlying the generation of the ejecta has allowed us to understand meaningful variations in the pressure during impact and rationalise the observed changes in the splashing threshold.

Comparative analysis of cranial morphology in Middle-American heroine cichlids (Actinopterygii: Cichliformes).

Heroine cichlids are characterized by high morphological diversity, mainly in structures related to the capture and processing of food. The existence of ecomorphological groups has been proposed based on feeding behavior, where it is common for some phylogenetically unrelated species to show evolutionary convergence. Using geometric morphometrics and comparative phylogenetic methods, the variation in cranial morphology was evaluated for 17 species of heroine cichlids representing 5 ecomorphs. Cranial ecomorphs were recovered and significant differences were determined. Morphological variation of the ecomorphs was mainly explained by two axes: (1) the position of the mouth determined by the shape of the bones of the oral jaw and (2) the height of the head, defined by the size and position of the supraoccipital crest and the distance to the interopercle-subopercle junction. Cranial variation among species was related to phylogeny. To better understand the evolution of cranial morphology, it is necessary to evaluate the morphofunctional relationship of other anatomical structures related to feeding, as well as to increase the number of study species in each ecomorph by including other lineages.

Assessment of the structures contribution (crystalline and mesophases) and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone/pluronic blends.

Films of biodegradable blends of polycaprolactone (PCL) and Pluronics F68 and F127 were manufactured by an industrial thermo-mechanical process to be applied as potential delivery systems. The effects of Pluronics on the structure (mesophase organization), and thermal and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and tensile mechanical tests. The addition of Pluronics affected the crystallization process by changing the relative amounts of crystalline, amorphous, and meso- (condis + plastic) phases. The melting transition and XRD profiles were deconvoluted to assess the individual contribution of the different crystal morphologies. Furthermore, it was found that the mechanical properties of the blends depended on the ratio and type of Pluronic. Thus, Pluronic F127 showed a larger mesophase content than its F68 counterpart with PCL and blends with enhanced ductility.

Electrophoretic Molecular Communication With Piecewise Constant Electric Field.

This paper studies a novel electrophoretic molecular communication (EMC) framework utilizing a piecewise constant electric field. EMC is a particular type of molecular communication that exploits electric fields to induce the movement of charged particles to enhance communication performance. Our previous work proposed an EMC framework utilizing a time-varying electric field that exponentially changes; however, the field with such a complicated shape might be challenging to be implemented in practice. Thus, this paper proposes a new EMC approach exploiting a piecewise constant electric field that can be readily implemented via, e.g., an on/off switch method. We formulate two optimization problems to design the electric field based on different objectives: minimizing a mean squared error and minimizing a bit interval. The solutions of each, such as optimal on-off timings and corresponding strengths of the constant electric fields, are obtained through the Lagrange multiplier approach and the geometric programming, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation results verify that the proposed piecewise constant electric field significantly reduces the bit error rate relative to the constant field benchmark while performing less well, but not significantly, than the exponential field benchmark.

The relict population of Pinna nobilis in the Mar Menor is facing an uncertain future.

Pinna nobilis is undergoing one of the most dramatic events suffered by an endangered species. An emerging disease has relegated its populations to coastal lagoons or estuaries with salinities beyond the 36.5-39.7 psu range. The Mar Menor is one of two such locations on the Spanish coastline. Poor environmental conditions and eutrophication and anoxia events, that became critical in 2016, 2019 and 2021, have reduced its population in >99 %. In this work, the spatial distribution of the species within the lagoon and the factors determining its survival along the successive crises of eutrophication are studied using a two-stage (presence/absence estimation and density modelling) Species Distribution Model. A potential area of 200.97 ha and an average density of 1.05 ind.100 m2 is estimated for 2020. The viability of the Mar Menor population depends on management actions designed both for the species and to improve the lagoon environmental state.

Diversity of Cichlid Fishes (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) in Chiapas, Mexico: A practical identification key with updated distribution maps.

To accurately identify the species that make up the assemblage of the family Cichlidae in the Mexican state of Chiapas, we first updated the total species account (36 species) for the state and then created an identification key. For the distribution maps, the geographic records were projected using a geographic information system considering the layers of the two largest basins in the state (Grijalva and Usumacinta) and the Chiapas coast basin. The dichotomous key includes meristic, morphometric and coloration patterns that facilitate species identification present in the state. Rheoheros coeruleus (Stawikowski and Werner 1987) and Vieja breidohri Werner and Stawikowski 1987 are included in a key for the first time. The distributions of Paraneetroplus gibbiceps Steindachner 1864a, Rheoheros coeruleus, and Vieja zonata Meek 1905 in the state are mapped for the first time, and the range of 16 species was expanded. By updating and creating tools of great taxonomic use, we contribute to the study of this complex family with high morphological diversity.

Characterization of Cabernet Sauvignon Wines by Untargeted HS-SPME GC-QTOF-MS.

Untargeted metabolomics approaches are emerging as powerful tools for the quality evaluation and authenticity of food and beverages and have been applied to wine science. However, most fail to report the method validation, quality assurance and/or quality control applied, as well as the assessment through the metabolomics-methodology pipeline. Knowledge of Mexican viticulture, enology and wine science remains scarce, thus untargeted metabolomics approaches arise as a suitable tool. The aim of this study is to validate an untargeted HS-SPME-GC-qTOF/MS method, with attention to data processing to characterize Cabernet Sauvignon wines from two vineyards and two vintages. Validation parameters for targeted methods are applied in conjunction with the development of a recursive analysis of data. The combination of some parameters for targeted studies (repeatability and reproducibility < 20% RSD; linearity > 0.99; retention-time reproducibility < 0.5% RSD; match-identification factor < 2.0% RSD) with recursive analysis of data (101 entities detected) warrants that both chromatographic and spectrometry-processing data were under control and provided high-quality results, which in turn differentiate wine samples according to site and vintage. It also shows potential biomarkers that can be identified. This is a step forward in the pursuit of Mexican wine characterization that could be used as an authentication tool.