Effects of Exercise Training and L-Arginine Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Hippocampus Histopathology, ß-Secretase Enzyme Function, APP, Tau, Iba1and APOE-4 mRNA in Aging Rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined and independent effects of exercise training and L-Arginine loaded chitosan nanoparticles (LA CNPs) supplementation on hippocampal Tau, App, Iba1, and ApoE gene expression, oxidative stress, ß-secretase enzyme activity, and hippocampus histopathology in aging rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 7 in each): Young (8 weeks old), Old (20 months old), old + L-arginine supplementation (Old Sup), old + exercise (Old Exe) and old + L-arginine supplementation + exercise (Old Sup + Exe). LA CNPs were administered to the supplement groups through gavage at a dosage of 500 mg/kg/day for 6-weeks. Exercise groups were subjected to a swimming exercise program five days/week for the same duration. Upon the completion of their interventions, the animals underwent behavioral and open-field task tests and were subsequently sacrificed for hippocampus genetic and histopathological evaluation. For histopathological analysis of brain, Cresyl violet staining was used. Congo Red staining was employed to confirm amyloid plaques in the hippocampus. Expressions of Tau, App, Iba1, and ApoE genes were determined by real-time PCR. In contrast to the Old group, Old Exe and Old Sup + Exe groups spent more time in the central space in the open field task (p < 0.05) and have more live cells in the hippocampus. Old rats (Old, Old Sup and Old Exe groups) exhibited a significant Aß peptide accumulation and increases in APP, Tau, Iba1, APOE-4 mRNA and MDA, along with decreases in SOD compared to the young group (p < 0.05). However, LA CNPs supplementation, exercise, and their combination (Old Sup, Old Exe and Old Sup + Exe) significantly reduced MDA, Aß plaque as well as APP, Tau, Iba1, and APOE-4 mRNA compared to the Old group (p < 0.05). Consequently, the administration of LA CNPs supplements and exercise might regulate the risk factors of hippocampus cell and tissue.

Esophageal Perforation in a Patient With Kidney Transplantation.

Esophageal perforation is a rupture of the esophageal wall, caused by iatrogenesis in 56% of cases. Perforation of the esophagus remains a challenge, and its incidence has increased as the use of endoscopic procedures has become more frequent. We report a 54-year-old woman with esophageal perforation 8 days after kidney transplantation. She had received a gastrointestinal consultation prior to her transplantation. This report highlights the fact that perforation may occur after any organ transplantation, especially during the initial 2 weeks after transplantation, when mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine as well as and high doses of corticosteroid are administered. If there is a delay in passage and a swallowing difficulty, high doses of immunosuppressive drugs are likely to cause ulceration and perforation. Preventive strategies including intravenous steroids for the first 2 to 3 weeks and divided doses of pills should be considered for such patients.