RESUMEN
In this project, we are trying to review the articles that discuss the relationship between insulin signaling and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Another focus of this project is to find the best treatment regimen that can reduce the progression of AD in patients with impaired glucose metabolism. We used Pubmed database to collect our data and used the following keywords: Alzheimer's disease, insulin signaling pathway, type 3 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin, and insulin resistance in our revision; we included free articles that were published in the last 10 years and excluded articles that were written in any language other than English. We reviewed 68 articles. Forty-nine out of 68 articles were containing materials that are relevant for this project. We found that there is a relation between AD and the insulin signaling pathway. Insulin signaling pathway impairment leads to hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, which plays a vital role in AD pathology. The effect of insulin on cognition is bidirectional; the intranasal route of insulin showed to have a promising effect on cognition improvement. Subcutaneous and intravenous insulin can increase the risk of dementia. Further studies are encouraged to use a specific anti-diabetic medication that can reduce the progression of AD.
RESUMEN
Infective endocarditis is a significant healthcare burden due to the associated high mortality and complications. Endocarditis caused by both Candida albicans (C. albicans) and non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species has been associated with a substantial rise in in-hospital morbidity and mortality. We used the Pubmed database to identify 47 out of 101 articles that had met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We had put in place a broad inclusion criterion with no age or gender restrictions. These 47 articles included abstracts, 11 review articles, 13 case reports, 10 research articles, 1 clinical trial report, 1 meta-analysis, and other research articles. And they comprehensively cover the pathogenesis, risk factors, and management of infections caused by C. albicans and NCAC species in the past 26 years. The articles we scanned provided us with information on different associations in correlation to multiple types of Candida species. Here, we discuss the association between Candida and endocarditis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both C. albicans and NCAC. We also present our understanding regarding this interesting association and attempt to address some of the recurring questions.
RESUMEN
This article aims to determine an association between vasculitis and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and the ideal management plan to decrease the chances of CVA in vasculitis patients. We also attempt to find a preferred treatment regimen that decreases the complications of CVAs in vasculitis patients, thereby resulting in reduced mortality and morbidity. We reviewed both free-access full-text articles and the abstracts of articles behind a paywall. We used the PubMed database and reviewed 89 articles that matched our inclusion and exclusion criteria. In all, 42 out of the 89 articles had the most relevant data for our article. We used the following keywords to search the database: vasculitis, stroke, cerebrovascular accident, ischemic, arteritis, and steroid. We found an association between subtypes of vasculitis, mostly large vessel vasculitis and CVA. We could not identify a specific cutoff value for specific inflammatory markers that can increase the risk of developing CVA. Besides, there are no formal guidelines for the dosage or the route of administration for corticosteroids, which are the cornerstone of treatment for most vasculitis. We found that male giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients have a higher chance of developing CVA than females, Also interestingly, anemia was found to be protective against CVA development in GCA patients. Sometimes, CVA can happen due to the effects of treatments of some types of vasculitis. We recommend establishing further studies about other subtypes of vasculitis and their associations with stroke.
