Lung Ultrasound to Evaluate Fluid Status and Optimize Early Volume-Expansion Therapy in Children with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli-Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Pilot Study.

Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-haemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) can result in kidney and neurological complications. Early volume-expansion therapy has been shown to improve outcomes, but caution is required to avoid fluid overload. Lung ultrasound scanning (LUS) can be used to detect fluid overload and may be useful in monitoring hydration therapy. Methods: This prospective observational pilot study involved children with STEC-HUS who were recruited from a regional paediatric nephrology centre. B-line quantification by LUS was used to assess fluid status at the emergency department (ED) admission and correlated with the decrease in patient weight from the target weight. A control group of children on chronic dialysis therapy with episodes of symptomatic fluid overload was also enrolled in order to establish a B-line threshold indicative of severe lung congestion. Another cohort of "healthy" children, without renal or lung-related diseases, and without clinical signs of fluid overload was also enrolled in order to establish a B-line threshold indicative of euvolemia. Results: LUS assessment was performed in 10 children with STEC-HUS at ED admission, showing an average of three B-lines (range 0-10). LUS was also performed in 53 euvolemic children admitted to the ED not showing kidney and lung disease (healthy controls), showing a median value of two B-lines (range 0-7), not significantly different from children with STEC-HUS at admission (p = 0.92). Children with STEC-HUS with neurological involvement during the acute phase and those requiring dialysis presented a significantly lower number of B-lines at admission compared to patients with a good clinical course (p < 0.001). Patients with long-term renal impairment also presented a lower number of B-lines at disease onset (p = 0.03). Conclusions: LUS is a useful technique for monitoring intravenous hydration therapy in paediatric patients with STEC-HUS. A low number of B-lines at ED admission (<5 B-lines) was associated with worse short-term and long-term outcomes. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of an LUS-guided strategy for reducing complications in children with STEC-HUS.

Doppler-Derived Renal Functional Reserve in the Prediction of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Robotic Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) is a frequent complication after surgery. Various tools have been proposed to identify patients at high risk for AKI, including preoperative serum creatinine or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary cell cycle arrest, and tubular damage biomarkers; however, none of these can appropriately assess AKI risk before surgery. Renal functional reserve (RFR) screened by the Doppler-derived intraparenchymal renal resistive index variation (IRRIV) test has been proposed to identify patients at risk for AKI before a kidney insult. IRRIV test has been developed in healthy individuals and previously investigated in cardiac surgery patients. This study aims to evaluate the value of the IRRIV test in identifying PO-AKI among patients undergoing robotic abdominal surgery in the Trendelenburg position for pelvic oncological disease. METHODS: We performed a prospective, double-blinded, observational study. Preoperative baseline renal function and RFR were assessed in 53 patients with baseline eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2, undergoing robotic surgery in the Trendelenburg position for pelvic oncological disease. The capability of Doppler-derived RFR in predicting PO-AKI was investigated with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). RESULTS: Approximately 15.1% of patients developed AKI within the first 3 postoperative days. Thirty-one (58.5%) patients had a physiologic delta-RRI (ie, ≥0.05), while 22 (41.5%) patients did not. The ROC-AUC for PO-AKI was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.97; P = .007) for serum creatinine, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.71-0.96; P = .006) for eGFR, and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78-0.91; P = .017) for delta-RRI. When combined with eGFR, the ROC-AUC for delta-RRI was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.9-1). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the preoperative assessment of Doppler-derived RFR combined with baseline renal function improves the capability of identifying patients at high risk for PO-AKI with eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 after robotic abdominal surgery in Trendelenburg position for pelvic oncological disease.

Screening for cardiac amyloidosis in patients with tenosynovial red flags: A collaboration between family medicine and cardiology.

BACKGROUND: Amyloid deposition in tenosynovial structures precedes cardiac involvement up to 20 years. Therefore, a cardiological screening in patients with a history of tenosynovial manifestations of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) could lead to an increased number of early diagnoses. METHODS: Patients with tenosynovial manifestations of CA (carpal tunnel syndrome, atraumatic biceps tendon rupture, lumbar spinal stenosis) have been identified by general practitioners and evaluated in a Referral Center for CA. Patients with a high suspicion of CA underwent the CA diagnostic pathway. RESULTS: Among 50 General Practitioners (GP) contacted, 10 (20%) agreed to participate in the study for a total of 5615 patients ≥60 years. One hundred forty-five patients met the inclusion criteria, 2 of them already had a diagnosis of CA, and 57 agreed to undergo a cardiological evaluation (electrocardiography, echocardiography, NTproBNP assay). The median age was 73 [67-80] years and 31 (54%) were women. Eight patients were suggested to start the CA diagnostic pathway, five of them underwent a complete diagnostic evaluation for CA, three refused to complete the diagnostic exams and no new diagnoses were made. CONCLUSION: A screening program for CA in patients with tenosynovial manifestations identified by general practitioners is feasible, but may not yield a high rate of new diagnosis. In this study, we identified two patients who already had a diagnosis of CA, and among patients at high risk for CA, 37% refused to complete the diagnostic pathway. Increased awareness of CA among patients might increase participation and diagnostic yield in screening studies. Further validation of this protocol is needed to evaluate its diagnostic performance.

Drugs in Development to Treat IgA Nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy is a common glomerulonephritis consequent to the autoimmune response to aberrant glycosylated immunoglobulin (Ig) A antibodies. Although it has historically been considered a benign disease, it has since become clear that a substantial percentage of patients reach end-stage kidney failure over the years. Several therapeutic attempts have been proposed, with systemic steroids being the most prevalent, albeit burdened by possible serious adverse events. Thanks to the more in-depth knowledge of the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, new treatment targets have been identified and new drugs developed. In this narrative review, we summarise the molecules under clinical development for the treatment of IgA nephropathy. As a search strategy, we used PubMed, Google, ClinicalTrials.gov and abstracts from recent international congresses. TRF budesonide and sparsentan are the two molecules at a more advanced stage, just entering the market. Other promising agents are undergoing phase III clinical development. These include anti-APRIL and anti-BLyS/BAFF antibodies and some complement inhibitors. Other new possible strategies include spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors, anti-CD40 ligands and anti-CD38 antibodies. In an era increasingly characterised by 'personalised medicine' and 'precision therapy' approaches and considering that the potential therapeutic armamentarium for IgA nephropathy will be very broad in the near future, the identification of biomarkers capable of helping the nephrologist to select the right drug for the right patient should be the focus of future studies.

Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Heart Failure on Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors Undergoing Radiocontrast Agent Invasive Procedures: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

(1) Background: This single-center retrospective study aimed to evaluate whether sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) therapy may have a nephroprotective effect to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with heart failure (HF) undergoing iodinated contrast medium (ICM) invasive procedures. (2) Methods: The population was stratified into SGLT2-i users and SGLT2-i non-users according to the chronic treatment with gliflozins. The primary endpoint was CI-AKI incidence during hospitalization. Secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and the need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). (3) Results: In total, 86 patients on SGLT2-i and 179 patients not on SGLT2-i were enrolled. The incidence of CI-AKI in the gliflozin group was lower than in the non-user group (9.3 vs. 27.3%, p < 0.001), and these results were confirmed after propensity matching analysis. Multivariable logistic regression showed that only SGLT2-i treatment was an independent preventive factor for CI-AKI (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16-0.90, p = 0.045). The need for CRRT was reported only in five patients in the non-SGLT2-i-user group compared to zero patients in the gliflozin group (p = 0.05). (4) Conclusions: SGLT2-i therapy was associated with a lower risk of CI-AKI in patients with HF undergoing ICM invasive procedures.

Presentation and progression of MPO-ANCA interstitial lung disease.

The association between MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) has been well established. Pulmonary fibrosis may coexist with, follow, or even precede the diagnosis of AAV, and its presence adversely affects the prognosis. The optimal approach to investigating ANCA in patients with ILD remains a subject of ongoing debate. Here we aim to describe presentation and progression of MPO-ANCA ILD. We conducted a retrospective evaluation of a cohort of individuals diagnosed with MPO-ANCA ILD, with or without accompanying renal impairment, at the Immunology and Cell Therapy Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy, between June 2016 and June 2022. Clinical records, imaging studies, pathologic examinations, and laboratory test results were collected. Among the 14 patients identified with MPO-ANCA ILD, we observed a significant association between MPO-ANCA titers assessed at the time of ILD diagnosis and renal involvement. Renal impairment in these cases often manifested as subclinical or slowly progressive kidney damage. Interestingly, complement C3 deposits were consistently found in all renal biopsy specimens, thereby suggesting the potential for novel therapeutic targets in managing renal complications associated with MPO-ANCA ILD. The presentation of MPO-ANCA vasculitis as ILD can be the first and only clinical manifestation. MPO-ANCA levels at ILD diagnosis could warn on the progression to renal involvement in patients with MPO-ANCA ILD, hence caution is needed because renal disease can be subclinical or smoldering.

Thrombotic Microangiopathy as a Life-Threatening Complication of Long-Term Interferon Beta Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Phenotype and Response to Treatment-A Literature Review.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) has been observed in some patients receiving interferon beta (IFNß) therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, but little is known about its clinical features and outcomes. We searched the literature to identify cases with IFNß-related TMA and assessed their pattern of organ involvement, the presence of prodromal manifestations, the treatments used, and the outcomes. Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria, and data of 67 patients were collected. The median duration of IFNß therapy before the diagnosis of TMA was 8 years, and 56/67 (84%) presented with acute kidney injury (AKI), of which 33 required acute dialysis. All but three patients had manifestations during the four weeks before TMA onset, including flu-like symptoms, headache, and worsening blood pressure control. In only two patients, ADAMTS13 activity was reduced, while 27% had low C3 levels. However, none showed causative genetic mutations associated with development of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. All patients discontinued IFNß, 34 (55%) also received plasma exchange, and 12 (18%) received eculizumab. Complete renal recovery was achieved by 20 patients (30%), while 13 (20%) developed end-stage renal disease. Among those with AKI requiring dialysis, eculizumab therapy was associated with a significantly reduced risk of ESRD compared with plasma exchange. Therefore, TMA with features of aHUS mainly occurs after prolonged treatment with IFNß and is preceded by prodromes, which may lead to an early diagnosis before life-threatening complications occur. Eculizumab appears beneficial in cases with severe kidney involvement, which supports a role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of these forms.

Serial Changes in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Parameters in Untreated Patients With Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is associated with a progressive reduction of functional capacity. The progression of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters over time is still unknown. METHODS: In this study, 55 patients with ATTR-CM underwent 2 serial cardiologic evaluations and CPETs in a national referral center for cardiac amyloidosis (Careggi University Hospital, Florence). RESULTS: Forty-three patients (78%) had wild-type ATTR. Median age was 80 years (interquartile range [IQR] 76-83 years), and 50 of the patients (91%) were men. At baseline, median peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) was 15 mL/kg/min (IQR 12-18 mL/kg/min), percentage of predicted pVO2 (%ppVO2) was 71% (IQR 60%-83%) and VE/VCO2 slope was 31 (IQR 26-34). After a median follow-up of 14 months (IQR 13-16 months), pVO2, %ppVO2 and VE/VCO2 slope were significantly worsened (-1.29 mL/kg/min [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.85 to -0.74; P < 0.01], -4.5% [95% CI: -6.9 to -2.02; P < 0.01], and 8.6 [95% CI 6-11; P < 0.01], respectively). Furthermore, exercise time (-39 s, 95% CI: -59 to -19; P < 0.01), exercise tolerance (-0.47 metabolic equivalents, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.2; P < 0.01), and peak systolic pressure (-10.8 mm Hg, 95% CI: -16.2 to -5.4; P < 0.01) were significantly reduced. The worsening in CPET variables did not correspond with a significant change in echocardiographic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiorespiratory response to exercise significantly worsened over a short period of time in patients with ATTR-CM. Serial CPET may be useful to identify early disease progression.

Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury and Prediction of Long-Term Kidney Function Decline after Partial Nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Identifying acute kidney injury (AKI) within few hours of onset is certainly helpful. However, early prediction of a long-term eGFR decline may be an even more important goal. Our aim was to identify and compare serum [creatinine, kineticGFR, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)] and urinary (NephroCheck, NGAL, proteinuria, albuminuria, acantocytes at urinary sediment) predictors of AKI that might efficiently predict long-term GFR decline after robotic Nephron-Spearing Surgery (rNSS). METHODS: Monocentric prospective observational study. Patients scheduled for rNSS for suspected localized Renal Cell Carcinoma from May 2017 to October 2017 were enrolled. Samples were collected preoperatively and postoperatively (timepoints: 4 h, 10 h, 24 h, 48 h), while kidney function was re-assessed up to 24 months. RESULTS: 38 patients were included; 16 (42%) developed clinical AKI. The eGFR decline at 24 months was more pronounced after postoperative AKI (-20.75 vs. -7.20, p < 0.0001). KineticGFR at 4 h (p = 0.008) and NephroCheck at 10 h (p = 0.001) were, at multivariable linear regression analysis, efficient predictors of post-operative AKI and long-term eGFR decline if compared to creatinine (R2 0.33 vs. 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: NephroCheck and kineticGFR have emerged as promising noninvasive, accurate, and early biomarkers of postoperative AKI and long-term GFR decline after rNSS. Combining NephroCheck and kineticGFR in clinical practice would allow to identify high risk of postoperative AKI and long-term GFR decline as early as 10 h after surgery.

Prevalence of transthyretin-related amyloidosis in Tuscany: Data from the regional population-based registry.

The limited available data regarding the prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis, both for wild-type (ATTRwt) and hereditary form (ATTRv), is inferred from highly selected patients and subsequent extrapolations that limit the comprehension of the clinical disease impact. The Tuscan healthcare system in 2006 developed a web-based rare disease registry, to monitor and profile patients affected by rare diseases. Clinicians belonging to regional validated healthcare data centres can register patients at the diagnosis, with a rigorous approach and distinguishing the types of amyloidosis, i.e., ATTRwt versus ATTRv. Thanks to this data collection method, available from July 2006 and extended with electronic therapy plans related to a diagnosis since May 2017, we analysed prevalence and incidence of ATTR and its subtypes. On November 30th 2022, ATTRwt prevalence in Tuscany is 90.3 per 1,000,000 persons and ATTRv prevalence is 9.5 per 1,000,000 persons, whereas the annual incidence ranges from 14.4 to 26.7 per 1,000,000 persons and from 0.8 to 2.7 per 1,000,000 persons, respectively. The male gender is predominant in both forms. All except one patient showed evidence of cardiomyopathy. This epidemiological data requires attention, not only to increase the effort for the clinical management and earlier diagnosis, but also to underline the need for the disease-specific treatments.

De novo collapsing glomerulopathy after kidney transplantation: Description of two cases.

BACKGROUND: Among different forms of de novo focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), which can develop after kidney transplantation (KTx), collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) is the least frequent variant, but it is associated with the most severe form of nephrotic syndrome, histological findings of important vascular damage, and a 50% risk of graft loss. Here, we report two cases of de novo post-transplant CG. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old White man developed proteinuria and worsening of renal function 5 years after KTx. Before the KTx, the patient was affected by an uncontrolled resistant hypertension, despite multiple antihypertensive therapies. Blood levels of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) were stable, with intermittent peaks. Kidney biopsy showed the presence of CG. After introduction of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), urinary protein excretion progressively decreased in 6 months, but subsequent follow-up confirmed a progressive renal function decline. A 61-year-old White man developed CG 22 years after KTx. In his medical history, he was hospitalized twice to manage uncontrolled hypertensive crises. In the past, basal serum cyclosporin A levels were often detected above the therapeutic range. Low doses of intravenous methylprednisolone were administered due to the histological inflammatory signs shown on renal biopsy, followed by a rituximab infusion as a rescue therapy, but no clinical improvement was seen. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These two cases of de novo post-transplant CG were supposed to be mainly caused by the synergic effect of metabolic factors and CNI nephrotoxicity. Identifying the etiological factors potentially responsible for de novo CG development is essential for an early therapeutic intervention and the hope of better graft and overall survival.

A Clinical Workflow for Cost-Saving High-Rate Diagnosis of Genetic Kidney Diseases.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To optimize the diagnosis of genetic kidney disorders in a cost-effective manner, we developed a workflow based on referral criteria for in-person evaluation at a tertiary center, whole-exome sequencing, reverse phenotyping, and multidisciplinary board analysis. This workflow reached a diagnostic rate of 67%, with 48% confirming and 19% modifying the suspected clinical diagnosis. We obtained a genetic diagnosis in 64% of children and 70% of adults. A modeled cost analysis demonstrated that early genetic testing saves 20% of costs per patient. Real cost analysis on a representative sample of 66 patients demonstrated an actual cost reduction of 41%. This workflow demonstrates feasibility, performance, and economic effect for the diagnosis of genetic kidney diseases in a real-world setting. BACKGROUND: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) increases the diagnostic rate of genetic kidney disorders, but accessibility, interpretation of results, and costs limit use in daily practice. METHODS: Univariable analysis of a historical cohort of 392 patients who underwent WES for kidney diseases showed that resistance to treatments, familial history of kidney disease, extrarenal involvement, congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract and CKD stage ≥G2, two or more cysts per kidney on ultrasound, persistent hyperechoic kidneys or nephrocalcinosis on ultrasound, and persistent metabolic abnormalities were most predictive for genetic diagnosis. We prospectively applied these criteria to select patients in a network of nephrology centers, followed by centralized genetic diagnosis by WES, reverse phenotyping, and multidisciplinary board discussion. RESULTS: We applied this multistep workflow to 476 patients with eight clinical categories (podocytopathies, collagenopathies, CKD of unknown origin, tubulopathies, ciliopathies, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, syndromic CKD, metabolic kidney disorders), obtaining genetic diagnosis for 319 of 476 patients (67.0%) (95% in 21 patients with disease onset during the fetal period or at birth, 64% in 298 pediatric patients, and 70% in 156 adult patients). The suspected clinical diagnosis was confirmed in 48% of the 476 patients and modified in 19%. A modeled cost analysis showed that application of this workflow saved 20% of costs per patient when performed at the beginning of the diagnostic process. Real cost analysis of 66 patients randomly selected from all categories showed actual cost reduction of 41%. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnostic workflow for genetic kidney diseases that includes WES is cost-saving, especially if implemented early, and is feasible in a real-world setting.

To B or not to B. The rationale for quantifying B-lines in pediatric lung diseases.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is emerging as adjunct tool to be used during clinical assessment. Among the different hallmarks of LUS, B-lines are well known artifacts, which are not correlated with identifiable structures, but which can be used for pathological classification. The presence of multiple B-lines is a sonographic sign of lung interstitial syndrome. It has been demonstrated in adults that there is a direct correlation between the number of B-lines and the severity of the interstitial involvement of lung disease. Counting B-lines is an attempt to enrich the clinical assessment and clinical information, beyond obtaining a simple dichotomous answer. Semiquantitative or quantitative B-line assessment has been shown to correlate with fluid overload and demonstrated prognostic implications in specific neonatal and pediatric conditions. LUS with quantitative B-lines assessment is promising. Current evidence allows for quantification of B-lines in a limited number of neonatal and pediatric diseases.

Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Cardio-Orthopedic Disease.

Orthopaedic manifestations of wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis are frequent and characteristic, including idiopathic bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, idiopathic lumbar canal stenosis, atraumatic rupture of the brachial biceps tendon, and, more rarely, finger disease and rotator cuff. These manifestations often coexisting in the same patient, frequently male and aged, steadily precede cardiac involvement inducing a rapidly progressive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Although transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis remains a cardiac relevant disease, these extracardiac localisation may increase diagnostic suspicion and allow for early diagnosis assuming the role of useful diagnostic red flags, especially in light of new therapeutic opportunities that can slow or stop the progression of the disease. For the cardiologist, the recognition of these extracardiac red flags is of considerable importance to reinforce an otherwise less emerging diagnostic suspicion. For orthopedists and rheumatologists, the presence in an old patient with or without clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease, of an unexpected and inexplicable constellation of musculoskeletal symptoms, can represent a fundamental moment for an early diagnosis and treatment is improving a patient's outcome.

Pre-Dialysis B-Line Quantification at Lung Ultrasound Is a Useful Method for Evaluating the Dry Weight and Predicting the Risk of Intradialytic Hypotension.

Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a frequent and well-known complication of hemodialysis, occurring in about one third of patients. An integrated approach with different methods is needed to minimize IDH episodes and their complications. In this prospective observational study, recruited patients underwent a multiparametric evaluation of fluid status through a lung ultrasound (LUS) with the quantification of B-lines, a physical examination, blood pressure, NT-proBNP and chest X-rays. The evaluation took place immediately before and at the end of the dialysis session, and the patients were divided into IDH and no-IDH groups. We recruited a total of 107 patients. A pre-dialysis B-line number ≥ 15 showed a high sensitivity in fluid overload diagnosis (94.5%), even higher than a chest X-ray (78%) or physical examination (72%) alone. The identification at the beginning of dialysis of <8 B-lines in the overall cohort or <20 B-lines in patients with NYHA 3−4 class are optimal thresholds for identifying those patients at higher risk of experiencing an IDH episode. In the multivariable analysis, the NYHA class, a low pre-dialysis systolic BP and a low pre-dialysis B-line number were independent risk factors for IDH. At the beginning of dialysis, the B-line quantification at LUS is a valuable and reliable method for evaluating fluid status and predicting IDH episodes. A post-dialysis B-line number <5 may allow for an understanding of whether the IDH episode was caused by dehydration, probably due to due to an overestimation of the dry weight.

A multidisciplinary case report of multiple myeloma with renal and cardiac involvement: a look beyond amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm associated with kidney involvement in nearly half of the patients. Cast nephropathy, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease (MIDD), and light chain (AL) amyloidosis are the most common monoclonal immunoglobulin-mediated causes of renal injury. Cardiac involvement is also present in MM, characterized by restrictive cardiomyopathy generated by light chain deposit or amyloid. Thromboembolic complications such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism are also described. CASE PRESENTATION: We present an unusual multidisciplinary case of a woman with a newly diagnosed MM associated with severe proteinuria and high natriuretic peptide. A renal and fat pad biopsy with Congo red staining were performed but amyloid deposition was not discovered. While immunofluorescence on fresh frozen unfixed tissue was not contributory, the immunofluorescence on fixed tissue and electron microscopy revealed the correct diagnosis. During subsequent investigations, two intracardiac right-sided masses and massive pulmonary embolism were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights that multiple organ involvement in patients with MM may result from a combination of paraprotein-dependent and -independent factors. Moreover, renal diseases induced by monoclonal gammopathies are a group of complex and heterogeneous disorders. Their subtle presentation and their potential multiorgan involvement require the expertise of a multidisciplinary team able to provide the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic assessment.

Arrhythmic Burden in Cardiac Amyloidosis: What We Know and What We Do Not.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA), caused by the deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils, impairs different cardiac structures, altering not only left ventricle (LV) systo-diastolic function but also atrial function and the conduction system. The consequences of the involvement of the cardiac electrical system deserve more attention, as well as the study of the underlying molecular mechanisms. This is an issue of considerable interest, given the conflicting data on the effectiveness of conventional antiarrhythmic strategies. Therefore, this review aims at summarizing the arrhythmic burden related to CA and the available evidence on antiarrhythmic treatment in this population.