Generative artificial intelligence and the personalization of health professional education: A narrative review.

This narrative review examined the intersection of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) and the personalization of health professional education (PHE). This review aims to the elucidate the current condition of GAI technologies and their particular uses in the field of PHE. Data were extracted and analyzed from studies focusing on the demographics and professional development preferences of healthcare workers, the competencies required for personalized precision medicine, and the current and potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in PHE. The review also addressed the ethical implications of AI implementation in this context. Findings indicated a gender-balanced healthcare workforce with a predisposition toward continuous professional development and digital tool utilization. A need for a comprehensive educational framework was identified to include a spectrum of skills crucial for precision medicine, emphasizing the importance of patient involvement and bioethics. AI was found to enhance educational experiences and research in PHE, with an increasing trend in AI applications, particularly in surgical education since 2018. Ethical challenges associated with AI integration in PHE were highlighted, with an emphasis on the need for ethical design and diverse development teams. Core concepts in AI research were established, with a spotlight on emerging areas such as data science and learning analytics. The application of AI in PHE was recognized for its current benefits and potential for future advancements, with a call for ethical vigilance. GAI holds significant promise for personalizing PHE, with an identified need for ethical frameworks and diverse developer teams to address bias and equity in educational AI applications.

State of lifestyle medicine education in Saudi medical schools: A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle medicine (LM) is a patient-centric, evidence-based clinical practice supporting adopting and sustaining of healthy behaviours and improving health-related living standards. Unfortunately, even in developed nations, medical curricula have largely ignored the LM concepts. Some LM components have been incorporated into the medical curriculum in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to determine the general status of teaching LM competency domains in undergraduate curricula in medical colleges. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted in English and distributed from January to March 2022. In this study, only administrative position holders were included. The administrative directors (such as deans, vice-deans, and program directors) play a significant role and are responsible for policymaking in medical education. There are 38 undergraduate medical programs across private and public medical colleges in Saudi Arabia. MCQs, OSCE, Essay, SEQ/SAQ, Assignments, and OSPE, were the assessment techniques of the LM domains. RESULTS: The response rate of the survey was 78.3%. Of all respondents, 61% were aware of LM domains. Twenty-four colleges teach one or more of the LM domains; the nutrition domain was the most common one. Mostly followed the traditional method (75%) and small group learning activities (71%). Programs also used large group learning activities and clinical teaching (35% each), followed by practical laboratory activities (19%) and other methods on very few occasions. CONCLUSION: The current study also shows that LM is not taught effectively in medical schools in Saudi Arabia, although the results illustrate an increased interest and awareness among administrators. This study identified the general situation of teaching LM in medical schools. These findings provide valuable insights for shaping the future direction of medical education.

Development of Valid and Reliable Questionnaire to Evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) of Lifestyle Medicine Domains.

Lifestyle medicine (LM) should be incorporated as part of routine clinical work and medical education programs. OBJECTIVE: To develop and test the validity and reliability of a questionnaire that measures the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of LM domains among medical trainees through practicing physicians. METHODS: The KAP questionnaire sections covered the nine domains of LM. The validation process included face and content validity. A total of 151 individuals from the medical field residing in Saudi Arabia were recruited through a convenient sampling technique to participate in the study. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to validate the knowledge domain, while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess attitude and practice. Cronbach's alpha was performed to test the reliability of the three sections. RESULTS: The questionnaire contained 37 items of knowledge, 45 attitudes, and 28 practice items. According to the IRT analysis, 27 items of knowledge were within the acceptable range of difficulty and discrimination. The EFA analysis resulted in 6 factors, including all the items in the attitude domain, and 4 factors, for a total of 27 items in the practice domain, with satisfactory factor loading (>0.4). The Cronbach's alpha for the three domains was very high (≥0.88). CONCLUSIONS: The KAP questionnaire for LM is valid and reliable across a spectrum, from medical trainees to practicing physicians. This tool could serve as an instrument to evaluate and develop adequate educational programs for medical doctors.

Exploring medical students' experience of the learning environment: a mixed methods study in Saudi medical college.

BACKGROUND: In medical education, the learning environment (LE) significantly impacts students' professionalism and academic performance. Positive LE perceptions are linked to better academic outcomes. Our study, which was conducted 15 years after curriculum reform at King Saud University's College of Medicine, aimed to explore students' perspectives on their LE and identify areas for improvement. By understanding their experiences, we strive to enhance LE and promote academic success. METHODS: This mixed-method study employed an explanatory sequential approach in which a cross-sectional analytical survey phase was collected first using the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES), followed by qualitative focus groups. Findings from quantitative and qualitative methods were integrated using joint display. RESULTS: A total of 653 medical students completed the JHLES. The total average score was 81 out of 140 (16.8), and the average subscale scores ranged from 2.27 (0.95) for inclusion and safety to 3.37 (0.91) for community of peers. The qualitative approach encompasses both inductive and deductive analyses, identifying overarching themes comprising proudness, high expectations and competition, and views about the curriculum. The integration of results emphasizes the need for continued efforts to create a supportive and inclusive LE that positively influences students' experiences and academic success. CONCLUSION: This research offers valuable insights for educational institutions seeking to enhance medical education quality and support systems. Recommendations include faculty development, the cultivation of supportive environments, curriculum revision, improved mentorship programs, and initiatives to promote inclusivity and gender equity. Future research should explore longitudinal and comparative studies, innovative mixed methods approaches, and interventions to further optimize medical education experiences. Overall, this study contributes to the ongoing dialog on medical education, offering a nuanced understanding of the complex factors influencing students' perceptions and suggesting actionable strategies for improvement.

The Correlation of Paternal Age on Semen Parameters in Assisted Reproduction: A Retrospective Study in Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

INTRODUCTION: In the past, fertility concerns have predominantly revolved around the effect of a woman's age on the quality of her eggs and the success of her pregnancy. While men generally retain their ability to father children throughout their lives, there is evidence suggesting a decline in natural conception rates as paternal age increases. A growing body of research indicates a potential link between advanced paternal age (APA) and various adverse outcomes, including changes in sperm genetics, reduced conception rates, higher rates of miscarriage, lower live birth rates, and even long-term health consequences in offspring. However, it remains unclear whether there is an association between APA and the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology (ART). This study aims to shed light on the relationship between APA and semen parameters. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective, descriptive study analyzing data from electronic medical records of men undergoing ART at a fertility clinic in Saudia Arabia (2017-2022). Men aged 21-60 with at least one semen analysis and no missing data/hormonal treatment were included. Data on age and semen parameters (count, motility, and morphology) were extracted and analyzed using Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation). RESULTS: Analysis of 1506 men undergoing ART revealed a mean age of 37 years (SD=6.94) and a mean sperm count of 55.0 million/mL (SD=46.05). The correlation between age and sperm count indicates a minimal association (r=0.075, p<0.01); moderate positive correlations were observed between sperm count and motility (r=0.406); count and morphology (r=0.543); and motility and morphology (r=0.458). CONCLUSION: Age may not be a major factor in overall sperm parameters for this population, but a strong positive correlation was observed between sperm count, motility, and normal morphology. These findings suggest that these semen parameters are interconnected, with higher sperm counts potentially indicating better overall sperm quality.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients With Rheumatic Diseases in Medina, Saudi Arabia: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic undoubtedly ranks among the most health-impacting pandemics throughout medical history. Although the COVID-19 global public health emergency has ended, lessons need to be learned to be more ready to face similar pandemics in the future. Few studies in Saudi Arabia discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on autoimmune rheumatic disease (AIRD) patients. Thus, this study was conducted to elaborate on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AIRD patients and rheumatology practices in Saudi Arabia.  Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted among patients aged over 14 with AIRD using a pre-designed validated survey questionnaire. Data were collected from AIRD patients who were following up between November 2021 to April 2022 at the Rheumatology Clinic of King Fahad General Hospital in Madinah City, Saudi Arabia. This center was chosen as being the main hospital in the city following patients of AIRD. RESULTS: A total of 324 patients were included in our study, with the majority (n=264, 81.5%) being females. The mean age was 44.42±14.4 years. Clinical data revealed that 115 (35.5%) of our patients experienced mild COVID-19 infection, 19 (5.9%) suffered from respiratory insufficiency, and seven (2.2%) required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Non-compliance to medication was recorded at 25.2%. There were 115 (35.5%) patients who had an AIRD flare that was significantly higher among those who were not adherent to the medications (p<0.001). Disease flare was also significantly seen among patients who were not on prednisone or were on low doses of prednisone (p<0.001). The majority (n=33, 97.1%) of the 34 infected patients who had an AIRD flare had their flare-up at the same time as their COVID-19 infection (p<0.001). COVID-19 vaccination rate was 87.7% (n=284). The most common reason for non-vaccination in 40 (12.3%) patients was the patients' concern about disease flare-ups by the vaccine or interference of the vaccine with their medication (n=16, 4.9%). CONCLUSION: Our study showed a 35.5% (n=115) COVID-19 infection rate. The majority of our AIRD patients sustained minor infections that did not require hospitalization or ICU admission. The majority of the patients who underwent a severe COVID-19 infection course were not on prednisolone or were on low-dose prednisone. Due to COVID-19 restrictions and drug shortages, one in four patients (25.3%) stopped taking their medications and was significantly found to have a high prevalence of underlying AIRD flare. Despite the high vaccination rate, disease flare was the biggest concern for those who were not immunized. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has ended, doctors should be aware of risk factors associated with severe AIRD outcomes that should be balanced based on the infection severity, underlying disease flares, and patient-centered education about medication adherence and vaccination.

Cardiovascular Morbidity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory condition affecting multiple systems. Cardiovascular morbidity is a significant concern, with around 25% of SLE patients experiencing cardiac complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity in SLE patients in King Fahad Medical City (KFMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective record-based research was conducted at KFMC from January 2015 to October 2023. A review of the medical files of all SLE patients was accomplished. RESULTS: The vast majority of the patients (90.9%) were females. The mean age for the patients was 36.5 years. The most common comorbidities were lupus nephritis (34.6%), hypothyroidism (18.4%), and anti-phospholipid syndrome (9.2%). The most commonly used medications were hydroxychloroquine (81.8%), corticosteroids (prednisolone) (43.0%), and mycophenolate mofetil (27.9%). Around 45.2% (n= 176) of the patients with SLE developed cardiovascular complications. The most commonly reported cardiovascular diseases that developed after diagnosing patients with SLE were hypertension (22.4%), valvular heart diseases (13.2%), and dyslipidemia (9.2%). The study also found that anti-dsDNA antibodies can reduce the likelihood of developing hypertension by 40%. This research contributes to the medical literature on SLE and sets the stage for future research on personalized healthcare strategies for managing SLE and its complications. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that a considerable proportion of SLE patients(~50%) develop cardiovascular complications, with hypertension, valvular heart diseases, and dyslipidemia being the most common. We also discovered that anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies (Anti-dsDNA) reduce the likelihood of developing hypertension.

Art or Artifact: Evaluating the Accuracy, Appeal, and Educational Value of AI-Generated Imagery in DALL·E 3 for Illustrating Congenital Heart Diseases.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly AI-Generated Imagery, has the potential to impact medical and patient education. This research explores the use of AI-generated imagery, from text-to-images, in medical education, focusing on congenital heart diseases (CHD). Utilizing ChatGPT's DALL·E 3, the research aims to assess the accuracy and educational value of AI-created images for 20 common CHDs. In this study, we utilized DALL·E 3 to generate a comprehensive set of 110 images, comprising ten images depicting the normal human heart and five images for each of the 20 common CHDs. The generated images were evaluated by a diverse group of 33 healthcare professionals. This cohort included cardiology experts, pediatricians, non-pediatric faculty members, trainees (medical students, interns, pediatric residents), and pediatric nurses. Utilizing a structured framework, these professionals assessed each image for anatomical accuracy, the usefulness of in-picture text, its appeal to medical professionals, and the image's potential applicability in medical presentations. Each item was assessed on a Likert scale of three. The assessments produced a total of 3630 images' assessments. Most AI-generated cardiac images were rated poorly as follows: 80.8% of images were rated as anatomically incorrect or fabricated, 85.2% rated to have incorrect text labels, 78.1% rated as not usable for medical education. The nurses and medical interns were found to have a more positive perception about the AI-generated cardiac images compared to the faculty members, pediatricians, and cardiology experts. Complex congenital anomalies were found to be significantly more predicted to anatomical fabrication compared to simple cardiac anomalies. There were significant challenges identified in image generation. Based on our findings, we recommend a vigilant approach towards the use of AI-generated imagery in medical education at present, underscoring the imperative for thorough validation and the importance of collaboration across disciplines. While we advise against its immediate integration until further validations are conducted, the study advocates for future AI-models to be fine-tuned with accurate medical data, enhancing their reliability and educational utility.

Early experience of "En bloc" holmium laser enucleation of the prostate in Saudi Arabia.

Purpose: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) showed higher efficacy than transurethral resection for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The present study aims to report the outcome of BPH treatment by HoLEP in a tertiary center. Patients and Methods: An observational prospectively collected data for consecutive symptomatic BPH patients undergoing HoLEP between January 2020 and December 2021. Demographic and perioperative data were collected with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life, peak flow rate (Qmax), residual urine postvoid residual (PVR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) changes, in addition to perioperative and late adverse events. Results: One hundred patients were included with a median age of 73 years (range 65-80). The IPSS improved by 80% postoperatively (25 vs. 5, P < 0.001). Similarly, Qmax significantly improved. Seven patients were found to have incidental prostate cancer. No patient needed a perioperative blood transfusion. Compared to its preoperative values, follow-up PSA has been reduced by 75% (P < 0.001). Urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture were noted in < 2% of the patients. Conclusions: HoLEP is feasible for all prostate sizes and a safe and effective treatment for BPH patients; our results are consistent with the reported data in the literature regarding functional outcomes, complication rates, and urinary incontinence rates.

Educational Paradigms in Islamic Medical History: A Review.

The rise of Islam in Arabia witnessed a scientific pursuit from 8th CE to 14th CE in its vast dominion. Medicine was one among many disciplines that was reshaped during the golden ages of Islamic world. Physicians and scholars from diverse faiths and background flocked in learning centers of Baghdad, Cordoba, and other cities. A multicultural environment of medical research was evolved with fundings from state. From medical teaching and clinical training to the licensing of physicians, many of the modern attributes of medical education were pioneered in Islamic world. The scholarly transfusion from European territories of Islamic world to the Western world in medieval era laid the foundation of modern medical education.

Awareness of Urgent Care Services Among Primary Healthcare Center Patients in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

Background Urgent care clinics (UCCs) provide services for patients without the need to book an appointment in advance to treat acute diseases and injuries that do not need ED service and provide care for chronic conditions. This study aimed to assess the patients's level of awareness regarding UCCs in the Al-Ahsa region and provide information contributing to decision-makers' support about the urgent care services and their patterns of use within primary healthcare. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Al-Ahsa region from August 2023 to December 2023. A validated questionnaire was used. Cluster sampling was used to select three primary healthcare centers from four health sectors (southern cluster, middle cluster, northern cluster, and eastern cluster), and then simple random sampling was used to select participants. sample size calculated by Cochran's sample size formula, which estimated 377 participants. However, to accommodate a non-response rate of 10.0% and stronger statistical power and effect size, the final sample size was 469 participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS Statistics version 28 (IBM Corp. Released 2021. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. A p-value ≤0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results Of the 469 participants in the study, more than half (54.8%) were aged between 18 and 38 years old, and more than half (54.8%) were male. More than half (67.4%) reported having no chronic diseases, whereas the most common chronic diseases reported were diabetes mellitus (11.9%) and hypertension (14.3%). Most of the participants (84.9%) weren't aware of UCCs. Among the participants who were aware of UCCs (n=71), 53.5% of them had visited a UCC in the last three months. The most common reasons for their visits were the common cold (40.8%), headaches (5.6%), and abdominal pain (5.6%). More than one-third of participants (38.6%) believed that UCCs provide services like those of the emergency center. According to patients' sex, there was a significant (0.031) difference in the awareness level; the highest was among females at 20.1% vs. 12.6%. Conclusion The study revealed that the majority of the participants were unaware of UCCs. Increasing patients' awareness of UCCs is necessary through different media to improve access to healthcare services and reduce overcrowding in the ED that is caused by non-urgent problems.

Exploring challenges and perceptions in the learning environment: an online qualitative study of medical students.

BACKGROUND: The teaching and learning environment (TLE) in medical schools is critical for shaping the outcomes and competencies of graduates. Research on TLE has highlighted its influence on student learning approaches and outcomes, yet gaps remain, particularly in qualitative insights, especially in Saudi Arabian contexts. This study aims to explore the students' experiences and perceptions of the TLE in a new medical college. METHODS: This qualitative study consisted of a total of five focus group discussions (3consequtive sessions for male group and two for female group) conducted virtually using the Zoom videoconferencing application. All the discussion sessions took place during a lockdown because of the COVID-19 pandemic between December 2020 and February 2021. Each session lasted for 45-60 min. Each group was formed of 4-5 students from different academic levels in the Majmaah medical school, which was established 10 years ago and is located in a small city. After "verbatim transcription" of the sessions was made, a framework thematic analysis of the data was performed using the NVivo software. RESULTS: The study results revealed that various elements, such as educational content, faculty roles, and personal factors, collectively influenced the students' educational experiences. The students valued educational relevance and autonomous decision-making. The multifunctional role of faculty as mentors, evaluators, and resource providers was considered essential in enhancing academic experiences. Additionally, there was an evident need to improve the physical learning environment and facilities to adapt to emerging educational needs. These results align with existing literature, emphasizing the integration of theory and practice and the significant impact of faculty roles in academic experiences. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that medical colleges should involve students more in decision-making related to their education and ensure the practical relevance of the educational content. Establishing open communication channels between students and faculty who act as mentors and evaluators is also essential. Furthermore, enhancing supportive infrastructures, such as mental health and financial services, and promoting extracurricular activities are crucial for fostering a more effective and nurturing learning environment.

Outcomes and complications of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess outcomes and complications of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study was conducted at 2 health care centers in Saudi Arabia and Oman. Adult patients diagnosed with CVT in radiological imaging between 2006 and 2020 were included. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using the software IBM® SPSS version 22. Neurological disability occurring after CVT was graded according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS). RESULTS: The study included 103 patients, of which the majority (68%) were female. The mean age was 39.12±12.96 years. Two-thirds of patients received low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in acute treatment, while 76% of discharged patients used warfarin. The majority of patients had no or mild neurological disability during follow-up, and 6 patients had an mRS score ≥3, implying significant neurological disability. There were 55 patients (52.3%) who had complications from CVT, including seizures in 17 (16.5%) patients and one mortality. Follow-up imaging of 55 patients showed complete thrombus resolution in 20 patients (36%). CONCLUSION: Anticoagulation is the mainstay treatment for CVT patients. Approximately half of patients experience complications. Prospective studies are needed to assess the long-term neurological outcomes in such patients.

Retraction: Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis Following Recovery From COVID-19 Pneumonia.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19306.].

Retraction: Vesicourachal Diverticulum: A Rare Cause of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20118.].

Non-enzymatic glycation and aggregation of camel immunoglobulins induce breast cancer cell proliferation.

Glycation of biomolecules results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been implicated in the progression of various diseases, including diabetes and cancer. This study purified three IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3) from Camelus dromedarius colostrum using ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatographic procedures. SDS-PAGE was performed to confirm the purity and molecular weight of the IgG subclasses. Several biochemical and biophysical techniques were employed to study the effect of glycation on camel IgG using methylglyoxal (MGO), a dicarbonyl sugar. Early glycation measurement showed an increase in the fructosamine content by ~four-fold in IgG2, ~two-fold in IgG3, and a slight rise in IgG1. AGEs were observed in all classes of IgGs with maximum hyperchromicity (96.6%) in IgG2. Furthermore, glycation-induced oxidation of IgGs led to an increase in carbonyl content and loss of -SH groups. Among subclass, IgG2 showed the highest (39.7%) increase in carbonyl content accompanied by 82.5% decrease in -SH groups. Far UV-CD analysis illustrated perturbation of ß-sheet structure during glycation reaction with MGO. Moreover, glycation of IgG proceeds to various conformational states like aggregation and increased hydrophobicity. In addition, the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) illustrated the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with IgG2 treatment.

Awareness and acceptance of teleclinic services during COVID-19 in the general population in Riyadh: Cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The first COVID-19 case in Saudi Arabia was reported on March 2, 2020. The Saudi government introduced the "937" service number as one of the telemedicine services for COVID-19 information. Telemedicine uses telecommunication and information technologies in the medical field to deliver healthcare services and improve patients' health status. This study aims to estimate the frequency of teleclinics usage during COVID-19, assess awareness of teleclinics, and assess acceptance of teleclinics during COVID-19 in the Saudi population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study used a convenient sample encompassing the 1,583 Saudi and non-Saudi adult population of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and was conducted online between August 2020 and April 2021. A self-administrated online questionnaire was distributed to all participants and data were collected on sociodemographics, knowledge of use of teleclinics, and its acceptance. Analysis of quantitative data by t-test and association of qualitative variables by Chi-square test was conducted. Regression analysis was performed on the significant values of univariate analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25. RESULTS: Most (92.5%) participants were female and had a university education (65.9%). The main reason for using teleclinic was experiencing a new complaint (27.3%), next, for medications refill (13.2%), with COVID-19-related issues being the least common reason for using teleclinic (8.2%). The result shows that 77.1% of participants had a good level of acceptance of teleclinic. The regression analysis showed that number of teleclinics utilization, as an advantage it is more convenient, and recommending this service to someone else was significantly associated with acceptance of teleclinics in future. CONCLUSION: As per the findings, the experience of using teleclinic positively impacts the level of acceptance of teleclinic among the population. The adoption of telemedicine for healthcare delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic helped limit the spread of the infection and reduce the risk of exposure to COVID-19 for both patients and healthcare providers. In the future, telemedicine can be used as an alternative to minor complaints and follow-up checkups. In this way, the burden of healthcare system can also be overcome.

Real-Time Detection of Intruders Using an Acoustic Sensor and Internet-of-Things Computing.

Modern home automation systems include features that enhance security, such as cameras and radars. This paper proposes an innovative home security system that can detect burglars by analyzing acoustic signals and instantly notifying the authorized person(s). The system architecture incorporates the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), resulting in a network and a user-friendly system. The proposed system uses an adaptive detection algorithm, namely the "short-time-average through long-time-average" algorithm. The proposed algorithm is implemented by an IoT device (Arduino Duo) to detect people's acoustical activities for the purpose of home/office security. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated using 10 acoustic signals representing actual events and background noise. The acoustic signals were generated by the sounds of keys shaking, the falling of a small object, the shrinking of a plastic bag, speaking, footsteps, etc. The effects of different algorithms' parameters on the performance of the proposed system have been thoroughly investigated.

Assessment of Risk Perception of COVID-19 Post Vaccination amongst the General Population of Riyadh Region.

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination against the virus was first approved in Saudi Arabia in December 2020. Vaccinated individuals are still at risk of getting infected with the virus and can transmit the disease. Therefore, the perception of vaccinated individuals regarding the disease can help limit the spread of the virus. OBJECTIVES: To measure the risk perception of COVID-19 following vaccination and factors that have an effect on risk perception; to identify the health protective behaviours of the vaccinated individuals. METHODOLOGY: This is a quantitative analytical cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. The target population includes individuals aged 18 and above who live in the Riyadh region and have been vaccinated, during the period of June 2021 to December 2021. RESULTS: The perception of 30.2% of participants did not change after vaccination, with many participants continuing to "always" take precautions even after vaccination. Numerous factors, such as age, gender, marital status, occupational status, employment status, and total household income, have shown significant effects towards risk perception. CONCLUSION: Many vaccinated individuals have continued to take precautionary steps and their risk perception has not changed.

Initial Outcomes of Freehand Transperineal Biopsies Regarding Diagnostic Value and Safety: An Early Experience at King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a common type of cancer in Saudi Arabia with a high incidence rate. Trans-rectal ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy (TRUSBx) has been the standard diagnostic study for prostate cancer since a landmark study in 1989 which showed that it is better than digitally directed biopsy sampling of the prostate. As an alternative to TRUSBx, transperineal biopsies (TPBx) have gained popularity as they give a higher accuracy rate and avoid many complications. A new study has been conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to compare TRUSBx and TPBx showed that TPBx has a significantly higher detection rate of prostate cancer cases compared to TRUSBx (45.1% vs. 29.1%, p=0.003). The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic value and safety of freehand transperineal prostate biopsy in patients with an elevated prostatic specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal exam in King Fahad Specialist Hospital KFSH in Buraydah, Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This is an observational retrospective study of all patients (n=39) who underwent transperineal biopsies at KFSH to assess the diagnostic value and safety of the procedure. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 70.3 (SD 10.1) years. The most commonly found diagnosis was adenocarcinoma (61.5%), and incidence of complications was detected in (5.1%) of the patients. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the freehand technique TPBx has a high accuracy rate in detecting prostatic cancer. However, the learning curve could be a limiting factor in implementing it. Increasing the number of biopsies could positively affect diagnostic accuracy, especially with our low complication rate in this procedure. A low number of biopsies in the older age group can give an accurate result with a low risk of complications. Although template-guided TPBx and robot-guided TPBx are better options, the freehand technique represents a cost-effective and time-saving alternative. However, more studies are needed to compare the outcome of such a technique.